Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"Causes and consequences of individual variation: Linking state-dependent life histories to population performance","authors":"Marc A. Wiseman,&nbsp;Kevin L. Monteith,&nbsp;Ryan A. Long","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70230","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although classic ecological models often have assumed functional equivalence among individuals in a population, ecologists now recognize that individual variation can modulate ecological processes across levels of organization. Nevertheless, current models disproportionately emphasize variation among cohorts, and considerable uncertainty remains over the mechanisms that generate within-cohort variation and the downstream consequences for population and community dynamics. State-dependent life-history theory provides a useful framework for predicting the causes and consequences of within-cohort variation. Behavioral or physiological adjustments made by individuals in response to their underlying state (e.g., energy reserves or disease status) can influence fitness and, by extension, population performance. For iteroparous animals, resource allocation by maternal females often is state dependent; however, the population-level consequences of this strategy and the mechanisms that govern them remain largely unresolved. To explore individual variation in reproductive effort and its associated outcomes, we developed and empirically parameterized a state-dependent, individual-based model of maternal resource allocation for a long-lived, iteroparous mammal, the North American elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>). Females were allowed to adjust their investment in gestation versus lactation in response to their nutritional condition in spring. We tested the prediction that females in poor condition could increase fitness by delaying parturition and increasing investment in gestation, giving birth to correspondingly larger neonates that had a greater chance of surviving their first month of life (when mortality is generally highest) and subsequently reducing investment in lactation to help rebuild somatic reserves. We predicted that population growth would be faster when resource allocation was state dependent than when gestation length was decoupled from female condition and adjustment of reproductive investment was largely post-natal. Our results supported this prediction: state-dependent resource allocation by maternal females increased population growth by an average of 4%, leading to larger population sizes after 30 years. Population growth was consistent across a range of winter severities, suggesting that state-dependent resource allocation also could help buffer populations against climatic variation. Our results reveal a potentially general mechanism underpinning intraspecific variation in life-history strategies and suggest that such variation at the individual level can influence performance outcomes at the population level.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70230","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-population variation in the effects of sea ice reduction on an Arctic breeding bird","authors":"Hilde Dørum,&nbsp;Sébastien Descamps,&nbsp;Børge Moe,&nbsp;Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen,&nbsp;Kjell Tore Hansen,&nbsp;Sveinn Are Hanssen,&nbsp;Christophe Sauser,&nbsp;Marika Marnela,&nbsp;Sebastian Gerland,&nbsp;Geir W. Gabrielsen","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Arctic is warming four times faster than any other region on Earth, leading to a dramatic reduction in sea ice. Even though sea ice plays a key role in the ecology of many Arctic species, few studies have assessed the consequences of its disappearance on the dynamics of Arctic wildlife populations. Moreover, the potential intra-population variations in such effects remain largely overlooked. Here, using a 40-year time series, we assessed how sea ice changes in a High Arctic fjord affected the population dynamics of common eiders <i>Somateria mollissima</i> via changes in their fine-scale breeding distribution and how these effects varied among breeding sites. More specifically, some islands within the fjord used to be connected by landfast ice to the shore most of the spring and thus to be accessible to one of the main eider predators, the Arctic fox <i>Vulpes lagopus</i>. Following the disappearance of spring sea ice in the fjord, these islands recently became disconnected much earlier in the season and thus inaccessible to foxes. We tested the prediction that these islands now represent favorable nesting grounds for common eiders and that the breeding eider populations on these islands increased following the sea ice retreat. Our results support our prediction and the role played by fox predation in mediating the sea ice effects. Even though the overall eider population in the fjord has slightly declined in the last decades, the recent sea ice reduction has led to a rapid colonization of newly