New Phytologist最新文献

{"title":"The Medicago truncatula nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides, NCR343 and NCR-new35 are required for the maintenance of rhizobia in nitrogen-fixing nodules","authors":"Beatrix Horváth,&nbsp;Berivan Güng?r,&nbsp;Mónika Tóth,&nbsp;ágota Domonkos,&nbsp;Ferhan Ayaydin,&nbsp;Farheen Saifi,&nbsp;Yuhui Chen,&nbsp;János Barnabás Biró,&nbsp;Mickael Bourge,&nbsp;Zoltán Szabó,&nbsp;Zoltán Tóth,&nbsp;Rujin Chen,&nbsp;Péter Kaló","doi":"10.1111/nph.19097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"239 5","pages":"1974-1988"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.19097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5866305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OsFBN7–OsKAS I module promotes formation of plastoglobules clusters in rice chloroplasts","authors":"Jiajia Li,&nbsp;Dongyan Kong,&nbsp;Ting Song,&nbsp;Zhenzhu Hu,&nbsp;Qiang Li,&nbsp;Benze Xiao,&nbsp;Felix Kessler,&nbsp;Zhengfeng Zhang,&nbsp;Guosheng Xie","doi":"10.1111/nph.19081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Plastoglobules (PGs) contiguous with the outer leaflets of thylakoid membranes regulate lipid metabolism, plastid developmental transitions, and responses to environmental stimuli. However, the function of <i>OsFBN7</i>, a PG-core fibrillin gene in rice, has not been elucidated.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Using molecular genetics and physiobiochemical approaches, we observed that <i>OsFBN7</i> overexpression promoted PG clustering in rice chloroplasts.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>OsFBN7 interacted with two KAS I enzymes, namely OsKAS Ia and OsKAS Ib, in rice chloroplasts. Lipidomic analysis of chloroplast subcompartments, including PGs in the <i>OsFBN7</i> overexpression lines, confirmed that levels of diacylglycerol (DAG), a chloroplast lipid precursor and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), the main chloroplast membrane lipids, were increased in PGs and chloroplasts. Furthermore, OsFBN7 enhanced the abundances of OsKAS Ia/Ib <i>in planta</i> and their stability under oxidative and heat stresses. In addition, RNA sequencing and real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses showed that the expression of the DAG synthetase gene <i>PAP1</i> and MGDG synthase gene <i>MDG2</i> was upregulated by <i>OsFBN7</i>.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>In conclusion, this study proposes a new model in which OsFBN7 binds to OsKAS Ia/Ib in chloroplast and enhances their abundance and stability, thereby regulating the chloroplast and PG membrane lipids involved in the formation of PG clusters.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"239 5","pages":"1771-1789"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6069810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global assessment of the Raunkiæran shortfall in plants: geographic biases in our knowledge of plant traits","authors":"Brian Maitner,&nbsp;Rachael Gallagher,&nbsp;Jens-Christian Svenning,&nbsp;Melanie Tietje,&nbsp;Elizabeth H. Wenk,&nbsp;Wolf L. Eiserhardt","doi":"10.1111/nph.18999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18999","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The functional traits (measured attributes) of organisms result from interactions with their biotic and abiotic environment. Traits allow us to understand both how individuals and the communities they form will respond to environmental change and how these changes will impact ecosystem services and processes (Lavorel &amp; Garnier, <span>2002</span>). Plants constitute most of the biomass on Earth (<i>c</i>. 82%; Bar-On <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>), and their traits are the predominant drivers of terrestrial ecosystem functioning (Migliavacca <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Fricke <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Thus, to a first-order approximation, understanding the traits of plants means understanding terrestrial ecosystems.</p><p>There remains a sustained interest in both trait-based ecology (e.g. Lavorel &amp; Garnier, <span>2002</span>; McGill <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>; Violle <i>et al</i>., <span>2007</span>; Mouillot <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>) and Open Science (Cheruvelil &amp; Soranno, <span>2018</span>; Gallagher <i>et al</i>., <span>2020b</span>; Geange <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>), both of which have contributed to the creation and sharing of large compilations of plant traits constituting millions of observations (e.g. Kattge <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>; Maitner <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Sauquet <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Weigelt <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Falster <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). However, despite this growing wealth of data, our knowledge of plant traits remains far from complete (the ‘Raunkiæran shortfall’; Hortal <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>).</p><p>In addition to trait data being incomplete, recent work by Cornwell <i>et al</i>. (<span>2019</span>) suggests our knowledge of plant traits is also spatially biased, with marked latitudinal variation in coverage. The causes of these biases have not been rigorously tested, but may be driven by: wealthier countries being able to collect and disseminate more data (Meyer <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>); smaller and more-accessible countries being able to sample proportionally more species (Hijmans <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>; Kadmon <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Hughes <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>); and countries with few species and low endemism reaching higher completeness more easily. These spatial biases in turn may limit our ability to respond to urgent global changes, particularly if there are discrepancies between where the data are most urgently needed (e.g. where changes are highly uncertain or projected to be severe) and where they are being collected.