Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Three-dimensional echocardiography: technical aspects and imaging modalities","authors":"G. Menciotti DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;A. Tidholm DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;M. Borgarelli DVM, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) is increasingly available in the veterinary field due to continuous reduction in costs and improvement of equipment. Much like its motion-mode and bi-dimensional counterparts, acquisition and analysis of RT3DE images and datasets is greatly improved by a thorough understanding of the technological aspects, basic physic principles, and knowledge of available modalities with their advantages and drawbacks. In this review, the authors aim to describe how the currently available RT3DE technology has evolved, explain technical aspects of the equipment, and illustrate the most commonly available modalities for image acquisition and visualization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1760273423000929/pdfft?md5=7daa80fe8887fa286b66b0902ec033f1&pid=1-s2.0-S1760273423000929-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a three-dimensional computer model of the equine heart using a polyurethane casting technique and in vivo contrast-enhanced computed tomography","authors":"I. Vernemmen DVM ,&nbsp;G. Van Steenkiste DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;S. Hauspie DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;L. De Lange DVM ,&nbsp;E. Buschmann DVM ,&nbsp;S. Schauvliege DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;W. Van den Broeck DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;A. Decloedt DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;K. Vanderperren DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;G. van Loon DVM, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/objectives</h3><p><span>Insight into the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy<span> of the equine heart is essential in veterinary education and to develop minimally invasive intracardiac procedures. The aim was to create a 3D computer model simulating the </span></span><em>in vivo</em> anatomy of the adult equine heart.</p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>Ten horses and five ponies.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Ten horses, euthanized for non-cardiovascular reasons, were used for <em>in situ</em><span><span> cardiac casting with polyurethane foam and subsequent </span>computed tomography (CT) of the excised heart. In five anaesthetized ponies, a contrast-enhanced electrocardiogram-gated CT protocol was optimized to image the entire heart. Dedicated image processing software was used to create 3D models of all CT scans derived from both methods. Resulting models were compared regarding relative proportions, detail and ease of segmentation.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The casting protocol produced high detail, but compliant structures such as the pulmonary trunk were disproportionally expanded by the foam. Optimization of the contrast-enhanced CT protocol, especially adding a delayed phase for visualization of the cardiac veins, resulted in sufficiently detailed CT images to create an anatomically correct 3D model of the pony heart. Rescaling was needed to obtain a horse-sized model.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Three-dimensional computer models based on contrast-enhanced CT images appeared superior to those based on casted hearts to represent the <em>in vivo</em> situation and are preferred to obtain an anatomically correct heart model useful for education, client communication and research purposes. Scaling was, however, necessary to obtain an approximation of an adult horse heart as cardiac CT imaging is restricted by thoracic size.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 72-85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current use of transesophageal echocardiography in animals","authors":"A.B. Saunders DVM ,&nbsp;C.H. Stoner DVM","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The unique imaging capabilities of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) make it a valuable tool for characterizing the structure and function of the heart and for providing procedural monitoring. With the creation of new devices and expansion of procedural options with increased applications, multiplanar and three-dimensional imaging with TEE can be essential for clinical decision making. A description of the indications and clinical application of TEE in animals while highlighting probe characteristics, limitations and patient safety are the focus of this review. The increased availability of three-dimensional imaging in smaller probes, advanced applications including photorealistic and fusion imaging, and the development of recommended standards for performing a comprehensive TEE imaging study including training guidelines may facilitate the use of TEE in the veterinary field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 35-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1760273423001029/pdfft?md5=8b708851cb77965fad0c61ae9b674fd1&pid=1-s2.0-S1760273423001029-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interventricular inflow time difference assessed by dual pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","authors":"T. Morita PhD ,&nbsp;K. Nakamura PhD ,&nbsp;T. Osuga PhD ,&nbsp;S. Kawamoto DVM ,&nbsp;M. Takiguchi PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Interventricular inflow time difference (IVID), which is defined as the time interval between the opening of the mitral valve<span><span> and the opening of the tricuspid valve, hold prognostic value in human patients with heart failure. Few reports regarding IVID are available in </span>dogs.</span></p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>Ninety dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and 47 dogs without heart disease. Dogs with MMVD received unstandardized therapy based on the stage of disease.