Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Osborn waves secondary to hypercalcemia in a dog","authors":"L.A. Murphy ,&nbsp;T.B. Ford ,&nbsp;R.K. Nakamura","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A seven-year-old female spayed Vizsla was presented on referral for evaluation after ingesting a toxic dose of a vitamin D analogue (calciportriol). The owners had noted vomiting, ptyalism, and polydipsia prior to evaluation. Blood work was performed, which confirmed a severe ionized hypercalcemia, and the dog was admitted for medical management of the hypercalcemia. An electrocardiogram was performed due to the severity of the hypercalcemia, which revealed Osborn waves. While Osborn waves have been reported in cases of hypercalcemia in humans, this is the first case of Osborn waves in a dog associated with severe hypercalcemia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"64 ","pages":"Pages 25-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transvalvular pulmonary stent angioplasty for palliation of severe pulmonic stenosis in two cats","authors":"A. Kyan,&nbsp;K. Phipps,&nbsp;J. Allen","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transvalvular pulmonic stent angioplasty has been described in dogs with severe pulmonic stenosis, when balloon valvuloplasty is not indicated or possible. We report two cats that underwent stent placement across the stenotic pulmonary valve for similar indications. Both cases had good short- to medium-term outcomes. One cat experienced immediate postoperative complications in the form of pulmonary edema, while the other cat had no observed complications. Pulmonic stent angioplasty has not been previously reported in cats. This report demonstrates a possible alternative intervention in cats with severe pulmonic stenosis where balloon valvuloplasty is not indicated or inadequate for palliation of the obstruction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"64 ","pages":"Pages 48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146183285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of pulmonary arterial end-diastolic forward flow and right heart remodeling in dogs with congenital pulmonic stenosis and precapillary pulmonary hypertension","authors":"E.H. Duble ,&nbsp;C.M. Springer ,&nbsp;L.S. Köster","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Main pulmonary artery end-diastolic forward flow (EDFF) has been evaluated as an indicator of right ventricular (RV) restrictive physiology (RVRP) in humans. The authors theorized that dogs with conditions associated with RVRP, including pulmonic stenosis (PS) and precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH), would have an increased EDFF magnitude compared to normal dogs and that EDFF velocity in dogs with PS or PH would be correlated with disease severity and RV remodeling.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials, and Methods</h3><div>Echocardiographic studies of client-owned dogs, including 50 each with PS or PH and 12 without heart disease, were retrospectively reviewed to obtain maximum EDFF velocity and right heart structural measurements. Differences between EDFF velocities in dogs with PS or PH and dogs in their respective age- and weight-matched control groups were assessed using Mann-Whitney U non-parametric tests. Spearman’s rho non-parametric correlations were evaluated between EDFF velocity, right heart structural measurements, and PS and PH severity indices.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Maximum EDFF velocity was significantly higher in dogs with PS (P &lt; 0.001) or PH (P=0.018) than in controls. In PS dogs, EDFF velocity was positively correlated with RV free wall thickness (P=0.047) and pulmonic valve peak pressure gradient (P=0.007).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Retrospective study design impacted case selection and echocardiographic measurement accuracy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The results of this study support the presence of RVRP in dogs with PS and PH. The contrasting associations of EDFF and RV dimensions with PS severity versus PH highlight differences in RV remodeling between these diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"64 ","pages":"Pages 14-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proximal aortic thrombosis in a dog","authors":"A.K. McManamey ,&nbsp;M. Womble ,&nbsp;P.R. Fox","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 6.9-kg, 12-year-old, female, spayed, mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation of persistent tachypnea, despite multimodal therapy with various antibiotics and glucocorticosteroids. Cranial systemic hypertension with caudal systemic hypotension, left ventricular thickening with mild mitral and aortic regurgitation, and cardiogenic pulmonary edema were detected from initial diagnostic testing at the referral institution. A non-contrast-enhancing lesion involving the thoracic aorta along the ascending aorta, aortic arch, isthmus, and proximal descending aorta causing near-complete occlusion of the aortic lumen was revealed from computed tomography imaging. Conservative management for congestive heart failure was instituted. Due to poor quality of life, the dog was euthanized. On autopsy, the cranial aorta was obstructed by a large chronic organizing thrombus with mild neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic aortic arteritis. The heart was enlarged with left ventricular concentric hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis with secondary congestive heart failure. Renal necrosis and hepatocellular atrophy were presumed secondary to reduced perfusion and hypoxia. The underlying etiology of the thrombus and arteritis was unresolved. Similar pathologic findings have not been reported in dogs to the best of the authors' knowledge. Aortic thrombus should be considered as a differential for a mass-like occlusive lesion in the proximal aorta in the dog.