</p><p>Cornwell <i>et al</i>. (<span>2019</span>) examined the coverage of a range of attributes, including traits, in the global flora with a focus on assessing the completeness (fraction of plant species with data available) of information using The Plant List as a taxonomic backbone. Here, we expand on this work by mapping trait comple","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"240 4","pages":"1345-1354"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.18999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49671140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Context-dependent plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhiza mainly reflect biotic experimental settings","authors":"Min Wang,&nbsp;Junjiang Chen,&nbsp;Tien-Ming Lee,&nbsp;Jingjing Xi,&nbsp;Stavros D. Veresoglou","doi":"10.1111/nph.19108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mutualistic associations that plant roots form with soil-borne fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota, termed arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM; in the text we often refer to them as mycorrhizas), are among the most ubiquitous symbioses across terrestrial ecosystems (Brundrett &amp; Tedersoo, <span>2018</span>). The benefits that plants gain from the symbiosis not only depend strongly on environmental parameters, such as light intensity and soil fertility, but also reflect how compatible the Glomeromycotan fungus is with the plant species (the mycorrhizal phenotype: Johnson <i>et al</i>., <span>1997</span>; Hoeksema <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>). There have been, so far, numerous controlled experiments addressing biomass gains following manipulations of the mycorrhizal status of the plant hosts, and these have been nicely summarized in recent meta-analyses (e.g. Hoeksema <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Qiu <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Results of meta-analyses, however, are meant to be generalizable under a narrow range of ‘common’ experimental settings (Gurevitch &amp; Hedges, <span>2001</span>), which in the case of mycorrhizal studies most likely describes short-term experiments on phosphorus-deficient sandy growth substrates, plant hosts growing at low densities and a low diversity of Glomeromycotan propagules inoculated at artificially high densities.</p><p>We know much less about experimental conditions that can make mycorrhiza perform exceptionally well or badly. As an example, we know that plant mycorrhizal growth responses can get negative under very low light availability (Konvalinkova &amp; Jansa, <span>2016</span>), which describes nonetheless an unusual set of growth conditions in the mycorrhizal literature. Plant growth stimulation, by contrast, can be observed frequently across experimental settings that include plant pathogens or root-feeding nematodes (Veresoglou &amp; Rillg, <span>2012</span>). Traditional meta-analytical approaches focus on average experimental settings that do not capture well those relationships, and it can occasionally be tricky, either because the number of studies is small or because the relationships are not documented sufficiently, to develop dedicated meta-analyses. A way to gain further insights on the topic is through addressing whether pairs of experimental settings that either consolidate or obviate each other in relation to growth effects exist. Documenting these considerations (i.e. interactive effects) could add context towards interpreting past mycorrhizal growth experiments and designing new ones.</p><p>There appears to be no standardized way to address such unusual settings. Here, we present results from a systematic literature review aiming to fill this gap (Supporting Information Notes S1). We carried out a quantitative synthesis on subsets of studies from existing meta-analyses showing extreme plant mycorrhizal growth effects. We assessed the degree to which experimental parameters differ","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"240 1","pages":"13-16"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.19108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5835533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flowers are leakier than leaves but cheaper to build","authors":"Adam B. Roddy,&nbsp;C. Matt Guilliams,&nbsp;Paul V. A. Fine,&nbsp;Stefania Mambelli,&nbsp;Todd E. Dawson,&nbsp;Kevin A. Simonin","doi":"10.1111/nph.19104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flowers are critical to reproduction in angiosperms and have been credited with promoting diversification and the rapid spread of flowering plants globally (Sanderson &amp; Donoghue, <span>1994</span>; Crepet &amp; Niklas, <span>2009</span>; Leslie <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Although they are typically short-lived, flowers require resources, such as carbon, water, and nutrients, for their production and maintenance (Reekie &amp; Bazzaz, <span>1987a</span>,<span>b</span>; Ashman &amp; Schoen, <span>1994</span>; Song <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Water, in particular, is used throughout development and anthesis for a variety of functions, including driving growth and expansion, keeping flowers turgid and on display for pollinators, providing rewards such as nectar, and for regulating temperature (Bazzaz <i>et al</i>., <span>1987</span>; Galen <i>et al</i>., <span>1999</span>; Patiño &amp; Grace, <span>2002</span>; Chapotin <i>et al</i>., <span>2003</span>; De la Barrera &amp; Nobel, <span>2004</span>; Roddy &amp; Dawson, <span>2012</span>; Roddy, <span>2019</span>; Treado <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Additionally, flowers regularly lose water to the atmosphere, and this water loss may increase during hot and dry conditions often associated with droughts (Hew <i>et al</i>., <span>1980</span>; Feild <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Teixido &amp; Valladares, <span>2014</span>; Sinha <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Flower water balance is, therefore, critical to flower function, yet surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms of water balance in flowers, how physiological traits related to water and carbon influence the costs of floral display, and how floral hydraulic traits affect drought responses (Roddy <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>, <span>2021</span>; Bourbia <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; McMann <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>).