available breeding habitats and to an increasing number of breeding eiders there. Inter-annual changes in sea ice did not significantly affect the number of eiders breeding on the islands that were historically isolated from fox predation. Ignoring such intra-population variation between breeding sites in predation risk masks the effects of sea ice reduction on eider dynamics. Our study illustrates the complex and fine-scale effects of sea ice disappearance on Arctic wildlife and the potential importance of predation in mediating these effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological thresholds and transformations due to climate change: The role of abiotic stress","authors":"Michael J. Osland,&nbsp;John B. Bradford,&nbsp;Lauren T. Toth,&nbsp;Matthew J. Germino,&nbsp;James B. Grace,&nbsp;Judith Z. Drexler,&nbsp;Camille L. Stagg,&nbsp;Eric R. Grossman,&nbsp;Karen M. Thorne,&nbsp;Stephanie S. Romañach,&nbsp;Davina L. Passeri,&nbsp;Gregory B. Noe,&nbsp;Jessica R. Lacy,&nbsp;Ken W. Krauss,&nbsp;Kurt P. Kowalski,&nbsp;Glenn R. Guntenspergen,&nbsp;Neil K. Ganju,&nbsp;Nicholas M. Enwright,&nbsp;Joel A. Carr,&nbsp;Kristin B. Byrd,&nbsp;Kevin J. Buffington","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70229","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An ecological threshold is the point at which a comparatively small environmental change triggers an abrupt and disproportionately large ecological response. In the face of accelerating climate change, there is concern that abrupt ecosystem transformations will become more widespread as critical ecological thresholds are crossed. There has been ongoing debate, however, regarding the prevalence of ecological thresholds across the natural world. While ecological thresholds are ubiquitous in some ecosystems, thresholds have been difficult to detect in others. Some studies have even concluded that threshold responses are uncommon in the natural world and overly emphasized in the ecological literature. As ecologists who work in ecosystems chronically exposed to high abiotic stress, we consider ecological thresholds and ecosystem transformations to be critical concepts that can greatly advance understanding of ecological responses to climate change and inform ecosystem management. But quantifying ecological thresholds can be challenging, if not impossible, without data that are strategically collected for that purpose. Here, we present a conceptual framework built upon linkages between abiotic stress, climate-driven ecological threshold responses, and the risk of ecosystem transformation. We also present a simple approach for quantifying ecological thresholds across abiotic stress gradients. We hypothesize that climate-driven threshold responses are especially influential in ecosystems chronically exposed to high abiotic stress, where autotroph diversity is low and foundation species play a prominent ecological role. Abiotic conditions in these environments are often near physiological tolerance limits of foundation species, which means that small abiotic changes can trigger landscape-level ecological transformations. Conversely, the alleviation of stress near thresholds can allow foundation species to thrive and spread into previously inhospitable locations. We provide examples of this climate-driven threshold behavior from four high-stress environments: coastal wetlands, coral reefs, drylands, and alpine ecosystems. Our overarching aim in this review is to clarify the strong relationships between abiotic stress, climate-driven ecological thresholds, and the risk of ecosystem transformation under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Camera traps reveal cryptic species-specific seed removal preferences in a seasonal small-mammal foraging study","authors":"Madeline H. Vavra,&nbsp;Peter W. Guiden","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seasonal changes in plant–animal interactions, such as seed dispersal and predation, remain poorly understood in temperate ecosystems. We examined seed removal of three woody species (<i>Acer saccharum</i>, <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>, and <i>Lonicera</i> spp.) by small mammals (<i>Peromyscus</i> spp., <i>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus</i>) across fall, winter, and spring using custom camera traps that could record species-specific foraging behavior year-round, including under snow. We predicted that seed removal would decline in the winter and that the assemblage of visiting small-mammal species would vary seasonally due to their differing thermoregulation strategies. We also expected to observe interspecific variation in foraging behavior and seed selection. The overall occurrence of seed removal was lowest in January, the coldest month of our study, driven by reduced foraging by <i>Peromyscus</i> spp. Seed removal by <i>T. hudsonicus</i> was consistent across months. Our results also revealed clear differences in the identity of seeds removed by the two small-mammal taxa. <i>Peromyscus</i> spp. used all three seed species but