All you can eat: Artificial feeding sites affect large herbivores and their predator in a human-dominated landscape

IF 2.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY
Ecosphere Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI:10.1002/ecs2.70368
Marco Salvatori, Claudia Pellegrini, Enrico Ferraro, Luca Roner, Alessandro Brugnoli, Federico Ossi, Francesca Cagnacci, Giulia Bombieri
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The re-expansion of large mammals in European human-dominated landscapes poses new challenges for wildlife conservation and management practices. Supplementary feeding of ungulates is a widespread practice with several motivations, including hunting, yet the known effects on target and non-target species have yet to be disentangled. According to optimal foraging theory, such concentrated food sources may attract herbivores and carnivores in turn. As such, feeding sites may skew the spatial distribution of wildlife and alter intra-and interspecific interactions, including predator–prey dynamics. Here, we investigated the use of ungulate-specific feeding sites by target and non-target species in a human-dominated and touristic area of the Alps, using systematic camera trapping. We assessed potential temporal segregation between roe deer and red deer at feeding sites and whether these concentrated artificial food sources influenced the occurrence and site use intensity of ungulates and wolves at the broader scale. We found that feeding site frequentation by roe deer was influenced by the presence of red deer, with a higher crepuscular and diurnal activity and a longer time span between visits at feeding stations strongly used by red deer, indicating potential temporal niche partitioning between the two ungulates. We also found that ungulates occurred with a higher probability at shorter distances from feeding sites and used sites with high human outdoor activity less intensively than less disturbed ones. Wolves' site use intensity was higher closer to feeding sites, indicating a potential effect of supplemental feeding sites on both prey's and predators' space use. Our results reveal side effects of artificial feeding sites, thus contributing to a more informed and evidence-based management, with high relevance especially in light of the considerable recovery of large mammals across anthropized regions of Europe and the popularity of artificial feeding of ungulates for hunting or recreational purposes. We thus advise limiting this practice in areas where large herbivores, predators, and humans closely coexist.

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你能吃的:在人类主导的景观中,人工喂养地点会影响大型食草动物和它们的捕食者
在欧洲人类主导的景观中,大型哺乳动物的重新扩张对野生动物保护和管理实践提出了新的挑战。有蹄类动物的补充喂养是一种广泛的做法,有几种动机,包括狩猎,但已知的对目标和非目标物种的影响尚未解开。根据最优觅食理论,这种集中的食物来源可能依次吸引食草动物和食肉动物。因此,进食地点可能会扭曲野生动物的空间分布,改变种内和种间的相互作用,包括捕食者-猎物动态。在阿尔卑斯山的一个以人类为主导的旅游区,我们利用系统的相机陷阱调查了目标物种和非目标物种对有蹄类特定取食地点的使用情况。我们评估了狍和马鹿在进食地点的潜在时间隔离,以及这些集中的人工食物来源是否在更大范围内影响有蹄类动物和狼的发生和场地利用强度。研究发现,马鹿的存在影响了狍进食地点的频率,马鹿强烈使用的进食地点具有较高的黄昏和白天活动,并且访问间隔时间较长,这表明两种有蹄类动物之间存在潜在的时间生态位划分。我们还发现,有蹄类动物在距离取食地点较近的地方发生的概率更高,而人类户外活动频繁的地点比受干扰较少的地方更少。狼的场地利用强度越靠近觅食地点越高,这表明补充觅食地点对猎物和捕食者的空间利用都有潜在的影响。我们的研究结果揭示了人工喂养地点的副作用,从而有助于更明智和基于证据的管理,特别是考虑到欧洲人类化地区大型哺乳动物的大量恢复以及为狩猎或娱乐目的人工喂养有蹄类动物的普及,这一点具有很高的相关性。因此,我们建议在大型食草动物、食肉动物和人类密切共存的地区限制这种做法。
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来源期刊
Ecosphere
Ecosphere ECOLOGY-
CiteScore
4.70
自引率
3.70%
发文量
378
审稿时长
15 weeks
期刊介绍: The scope of Ecosphere is as broad as the science of ecology itself. The journal welcomes submissions from all sub-disciplines of ecological science, as well as interdisciplinary studies relating to ecology. The journal''s goal is to provide a rapid-publication, online-only, open-access alternative to ESA''s other journals, while maintaining the rigorous standards of peer review for which ESA publications are renowned.
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