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>This was a prospective cohort study. Dogs were classified into two groups based on IVID: tricuspid opening preceding mitral opening (TOP) and mitral opening preceding tricuspid opening (MOP). The potential influence of the MOP group at enrollment on the primary outcome (cardiac-related death) was determined by Kaplan–Meier analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Almost all dogs without heart disease (97.9%) were classified in the TOP group. Twenty-nine dogs (32.2%) were classified in the MOP group. Left heart size, transmitral early diastolic inflow velocity, and right ventricular Tei index were significantly greater in the MOP group compared to those in the TOP group. Cardiac-related death were observed in 34 dogs (40.5%). The dogs in the MOP group at initial examination had shorter survival times than those in the TOP group (586 days vs. &gt;1,831 days; 95% confidence interval, 237–714 days vs. 1,037 days to &gt;1,831 days; P&lt;0.001).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Interventricular inflow time difference is potentially useful for prognostic assessments in dogs with MMVD. Further prospective studies that quantify the repeatability and influence of therapy on IVID are needed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 24-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transseptal puncture in the dog utilizing three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic guidance","authors":"J. Allen DVM,&nbsp;K. Phipps DVM,&nbsp;K. Barrett DVM","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Transseptal puncture is necessary to access the left atrium and </span>mitral valve<span> from a transvenous approach but is poorly described in veterinary medicine. The procedure is generally regarded as difficult and dangerous, particularly given the size of most small animal patients. Precise imaging is paramount to the procedure to ensure that puncture occurs within the desired location and to monitor for potential complications. Transesophageal </span></span>echocardiography<span><span>, including biplanar two-dimensional and particularly three-dimensional modalities, has great potential to improve the success and safety of transseptal puncture due to superior visualization of the fossa ovalis and other intracardiac structures. Here, we describe the use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide transseptal puncture based on our experience in 159 </span>dogs, with an emphasis on three-dimensional echocardiography. We also detail how to perform transseptal puncture from a jugular approach, which we consider preferable in most patients. Complications from transseptal puncture are discussed, along with ways to limit those complications.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 64-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current use of real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in animals","authors":"A. Tidholm DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;G. Menciotti DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;M. Borgarelli DVM, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review includes 36 studies of transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography<span><span><span> (RT3DE) in animals. Most of these studies concern cardiac chamber quantification of the left atrium<span> and left ventricle, in </span></span>dogs<span>. Comparisons of RT3DE and different two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) methods have been reported in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), dilated cardiomyopathy, and in healthy control dogs. Comparisons of RT3DE and standard reference methods have been reported in healthy control dogs. In dogs with MMVD, volumetric RT3DE measurements of left atrium do not appear to provide superior prognostic value compared with 2DE methods using Simpson's method of discs in dogs with MMVD. The major advantages of RT3DE compared to 2DE include improvements in visualization of the complex morphology of the mitral valve, the estimation of </span></span>mitral valve regurgitation, and improved visualization of complex congenital cardiac abnormalities.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 97-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135715345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tricuspid atresia with atrial and ventricular septal defects in a kitten","authors":"I. Navalón DVM ,&nbsp;B. Coromoto Verdugo DVM ,&nbsp;M. Tursi DVM","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>A 45-days-old mixed-breed female cat was referred to a veterinary specialty hospital for evaluation due to poor general condition, dyspnea of possible cardiac origin, and a </span>heart murmur<span>. The results of the physical examination, thoracic radiography, and </span></span>echocardiography<span><span><span><span> led to a diagnosis of hypotrophy of the </span>right ventricle, </span>tricuspid atresia<span>, and atrial septal defect. Cardiovascular pathological findings confirmed the clinical diagnosis in addition to the observation of a </span></span>ventricular septal defect. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of tricuspid atresia with atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect in a cat.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 138-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135715052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of manual compression, Z-stitch, and suture-mediated vascular closure device techniques in dogs undergoing percutaneous transvenous intervention","authors":"A. Fabella BVSc,&nbsp;L.E. Markovic DVM,&nbsp;A.E. Coleman DVM","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/objectives</h3><p><span>Manual compression has been standard of care for maintaining hemostasis after percutaneous endovascular intervention, but can be time-consuming and associated with vascular complications. Alternative closure methods include the figure-of-eight </span>suture<span><span> (Z-stitch) and vascular closure device (VCD) techniques. We hypothesized that compared to manual compression, Z-stitch and VCD would significantly reduce time-to-hemostasis after transvenous access, and the proportion of </span>dogs<span> with vascular patency would not differ significantly among treatments.