preferred <i>Lonicera</i> spp. and <i>A. saccharum</i>, while <i>T. hudsonicus</i> only removed <i>A. saccharum</i> seeds. These findings underscore the importance of context dependency in seed removal and the important roles of small-mammal community composition and seasonality in shaping plant establishment, including the spread of invasive plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic dimensionality as a metric for temporal plant diversity evaluation: Case study from the SHIFT campaign","authors":"Kerry Cawse-Nicholson,&nbsp;K. Dana Chadwick,&nbsp;Philip G. Brodrick,&nbsp;Michael Kiper,&nbsp;David R. Thompson,&nbsp;David Schimel,&nbsp;Charles E. Miller,&nbsp;Philip A. Townsend,&nbsp;Luciana F. Alves,&nbsp;Alexey N. Shiklomanov,&nbsp;Moses A. Cho,&nbsp;Abel Ramoelo,&nbsp;Philemon Tsele,&nbsp;Nobuhle Majozi,&nbsp;Zoe Amie Pierrat,&nbsp;Simon Ferrier","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70213","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current biodiversity metrics derived from remote sensing data are typically applied to small local areas, require significant training data, and are not easily extensible globally. Here we propose the mathematical concept of intrinsic dimensionality (ID) as a method to quantify terrestrial vegetation variability without a need for in situ training data. We apply this technique to airborne imaging spectroscopy data from the Surface Biology and Geology High Frequency Time series (SHIFT) airborne campaign, with weekly overflights from February to May 2022 over a region in California stretching from Figueroa Mountain in the Los Padres National Forest to Point Conception and adjacent coastal areas. ID is considered in both spatial and temporal context—spatial ID represents spectral variability across a geographical region at a single time step, and temporal ID represents spectral variability over time for a single geographical location. Results show an encouraging and significant correlation between spatially calculated ID and in situ vegetation species richness data despite different spatial scales between the two (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Spatial ID remained largely unchanged at each time step over the course of three months during the spring green-up period when vegetation characteristics and spectral responses were changing rapidly (number of species remains unchanged even though spectra reflect phenological change over time). The temporal ID remained constant for pseudo-invariant surfaces such as parking lots, roofs, and rock, but showed increased ID with time for trees, shrubs, and grasses. This robustness of spatial ID to seasonal change is desirable in any measure of species richness because it is insulated from changes in vegetation condition that are unrelated to plant species richness. Even though the spatial ID is consistent across acquisition dates, when considering the full time series (temporal ID), we find that subweekly sampling may be necessary to spectrally capture the full phenological cycle of certain vegetation types.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shedding the cloak of neutrality: A guide for reflexive practices to make the sciences more inclusive and just","authors":"Rapichan Phurisamban,&nbsp;Erika Luna,&nbsp;Harold N. Eyster,&nbsp;Stephen Chignell,&nbsp;Michele Koppes","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70168","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The environmental sciences community cannot meaningfully address the compounding ecological and societal crises of our time without also addressing <i>epistemic</i> oppression—the persistent, systemic exclusion that dismisses or erases certain forms of expertise in knowledge production and scientific practices. Epistemic oppression is justified by the inaccurate assumption that scientific knowledge is neutral, value-free, and objective. This assumption persists because science practices omit information about who we are and how we come to know the world in our work. It operates through the construction of knowledge hierarchies at three levels: (1) privileging particular worldviews of individual scientists, (2) privileging certain academic disciplines, and (3) privileging Eurocentric knowledge systems. To limit epistemic harms, we need to acknowledge that the sciences are inherently <i>relational</i> (i.e., emerge out of relationships among scientists and what we study) and <i>situated</i> (i.e., dependent on the social context surrounding knowledge production). By recognizing and reflecting on assumptions of neutrality, we can transform the scientific community toward fostering greater inclusion and acceptance of diverse worldviews, theories of knowledge, and methodologies to simultaneously address today's wicked problems and advance true diversity, equity, and belonging. Moving from concepts to practice, we outline several reflexive strategies and offer examples and guiding questions to acknowledge our standpoints in scientific research. By embracing reflexivity in our practices, including making our positionality in our work explicit, the environmental sciences can become more inclusive and effective at addressing the compounding crises of this era.