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"64 ","pages":"Pages 42-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine coronary sinus and great cardiac vein anatomy relevant to cardiac electrophysiology","authors":"L. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;P. Cornillie ,&nbsp;E. Buschmann ,&nbsp;M. Demeyere ,&nbsp;G. van Loon","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The coronary sinus (CS) and great cardiac vein (GCV) are crucial in cardiac electrophysiology and can be arrhythmogenic in humans. In horses, CS/GCV catheterisation is increasingly performed for arrhythmia diagnosis and treatment. Improved anatomical understanding of these structures is needed to clarify relationships to surrounding structures.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Postmortem examinations of 64 adult warmblood equine hearts were carried out. Middle cardiac vein and vein of Marshall ostia locations were described. Right atrial myocardial sleeve (MS) length was measured from the CS ostium. In 23 horses, CS/GCV length in the coronary groove and distance to left atrial myocardium (LAm), left ventricular myocardium (LVm) and mitral annulus were measured at eight levels. The MS and LAm relationship was assessed histologically.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The middle cardiac vein opened more frequently into the right atrium than the CS, with the vein of Marshall consistently present near the Vieussens valve. Mean (standard deviation) CS length was 28 (13) mm. Right atrial MS extended 52 (18) mm into the GCV in 63 of 64 horses. The mean CS/GCV length was 240 (36) mm in the coronary groove. The GCV-LAm distance changed from median [interquartile range] of 10 [6] mm (CS end) to 2 [2] mm (mid-left free wall) to 32 [13] mm near the paraconal interventricular sulcus with opposite LVm relationships. Histology showed myocardial connections between MS and LAm.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>The limitations of this study included postmortem material from warmblood horses, single-observer measurements and lack of in vivo assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Coronary sinus/GCV trajectory is important for optimal catheter positioning. Right atrial MS might contribute to arrhythmogenesis, and tributary variations may impact CS/GCV catheterisation in horses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"64 ","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical value of the tissue Doppler derived index of myocardial performance (Tei index) in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","authors":"A. Naseri,&nbsp;M. Ider,&nbsp;H.B. Sahin,&nbsp;M.K. Durgut,&nbsp;S.S. Iyigun,&nbsp;H. Guzelbektes","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/objectives</h3><div>The aim of the present study was to investigate the left ventricular Index of Myocardial Performance (IMP) by tissue Doppler echocardiography in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and methods</h3><div>Twenty cats with HCM and 10 healthy cats were included in the study. Clinical examination, electrocardiography, blood pressure measurement, thoracic radiography and transthoracic echocardiography were performed in both healthy and HCM cats. Left ventricular IMP was assessed by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Systolic dysfunction was observed in 11 cats (55 %), and diastolic dysfunction was present in all cats with HCM. Although the isovolumic contraction time (IVCT) and ejection time (ET) were significantly shorter in cats with HCM, the IMP was not significantly different between the study groups. Peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion as determined by pulsed wave Doppler (E’) and respiratory rate (RR) were identified as potential predictors of mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Study limitations</h3><div>Small sample size and lack of time-adjusted survival analysis may reduce the strength of prognostic conclusions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our study shows that both diastolic and systolic dysfunction are present in cats with HCM and that these alterations affect left ventricular IMP, potentially limiting its clinical applicability. Furthermore, low E’ and increased RR were identified as potential predictors of mortality in cats with HCM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"64 ","pages":"Pages 29-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of echocardiographic variables of mitral regurgitation severity to cardiac computed tomography in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease.","authors":"I B Chi, R E Ellis-Reis, L C Visser, B M Potter, B A Scansen","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2026.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objectives: </strong>The aim of the present study was to compare echocardiographic methods that are used to estimate regurgitant volume (RVol) and regurgitant fraction (RF): proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA), pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD), and volumetric methods (from right parasternal long-axis [RPLx] and apical four-chamber [Ap4C] views) to RVol and RF derived by computed tomography (CT) (RVol_CT and RF_CT) in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease. The present study also determined the strength of correlation of echocardiographic indices of left atrial (LA) and left ventricular sizes and semiquantitative mitral regurgitation severity variables with RVol_CT and RF_CT.</p><p><strong>Animals, materials and methods: </strong>Twenty dogs with stage B2 degenerative mitral valve disease underwent a sedated echocardiogram and CT on the same day.