</p><p>The rate of water loss from flowers – and, indeed, from all aerial organs of plants – is ultimately determined by the atmospheric conditions that drive the net loss of water from the plant to the atmosphere (e.g. solar radiation, temperature, humidity, and windspeed) and by the structure of the epidermis, which controls the total surface conductance to water vapor (<i>g</i>_t). Stomata in the epidermis are the primary pathway for water movement from plants to the atmosphere, and their sizes and densities influence maximum rates of transpirational water loss (Hetherington &amp; Woodward, <span>2003</span>; Franks &amp; Beerling, <span>2009</span>). Compared with leaves, flowers often have relatively few, if any, stomata on their petals and petaloid structures (Hew <i>et al</i>., <span>1980</span>; Lipayeva, <span>1989</span>; Roddy <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Zhang <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>). Under well-watered conditions, the high densities of stomata on angiosperm leaves allow transpiration rates from leaves to exceed those of flowers (Feild <i>et al</i>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"239 6","pages":"2076-2082"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.19104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6069811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decline of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) production over two decades in the face of warming of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea","authors":"Victoria Litsi-Mizan,&nbsp;Pavlos T. Efthymiadis,&nbsp;Vasilis Gerakaris,&nbsp;Oscar Serrano,&nbsp;Manolis Tsapakis,&nbsp;Eugenia T. Apostolaki","doi":"10.1111/nph.19084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"239 6","pages":"2126-2137"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.19084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5880933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A vacuolar transporter plays important roles in zinc and cadmium accumulation in rice grain","authors":"Min Ning,&nbsp;Shi Jia Liu,&nbsp;Fenglin Deng,&nbsp;Liyu Huang,&nbsp;Hu Li,&nbsp;Jing Che,&nbsp;Naoki Yamaji,&nbsp;Fengyi Hu,&nbsp;Gui Jie Lei","doi":"10.1111/nph.19070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Rice grain is a poor dietary source of zinc (Zn) but the primary source of cadmium (Cd) for humans; however, the molecular mechanisms for their accumulation in rice grain remain incompletely understood.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>This study functionally characterized a tonoplast-localized transporter, OsMTP1. <i>OsMTP1</i> was preferentially expressed in the roots, aleurone layer, and embryo of seeds. <i>OsMTP1</i> knockout decreased Zn concentration in the root cell sap, roots, aleurone layer and embryo, and subsequently increased Zn concentration in shoots and polished rice (endosperm) without yield penalty. <i>OsMTP1</i> haplotype analysis revealed elite alleles associated with increased Zn level in polished rice, mostly because of the decreased <i>OsMTP1</i> transcripts.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li><i>OsMTP1</i> expression in yeast enhanced Zn tolerance but did not affect that of Cd. While <i>OsMTP1</i> knockout resulted in decreased uptake, translocation and accumulation of Cd in plant and rice grain, which could be attributed to the indirect effects of altered Zn accumulation.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Our results suggest that rice OsMTP1 primarily functions as a tonoplast-localized transporter for sequestrating Zn into vacuole. <i>OsMTP1</i> knockout elevated Zn concentration but prevented Cd deposition in polished rice without yield penalty. Thus, <i>OsMTP1</i> is a candidate gene for enhancing Zn level and reducing Cd level in rice grains.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"239 5","pages":"1919-1934"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5824645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing herbaria to advance plant phenology research under global change","authors":"Kai Zhu,&nbsp;Yiluan Song","doi":"10.1111/nph.19088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phenology, which refers to the timing of recurring biological events, is rapidly shifting under global change and has thus been a central topic in ecology. In an article published in this issue of <i>New Phytologist</i>, Park <i>et al</i>. (<span>2023</span>; 2153–2165) compiled a large phenological dataset comprising over 70 000 digitized herbarium specimens to investigate the impact of urbanization on the timing of plant reproductive events and the susceptibility of flowers to frost damage. This dataset, which comprehensively represented flowering and fruiting phenology over 120 yr in the eastern US, provided valuable insights into the complex interaction between urbanization and climate in shaping plant reproductive phenology. Their findings revealed that urbanization had diverse effects on plant phenology depending on the regional climatic conditions. Specifically, it advanced flowering in colder and wetter regions while delaying fruiting in wetter regions. Furthermore, the study identified that urbanization led to changes in the timing of spring frost and flowering, thereby increasing the risk of frost damage in areas with colder and wetter springs. These findings help anticipate potential changes in plant phenology in human-dominated landscapes under climate change.