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is macroinvertebrate habitat use driven by the cascading effects of a native polychaete and a non-native alga?","authors":"Alexander W. Mott,&nbsp;April M. H. Blakeslee,&nbsp;Stacy A. Krueger-Hadfield,&nbsp;Amy E. Fowler","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70204","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Introductions of novel ecosystem engineers to our estuaries and coasts are often associated with strong impacts on the environment, with some species altering community and behavioral interactions, especially when part of a cascading interaction. In some US Mid-Atlantic soft-sediment mudflats adjacent to salt marshes, the native predatory polychaete <i>Diopatra cuprea</i> preferentially decorates its mucus tube with the invasive red alga <i>Gracilaria vermiculophylla</i>. This may be due to a facilitation cascade between these species, possibly increasing the availability of invertebrate prey for <i>D. cuprea</i>. To determine the effects of the facilitation of <i>Gr. vermiculophylla</i> by <i>D. cuprea</i> on invertebrates associated with algae, we compared communities inhabiting <i>Gr. vermiculophylla</i> and <i>Ulva</i> spp. decorations using a field manipulation experiment. Additionally, we tested invertebrate habitat use in the laboratory with a microcosm choice experiment. In the field, the interaction between site, algal species, and worm presence drove macroinvertebrate species richness and abundance, with a pattern of higher species richness on <i>D. cuprea</i> tubes with <i>Gr. vermiculophylla</i> decorations, and a pattern of higher abundance on <i>Ulva</i> spp. decorations when <i>D. cuprea</i> was absent. In the laboratory, the abundant amphipod species <i>Gammarus mucronatus</i> associated with <i>Gr. vermiculophylla</i> over <i>Ulva</i> spp. regardless of <i>D. cuprea</i> presence. Our study indicates that algal species is only one of multiple factors that structure macroinvertebrate community composition, while laboratory trials suggested that specific invertebrates may show a preference for certain algae. This work highlights the complex interactions between native and non-native species and their associated communities, which may incur facilitation cascades as a result of novel or changing species interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heatwaves cause relative fitness decline in aquatic insects by altering life history and host–pathogen relationships","authors":"Sarah A. Taig,&nbsp;Galen Holt,&nbsp;Georgia K. Dwyer,&nbsp;Rebecca E. Lester","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70241","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme climatic events are linked to an increase in emergent diseases. Such increases depend on the relationships between environmental conditions and host–parasite dynamics. Caddisflies host the oomycete <i>Saprolegnia</i>, which has increased in prevalence in freshwater systems and causes mortality in caddisflies, most prominently <i>Ulmerochorema rubiconum</i>. We tested how short (12 h) or longer (21 days) heatwaves (22.5°C water temperature) alter <i>U. rubiconum</i> hatching and <i>Saprolegnia</i> infection in eggs compared to no heatwave (i.e., ongoing low temperatures at 12.5°C). Short and longer heatwaves yielded similarly elevated infection probability compared to no heatwaves. A longer heatwave shortened the egg period significantly compared to a short heatwave or no heatwaves. As short heatwaves increased infection probability and resulted in longer egg durations than longer heatwaves, they could pose a greater risk to caddisfly populations than the longer heatwaves. Population modeling demonstrates how this hatching-infection trade-off determines the effect of heatwaves on population growth rates. Predicted increases in heatwave frequency and magnitude increased the likelihood that eggs would experience conditions favorable for infection, potentially disrupting caddisfly populations and ecosystem functioning. Similar asymmetric impacts of climate on ecological relationships are likely common and may yield important population outcomes. The responses of hosts and pathogens to change must be studied in unison, rather than individual components in isolation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated climate change impacts health, growth, photosynthesis, and reproduction of high-elevation epiphytic lichens","authors":"Fiona Ruth Worthy,&nbsp;Douglas Allen Schaefer,&nbsp;Stefanie D. Goldberg,&nbsp;Dhanushka Wanasinghe,&nbsp;Hui Li Li,&nbsp;Vinodhini Thiyagaraja,&nbsp;Jian Chu Xu,&nbsp;Li Song Wang,&nbsp;Xin Yu Wang","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70224","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epiphytic lichens are especially threatened by accelerated climatic change at high elevations. All lichens are sensitive to