Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Third-degree atrioventricular block associated with suspected arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in a three-year-old Cocker Spaniel","authors":"F.D. Favier ,&nbsp;G.C.M. Grinwis ,&nbsp;A.H. Hulsman ,&nbsp;M. den Toom ,&nbsp;F.G. van Steenbeek ,&nbsp;G. Santarelli","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A three-year-old spayed female English Cocker spaniel was presented with diarrhea, abdominal distension, and exercise intolerance. On physical examination, bradycardia, abdominal distension with positive undulation, and a soft systolic right-sided heart murmur were detected. Electrocardiography showed a third-degree atrioventricular block with monomorphic idioventricular rhythm and premature ventricular ectopic beats. On echocardiography, an extremely thin right ventricular wall, severe right ventricular and atrial dilation, and severely depressed right ventricular systolic function were observed, and ascites was confirmed. Despite pacemaker implantation and standard treatment for congestive heart failure, the dog's condition deteriorated quickly, leading to euthanasia. Pathological examination showed a thin right ventricular free wall with fibrosis and largely absent cardiomyocytes, along with myocardial infiltration of adipocytes and lymphocytes. An arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy complicated with a third-degree atrioventricular block was considered the most likely diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Pages 51-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement and estimation of normal mitral annular size using computed tomography in 248 small-breed dogs","authors":"S. Shimano ,&nbsp;K. Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Y. Goto-Koshino ,&nbsp;H. Tomiyasu ,&nbsp;T. Mizuno","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Surgical mitral valve repair is gaining recognition as an essential treatment option for dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease despite the lack of established criteria for suture annuloplasty. Therefore, measuring normal mitral annular size in small-breed dogs without heart abnormalities may help determine the appropriate target annular size.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Dogs weighing &lt;10 kg without evidence of heart disease that underwent three-phase computed tomography (CT) under anesthesia were retrospectively collected. Mitral annular measurements including trigone-to-trigone distance (TT) and the fourth thoracic vertebral body length (T4) were measured using multiplanar reformatting. The correlations between mitral annular measurements and body size, including body weight (BW) and T4, were examined. The regression equations for estimating annular circumference (AC) were then calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study population comprised 248 dogs weighing 1.2–9.9 kg. Mean values (±standard deviation) of TT and AC were 1.56 (±0.27) and 5.81 (±0.95) cm, respectively. All annular measurements presented a correlation coefficient &gt;0.7 with both BW and T4. Regression equations using BW, T4, and TT explained the AC in our population with sufficient coefficients of determination, with values of 0.68, 0.65, and 0.80, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Synchronous electrocardiogram recordings were not available in this study, and the use of electrocardiogram-gated CT may provide a more accurate assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Mitral annular size was strongly correlated with BW and T4 in small-breed dogs. A normal AC can be estimated through regression equations using BW, T4, or TT. The TT calculated using CT images is the most valuable index for accurate estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Pages 41-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atrial depolarization electrocardiographic features during orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia mediated by right-sided accessory pathway in the dog","authors":"A. Maffei ,&nbsp;M. Perego ,&nbsp;D. Cavallini ,&nbsp;R. Santilli","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Electrocardiographic features of atrial depolarization (AD) during orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (OAVRT) have been widely studied to localize accessory pathways (APs) in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether AD characteristics might also be used to determine AP anatomical sites in dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Clinical records for 83 dogs that underwent electrophysiologic studies for AP ablation were retrospectively analyzed. Accessory pathways were classified into three groups according to localization: right anterior (RA, 13.3%), right postero-septal (RPS, 36.1%), and right posterior (RP, 50.6%). Electrocardiographic characteristics of AD (duration, amplitude, and axis) and OAVRT (AD-AD, peak of R wave - atrial depolarization (R-AD)/atrial depolarization - peak of R wave (AD-R), peak to peak of R wave (RR) interval, and QT duration) were analyzed in all 12 leads.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean AD duration in RA, RPS, and RP was 48.0 ± 10.3 ms, 46.1 ± 10.6 ms, and 47.1 ± 10.2 ms, respectively, and the mean amplitude was −0.25 ± 0.12 mV, −0.28 ± 0.20 mV, and −0.28 ± 0.18 mV, respectively. The median electrical axis on the frontal plane was −90.0° (interquartile range [IQR]: 26.5° in RA, 9.4° in RPS, and 13.9° in RP). The median AD-R, mean R-AD intervals, and mean R-AD/AD-R were 140.0 ms (IQR: 34.5 ms), 72.0 ± 19.3 ms, and 0.50 ± 0.14 in RA; 138.0 ms (IQR: 33.0 ms), 76.5 ± 13.6 ms, and 0.55 ± 0.15 in RPS; and 121.0 ms (IQR: 20.0 ms), 74.1 ± 11.7 ms, and 0.59 ± 0.15 in RP. No others statistically significant differences in electrocardiographic parameters were found.