</p><p>Herbarium data offer unique strengths for studying shifting phenology under global changes (Willis <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Fig. 1a), as Park <i>et al</i>. (<span>2023</span>) have demonstrated. Long-term records from herbarium specimens provide a direct way to establish a pre-climate change baseline for the relationship between phenology and environmental factors. These historical data cannot be replaced by ongoing efforts on phenological observation from remote sensing or crowd-sourcing. Furthermore, herbarium specimens are collected on a global scale, which enables phenological studies that transcend local and regional scales. Such temporal and spatial scales allow for investigations of the heterogeneity in phenological responses across the globe, including under-studied areas such as the global south and the tropics. With herbarium data, researchers can obtain a reliable and comprehensive understanding of how phenological shifts are occurring and their implications for ecological systems.</p><p>Herbarium data have emerged as some of the most compelling evidence for the impacts of climate change on phenology (Willis <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>), providing researchers with crucial insights into the mechanisms and magnitude of shifts in the timing of biological events. For example, studies conducted on herbarium specimens from the Boston area have shown that flowering times have shifted earlier in response to warming between 1885 and 2002 (Primack <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>). Larger datasets spanning wider geographic regions have also shown that flowering phenology advances under warming conditions, while revealing nuanced differences in response be","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"239 6","pages":"2057-2059"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.19088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5741254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is chloroplast size optimal for photosynthetic efficiency?","authors":"Katarzyna G?owacka,&nbsp;Johannes Kromdijk,&nbsp;Coralie E. Salesse-Smith,&nbsp;Cailin Smith,&nbsp;Steven M. Driever,&nbsp;Stephen P. Long","doi":"10.1111/nph.19091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"239 6","pages":"2197-2211"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.19091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5714033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bloodstained flowers and bloodthirsty flies","authors":"Robert A. Raguso","doi":"10.1111/nph.19089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flowers of <i>C. gerrardii</i> are unusual even by the kaleidoscopic standards of South Africa's flora, as they resemble velvet-green, whiskered starfish with a coat of morning dew (see fig. 1a in Heiduk <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). Who could pollinate such a flower, and how would they find it? The authors answer these questions with a diversified tool kit, including chemical analyses of the floral scent and dew-like secretions, spectrometric and electron-microscopic explorations of flower color and surface texture, field observations of pollinators, and electrophysiological and behavioral assays measuring their responses to the floral bouquet. Their findings are unexpected and provocative.</p><p>Flowers of <i>C. gerrardii</i> are pollinated by minute ‘jackal flies’ (<i>Desmometopa</i> spp., Milichiidae), called ‘kleptoparasites’ because they steal the prey of spiders or mantids by drinking their blood (hemolymph). Previously, Heiduk <i>et al</i>. (<span>2015</span>, <span>2016</span>) identified similar flies as pollinators for other species of <i>Ceropegia</i>, using the term ‘kleptomyiophily’ (literally, ‘lover of thieving flies’), a term coined by Oelschlägel <i>et al</i>. (<span>2015</span>) in a similar study, to describe pollination by kleptoparasitic flies. In these cases, the flowers formed tubular chambers that entrapped the flies, compensating for inefficient pollen transfer by extending the flies' residence time. By contrast, the open flowers of <i>C. gerrardii</i> detain flies by secreting liquid globules containing sugar and protein, a substance closer in composition to insect hemolymph than to floral nectar. This finding recalls earlier research on seed dispersal mutualisms mediated by elaiosomes, the food bodies attached to ant-dispersed seeds in temperate forest herbs. The nutritional content of elaiosomes, including free fatty acids, amino acids, and the disaccharide trehalose, is more similar to that of prey fed to ant larvae (again, insect hemolymph) than the seeds to which they are attached (Fischer <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>). Similarly, <i>C. gerrardii</i> plants enlist jackal flies as pollinators by providing a floral reward that mimics their primary source of nutrition: the spilled blood of bees.</p><p>How are such pollinators attracted? Jackal flies arrive rapidly at a kill, hunting wounded insects by responding to cues of their distress (Heiduk <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). Indeed, two of the <i>Desmometopa</i> fly species that pollinate <i>C. gerrardii</i> arrived within 15 s when wounded honey bees were presented in a natural setting. Hence, the floral scent of <i>C. gerrardii</i> should: (1) mimic the chemical signature of injured honey bees; and (2) serve as a key attractant for jackal flies. Chemical analysis confirmed that the volatile cocktail includes components of honey bee alarm pheromone (isoamyl acetate), Nasonov gland (geraniol), and mandibular gland secretions (2-heptanone; Heiduk <i>et","PeriodicalId":48887,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"239 4","pages":"1164-1165"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.19089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5669960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}