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>Forty-six client-owned dogs undergoing percutaneous transvenous interventional procedures.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Dogs with vessel diameter &lt;5 mm were randomized to undergo manual compression or Z-stitch, while those with vessel diameter ≥5 mm were randomized to undergo manual compression, Z-stitch, or VCD. Time-to-hemostasis, bleeding scores, presence of vascular patency one day and two to three months post-procedure, and complications were recorded. Data are presented as median (95% confidence interval).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In all 46 dogs, the right external jugular vein was used. Time-to-hemostasis was significantly shorter in the Z-stitch (2.1 [1.8–2.9] minutes) compared to VCD (8.6 [6.1–11.8] minutes; P&lt;0.001) and manual compression (10.0 [10.0–20.0] minutes; P&lt;0.001) groups. Time-to-hemostasis was significantly shorter in the VCD, vs. manual compression, (P=0.027) group. Bleeding scores were significantly greater at 5 and 10 min (P&lt;0.001 and 0.013, respectively) in manual compression, compared to Z-stitch group. There was no difference in the proportion of dogs with vascular patency between groups (P=0.59).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Z-stitch and VCD are effective venous hemostasis methods after percutaneous transvenous intervention, with Z-stitch providing the most rapid time-to-hemostasis. Both Z-stitch and VCD techniques have low complication rates and effectively maintain vascular patency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 124-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135664482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy of possible dietary origin in a cat","authors":"B. DuPerry BS ,&nbsp;K.E. Lopez DVM ,&nbsp;J.E. Rush DVM, MS ,&nbsp;B.R. Berridge DVM, PhD ,&nbsp;R.N. Mitchell MD, PhD ,&nbsp;E.B. Breitschwerdt DVM ,&nbsp;L.M. Freeman DVM, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>An 11-year-old spayed female domestic shorthaired cat was diagnosed with severe dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and </span>congestive heart failure<span>. The cat had been eating cat foods that were high in pulses (e.g. peas, lentils, chickpeas). Neither plasma nor whole blood taurine concentrations were deficient. Primary treatment included </span></span>furosemide<span><span><span><span>, pimobendan, and </span>clopidogrel, and changing to diets that did not contain pulses (a taurine supplements was not administered). The cat's clinical signs improved, high-sensitivity </span>cardiac troponin I concentrations decreased, and echocardiographic measurements stayed relatively stable for over one year after initiating cardiac medications and changing the diet. Ultimately, the cat was euthanized for worsening congestive heart failure 374 days after the diagnosis of DCM. Infectious disease testing during the time of clinical surveillance was negative. Routine </span>histopathology<span><span> of the heart was unremarkable, but electron microscopy<span> of the left ventricle<span> showed large numbers of mitochondria of variable size and structure. A moderate number of lamellar bodies and autophagic </span></span></span>vacuoles<span> also were noted. This case report illustrates an unusual case of a cat with DCM unrelated to taurine deficiency. The relative roles of diet change, cardiac medications, and a dedicated owner are unclear, but this cat's relatively long survival time is similar to that seen after diet change in dogs and cats with DCM eating high-pulse diets.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 172-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135609195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of arrhythmias detected in 9440 feline electrocardiograms by breed, age, and sex","authors":"D.A. Szlosek MPH ,&nbsp;E.L. Castaneda DVM ,&nbsp;D.A. Grimaldi DVM ,&nbsp;A.K. Spake DVM, DACVIM, MBA ,&nbsp;A.H. Estrada DVM, DACVIM ,&nbsp;J. Gentile-Solomon DVM, MS, DACVIM","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of arrhythmias detected in unsedated feline patients from general practice settings.</p></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><p>A total 10,638 feline electrocardiograms (ECGs) were retrospectively collected of which 9440 met the inclusion criteria.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Recordings were evaluated by a board-certified cardiologist. If an arrhythmia was present in the ECG tracing, the cardiologist categorized the arrhythmia using pre-established keywords.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>At least one arrhythmia was observed in 249 cases (2.64%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.34–2.98, 249/9440), with the most common arrhythmia encountered being ventricular premature complexes (1.63%, 95% CI: 1.39%–1.91%, 154/9440). Ragdoll cats had the highest odds of arrhythmia (odds ratio (OR): 3.17, 95% CI: 1.43–6.17, P=0.036). Both geriatric (Age: 13+ years, OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.24–2.34, P=0.013) and senior (Age: 10–13 years, OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.19–2.37, P=0.003) cats had higher odds of having an arrhythmia than adult cats. The odds of male cats having an arrhythmia were slightly higher than female (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.76, P=0.018).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and relevance</h3><p>Of the 9440 ECGs included in this study, at least one arrhythmia was detected in 249 distinct cases. Arrhythmias were more common in older cats, male cats and the Ragdoll cat breed. While it is important to note that the presence of an arrhythmia alone does not always indicate the presence of heart disease, further research on the association between breed cardiac health is needed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 116-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1760273423000863/pdfft?md5=e8aab705043943f9a4d4f3bc652cec74&pid=1-s2.0-S1760273423000863-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135615081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}