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Identification of ADs in some dogs was not straightforward, and thoracic conformation differences may have affected AD measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Electrocardiographic features of AD during OAVRT are not useful for localizing right-sided APs in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Pages 10-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-traumatic interventricular septal hematoma in a dog","authors":"L. Moretto ,&nbsp;M. Dennler ,&nbsp;N. Schreiber ,&nbsp;M. Baron Toaldo","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A six-year-old, neutered male, Airedale terrier with craniocerebral injury and shock after being hit by a car developed post-traumatic arrhythmia, which persisted after hemodynamic and neurological stabilization. Cardiac troponin I was markedly elevated. Transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography angiography revealed an interventricular septal lesion, compatible with a myocardial splitting and intramural hematoma formation. The cardiac lesion resolved almost completely during the following weeks. About one year after initial presentation, the dog was referred with signs of right-sided congestive heart failure, thin and inhomogeneous interventricular septum, dilated cardiac chambers, and pulmonary artery, compatible with pulmonary hypertension, likely secondary to the left heart disease. Eventually the dog was euthanized due to poor response to medical therapy, approximately one year after his first decompensation. Interventricular septal hematomas are rare events in people, usually associated with cardiac surgery, trauma, or acute myocardial ischemia. This is the first dog described with a post-traumatic septal hematoma that has been extensively documented by means of echocardiography and cross-sectional imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Pages 29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of visually estimated left heart size by echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","authors":"R. Baba ,&nbsp;D. Ito ,&nbsp;T. Toyofuku ,&nbsp;H. Ichihashi ,&nbsp;N. Arizuka ,&nbsp;M. Okada","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between visual estimation of left heart size and conventional echocardiographic measurements in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and methods</h3><div>Seventy dogs with various stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease were retrospectively enrolled. Five investigators (two cardiologists and three non-cardiologists) received brief training before visually evaluating the left atrium-to-aortic ratio (LA:AO) and the presence of left ventricular enlargement using right parasternal long-axis five-chamber and basal short-axis echocardiographic videos. Correlations between visually estimated and conventionally measured LA:AOs were assessed using linear regression and Spearman's rank correlation. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Agreement in identifying left ventricular enlargement was assessed using the Fleiss Kappa coefficient.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A strong correlation was found between visual estimation and conventional measurements of LA:AO (r = 0.89; ρ = 0.90; P&lt;0.001). Interobserver agreement for LA:AO visual estimation was good (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.76; 95% confidence interval: 0.65–0.84). Agreement between visual and conventional evaluation of left ventricular size was moderate (Fleiss Kappa = 0.50).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Limitations include the use of high-quality images obtained by a cardiologist, the predominance of small-breed dogs, and the use of a non-standard imaging view for left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole normalized to body weight calculation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Visual estimation demonstrated strong correlation with quantitative LA:AO measurements and moderate agreement for left ventricular size. It may be a useful tool in emergency or primary care settings when conventional echocardiography is not feasible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of trazodone on heart rate, heart rate variability, and QT-intervals in dogs","authors":"V.T. Silvia ,&nbsp;T.C. DeFrancesco ,&nbsp;K.R. Love ,&nbsp;S.P. Tou ,&nbsp;B.W. Keene","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>To determine the effect of trazodone and placebo on heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and QT intervals (QTi) in dogs after oral administration of trazodone or placebo.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Twenty healthy adult client-owned dogs were included in the study. Dogs were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Dogs received trazodone (6 mg/kg q 8 h) or placebo for 24 h, during which a 24-h ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) (Holter) was recorded. Diagnostic ECGs and clinician-assessed behavior scores were obtained before and after the 24-h study period. Owners also scored the dog's behavior changes during each of the 24-h study periods. Following a minimum one-week washout period, dogs received the alternate study drug, and all procedures were repeated. Linear and mixed models were used for statistical analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dogs receiving trazodone had higher average HRs (P=0.035), higher minimum HRs (P&lt;0.001), and reduced HRV parameters (P&lt;0.001) on the Holter recordings. Electrocardiogram-derived QTi was not different between groups. Dogs receiving trazodone appeared calmer based on owner assessments (P&lt;0.001) and behavior scores (P=0.006).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Blood pressure and trazodone blood levels were not measured, making it impossible to determine the effect of these variables on the HR and ECG findings.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Trazodone increased HR and decreased HRV. Possible explanations include a previously described anticholinergic effect or a possible decrease in blood pressure causing a reflex response. No demonstrable effect on QTi was identified in this cohort of healthy dogs using standard trazodone dosing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Pages 20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac lymphoma causing severe pulmonary stenosis in a cat","authors":"A. Stout,&nbsp;F. Constantino-Casas,&nbsp;C. Partington","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A nine-year-old, domestic shorthair cat was referred for investigation of a suspected renal mass, polyuria, polydipsia, hyporexia and weight loss of one month’s duration; no respiratory signs were reported. On presentation, the cat had marked respiratory effort. Thoracic auscultation revealed reduced heart and lung sounds bilaterally. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a large pleural effusion and an extensive, homogenous mass within the right ventricular outflow tract, invading the pulmonary valve and causing severe infundibular and valvular pulmonary stenosis and right atrial and ventricular dilatation. The mass extended to, and infiltrated, the right ventricular free wall. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of a mass associated with the pulmonary valve extending into the right ventricle and infiltrating the right ventricular and right atrial myocardium, resulting in severe infundibular and valvular pulmonary stenosis. Histopathology showed disseminated intermediate to large cell lymphoma affecting the kidney, myocardium, pulmonary valve, pancreas, diaphragm and adrenal glands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Pages 56-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Echocardiographic findings of a valvular aortic cyst in a dog","authors":"I. Badric,&nbsp;N. Schreiber,&nbsp;M. Baron Toaldo","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 12-year-old, 19.8-kg, female neutered Nova Scotia Duck Tolling retriever was referred for investigation of a heart murmur. The dog was asymptomatic at the time of examination. On cardiac auscultation, a soft (2/6) diastolic heart murmur, louder at the left cardiac base, was present. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography revealed a cyst-like structure attached to the aortic valve leaflets. Doppler examination showed that the cyst was fluid-filled and connected to the aortic and ventricular lumen. A moderate aortic valve insufficiency was also present. The left heart was mildly dilated. An echocardiography was repeated eight months later, and no relevant progression of the lesion was noted. The dog remained asymptomatic. An aortic cyst is an unusual congenital or acquired condition described in humans, but never reported previously in a dog.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Pages 36-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144569984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the optimal Holter monitoring duration for detecting ventricular arrhythmia in dogs: a Bayesian approach","authors":"T. Gunasekaran,&nbsp;R.A. Sanders","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to determine the optimal duration of ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) monitoring for detecting ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and to assess day-to-day spontaneous variability in dogs using seven-day recordings.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials, and Methods</h3><div>Medical records of dogs undergoing the consecutive seven-day Holter monitoring were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs were included if the Holter monitoring was performed for collapse, arrhythmia-related symptoms, or documented VAs on prior electrocardiography. Dogs undergoing routine breed screening or evaluated for bradyarrhythmias or supraventricular tachycardia were excluded. Day-to-day variability in VA burden was assessed using the percent coefficient of variation (CV%). Bayesian probability modeling was used to analyze arrhythmia detection from days one through seven, identifying the point at which additional monitoring provided diminishing diagnostic returns.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 124 Holter recordings reviewed, 87 met inclusion criteria. The percent coefficient of variation (CV%) for daily ventricular premature complex (VPC) frequency ranged from 8 to 188%. Bayesian analysis showed that detection of &gt;1000 VPCs, &gt;500 VPCs, or ventricular tachycardia episodes increased within the first three days of monitoring, with minimal improvement thereafter. Detection of &gt;100 VPCs plateaued after two days. R-on-T VPCs exhibited continued detection increases through days four to five. Dogs receiving anti-arrhythmic drugs plateaued by day three, whereas untreated dogs showed continued detection increases up to day five.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>The study's retrospective nature, modest sample size for treated dogs, and variability in anti-arrhythmic protocols may limit generalizability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A three-day Holter monitoring duration is recommended for detecting most VAs in dogs, while four days may be required for R-on-T event detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short- and long-term effects of hydrochlorothiazide in dogs with relapsing congestive heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease: a retrospective analysis of 38 cases","authors":"G. Romito ,&nbsp;C. Mazzoldi ,&nbsp;L. Calebotta ,&nbsp;P. Castagna ,&nbsp;N.G. Pelle ,&nbsp;C. Valente ,&nbsp;H. Poser ,&nbsp;C. Guglielmini","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Information on the use of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in dogs with relapsing congestive heart failure (CHF) due to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide data on HCTZ's short- and long-term effects in canine MMVD.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, materials, and methods</h3><div>Signalment, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and outcome data of dogs with relapsing CHF due to MMVD treated with HCTZ were retrospectively reviewed. The initial time point was the day HCTZ was introduced for a CHF relapse. Optimized criteria were used to determine the appropriate timings for evaluating HCTZ's short-term effects on laboratory and echocardiographic variables and its long-term impact on CHF management.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirty-eight dogs were included. The initial median dose of HCTZ was 0.8 mg/kg/die. At a median of seven days after HCTZ prescription, creatinine, urea, and total calcium levels significantly increased, while sodium and potassium levels significantly decreased (P: from 0.045 to &lt;0.0001). While no dog developed severe electrolyte abnormalities, some dogs showed severe increases in creatinine and urea. After a median of 95 days, no significant echocardiographic changes developed (P: from 0.74 to 0.13). Episodes of CHF were more frequent before (median: one every 68 days) than after (median: one every 124 days) HCTZ prescription (P=0.006).</div></div><div><h3>Study limitations</h3><div>The study limitations included the retrospective design of the study; not all dogs were included both in the short- and long-term analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In canine MMVD, HCTZ is useful in long-term management of relapsing CHF. However, in the short term, HCTZ can cause laboratory abnormalities, primarily increased creatinine and urea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Pages 57-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}