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Correlations between RVol_Volumetric_RPLx (r = 0.69, P<0.001), RVol_Volumetric_Ap4C (r = 0.63, P=0.003), RVol_PWD (r = 0.68, P=0.001), and RVol_CT were identified, but not RVol_PISA (r = 0.41, P=0.07). Concordance coefficient (r_c) for RVol_Volumetric_RPLx (0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.85) was higher than those for RVol_PISA (0.15; 95% CI, -0.01-0.31) and RVol_PWD (0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.28) relative to RVol_CT. Correlations between echocardiographic estimates of RF and RF_CT were not identified (P≥0.08). Normalized LA dimension, LA volume, end-diastolic left ventricular volume (RPLx and Ap4C), vena contracta width, and velocity time integral ratio of the transmitral valve flow relative to aortic valve flow each correlated with RVol_CT and RF_CT (P≤0.04).</p><p><strong>Study limitations: </strong>Dogs received alfaxalone during CT but not during echocardiography.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The volumetric method is more comparable to RVol_CT than to PISA and PWD methods. In addition to measurements of chamber size, vena contracta width and velocity time integral ratio of the transmitral valve flow relative to aortic valveflow might be clinically useful indices of mitral regurgitation severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary hypertension in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.","authors":"M Borgarelli, C M Bussadori","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a clinically significant and increasingly recognized complication of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs, contributing to worsening morbidity and mortality. The development of PH in the context of MMVD is associated with increased symptom burden, including exercise intolerance, syncope, and respiratory distress, and has been correlated with reduced survival times. Echocardiography is the primary modality for detection and monitoring, relying on Doppler estimation of tricuspid regurgitation velocity, but limitations in sensitivity and accuracy remain. Therapeutic strategies typically focus on management of the underlying MMVD and heart failure and to control left atrial pressure, with diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and pimobendan. Sildenafil and other pulmonary vasodilators have been used with variable clinical benefits in dogs with MMVD and concurrent PH, though evidence remains limited and sometimes conflicting. Prognosis is influenced by both severity of valve disease and degree of pulmonary vascular involvement, underscoring the importance of timely recognition and individualized management. Understanding the interplay between MMVD and PH is critical for optimizing outcomes, guiding treatment decisions, and informing future clinical research in veterinary cardiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invited Commentary: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.","authors":"G Menciotti, E C Orton, J Häggström, M Rishniw","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147516265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations of the ellipsoid method in estimating three-dimensional echocardiographic left atrial volume in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease: comparison with left atrial-to-aortic root ratios and planar volumetric methods.","authors":"B A Terhaar, C E Pelzek, S Siess, P F J Jennings, R Pariaut, W Hsue","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objectives: </strong>The ellipsoid method estimates left atrial (LA) volume using only linear diameters and may offer a practical volumetric alternative to the left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao). The aim of this study was to compare variations of the ellipsoid model with LA/Ao and planar volumetric methods, using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D) as the reference standard.</p><p><strong>Animals, materials, and methods: </strong>Seventy dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (43 stage B1, 17 stage B2, and 10 stages C/D) were prospectively imaged; 32 (17 stage B1, 10 stage B2, and five stages C/D) were re-imaged by another sonographer. In addition to long-axis and short-axis LA/Ao, body weight-indexed maximal LA volumes obtained using the spherical (right parasternal and left apical), monoplane ellipsoid (right parasternal and left apical), biplane ellipsoid, monoplane area-length and Simpson's method of discs (right parasternal and left apical), biplane area-length method and Simpson's method of discs, and real-time triplane methods were compared to those of RT3D.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The LA/Ao methods showed the lowest correlation (Spearman's coefficient [r_s] < 0.800). Based on concordance correlation coefficients (r_c), the monoplane ellipsoid (right parasternal: r_c = 0.901, left apical: r_c = 0.924), biplane ellipsoid (r_c = 0.947), biplane area-length (r_c = 0.921), biplane Simpson's method of discs (r_c = 0.947), and real-time triplane (r_c = 0.972) volumetric methods demonstrated at least moderate agreement. However, only the left apical monoplane ellipsoid method exhibited no systematic bias (median of the differences [95% confidence interval]: 0.00 [-0.10 to 0.07]).</p><p><strong>Study limitations: </strong>Reproducibility was assessed against a novice observer or measurer who was not involved in image acquisition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The left apical monoplane ellipsoid method provides an effective linear option for estimating RT3D-derived maximum LA volume.</p>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147482164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}