atmospheric conditions. Treelines constrain epiphyte ability to migrate upward to follow suitable conditions. Thus, acclimation to changing conditions will likely determine their survival. To simulate lichen response to climate change, we conducted a translocation field experiment in three regions of the trans-Himalayas. Translocation of thalli to lower elevations simulated future increased temperatures, reduced relative humidity, and increased vapor pressure deficit. We hypothesized that this would decrease initial establishment, growth rates, reproduction, photosynthetic pigments, and photosynthesis, but that lichens might alternatively acclimate or shift life history strategies. The study species comprised three fruticose and six foliose species with regional medicinal or culinary uses. <i>Dolichousnea longissima</i> is also crucial for the endangered, endemic, lichenivorous monkey: <i>Rhinopithecus bieti</i>. We found some support for each hypothesis, but high interspecific, intraspecific, and regional variability. Host tree associations and bark pH impacted lichens, but microclimate variables were more important. Increased winter temperatures were most influential at the highest elevation region, whereas reduced relative humidity was most important at mid-elevations. Increased vapor pressure deficit was beneficial to <i>Do. longissima</i> but detrimental to four species. Life history strategy switching occurred for both <i>Sulcaria sulcata</i> (beginning apothecia production in younger thalli) and <i>Dendriscosticta hookeri</i> (faster growth, but delayed apothecia production). The prime beneficiary of simulated climate change was <i>Do. longissima</i>, which had faster growth, healthier thalli, and increased photosynthetic pigments. The worst outcomes were for <i>Hypogymnia flavida</i>. After harvesting translocated specimens, we measured carbon exchange rates under laboratory conditions. All species increased photosynthetic rates at increased CO₂ concentrations, but temperature impacts were variable. The extent of photosynthetic acclimation varied with the degree of temperature increase. Conservation of intact mature forest habitat in high-elevation regions will be crucial for the performance of these epiphytic lichens.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential vulnerability of key threatened mammals to climate and land cover changes in the Central Himalayas","authors":"Arjun Thapa,&nbsp;Suraj Baral,&nbsp;Rabin Bahadur K. C.,&nbsp;Rajan Prasad Paudel,&nbsp;Gokarn Jung Thapa,&nbsp;Hari Basnet,&nbsp;Rima G. C.,&nbsp;Kapil Khanal,&nbsp;Maheshwar Dhakal,&nbsp;Shanta Raj Jnawali,&nbsp;Kanchan Thapa,&nbsp;Laxman Khanal","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic climate change affects biological diversity by altering their suitable habitat ranges. The Himalayan region is one of the world's most sensitive biodiversity hotspots to global climate change. The Chitwan Annapurna Landscape (CHAL) in the central Himalayas serves as a vital north–south linkage among the protected areas in central Nepal and provides suitable habitats for threatened mammals in different ecological zones, such as snow leopards (in the alpine zone), Himalayan red panda (in the temperate zone), and one-horned rhinoceros (in the lowland tropical zone). The biodiversity of CHAL is threatened by climate change and land use alterations. This study assessed the potential impacts of climate and land cover changes on the above three key threatened mammals in CHAL by employing maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling to predict the current potential habitat and project it for future climate change scenarios under different greenhouse gas concentrations. Further, we used the cellular automata and Markov Chain models to simulate and predict the temporal and spatial changes in land cover of CHAL. Our results indicate that the snow leopard and Himalayan red panda will experience more significant vulnerability than the one-horned rhinoceros in all future climate scenarios. Approximately 36.3% and 41.8% of the suitable habitat of the snow leopard and 32.5% and 56% of the Himalayan red panda in CHAL are projected to be lost in 2050 and 2070, respectively, under representative concentration pathway (RCP6.0). Climate refugia, representing areas of suitable habitat for 2070 (under the RCP6.0) in CHAL, are projected to cover 958 km² (80.37% of the current range), 1052 km² (43.73% of the current range), and 2375 km² (58.21% of the current range) for one-horned rhinoceros, Himalayan red panda, and snow leopard, respectively. Among the land cover attributes in CHAL, snow cover is predicted to decrease by 24% in 2070. Our findings indicate that species inhabiting alpine and temperate environments are more susceptible to human-induced climate change than those inhabiting lowland tropical areas. These findings will help to implement the adaptation actions that are crucial to addressing future conservation challenges arising from climate and land cover change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}