Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Balloon aortic valvuloplasty for congenital aortic valvar stenosis in 10 dogs","authors":"R.L. Winter ,&nbsp;B.A. Scansen ,&nbsp;K.L. Maneval ,&nbsp;C.S. Ferrel ,&nbsp;B.M. Potter ,&nbsp;M.K. Ames ,&nbsp;P.-T. Liao ,&nbsp;S.W. Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Aortic valvar stenosis (AS) is an uncommon congenital defect in the dog, but when present, it can cause severe clinical signs including collapse and congestive heart failure. In human patients, AS is a common congenital defect that has been managed with balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV). The objectives of this study were to describe the procedural details and retrospectively evaluate the outcomes of dogs with severe AS that underwent BAV.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Ten client-owned dogs diagnosed with severe AS.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Medical records and stored images from echocardiographic and angiographic examinations were reviewed from dogs that were diagnosed with severe AS and underwent BAV. The severity of velocity-derived maximal systolic pressure gradient across the aortic valve and aortic insufficiency was assessed from transthoracic echocardiographic images before and after BAV. Procedural details from the BAV procedures including intra-operative complications, type and size of the balloon catheter used, and use of rapid right ventricular pacing were recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The median (range) age and weight at the time of BAV were 12 months (6–120 months) and 18.2 kg (4.8–33.0 kg), respectively. Most dogs had high-pressure balloon dilation catheters used (n = 6/10) during BAV, and the balloon diameter-to-aortic annular ratio was 1.03 ± 0.05 for all dogs. The maximal systolic pressure gradient across the aortic valve decreased from 183.2 mmHg ± 74.6 before BAV to 97.4 mmHg ± 48.2 immediately after BAV (P&lt;0.001). The severity of aortic insufficiency did not significantly worsen after BAV (P=0.25). The long-term impact of BAV on survival is unknown, and this could be considered a limitation of this study.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>This study describes the short-term effects of BAV for dogs with AS, and a lack of long-term follow-up may be considered a limitation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Balloon aortic valvuloplasty for severe AS is tolerated in most dogs, and dogs with severe AS may benefit from transcatheter BAV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and distribution of left ventricular bands and normal anatomical features in 78 feline hearts","authors":"N. Kiessling ,&nbsp;S. Rørvig ,&nbsp;J. Häggström","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Left ventricular bands (LVBs) are common in feline hearts. Their importance and general features are incompletely described. This study aimed to characterize LVBs in feline hearts based on anatomical location, quantity, histological features, and attachment sites.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Hearts from 78 domestic cats with or without heart disease were included in this study. Cardiac weight and dimensions were measured, and LVBs were categorized as singular bands or nets, with further characterization by location, length, appearance, and histological examination of attachment sites.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Median cardiac weight was 4.34 g/kg (interquartile range: 2.1 g/kg). Left ventricular bands were present in all hearts, with 11% having only singular bands, 32% containing only nets, and 42% having nets covering the entire left ventricle (LV). The most common LVB attachment sites were the LV mid-region involving the posterior papillary muscle. Nets were most common in the mid-region including the papillary muscles (93%), followed by basilar (60%) and apical (59%) regions. All LVBs contained collagen, myocytes, adipose tissue, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. No excess fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy, or endocardial thickening at the attachment sites was identified.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>The study included mainly domestic stray cats aged 12 weeks to 15 years, with few purebred or diseased individuals. The hearts were examined by one person, which may introduce subjectivity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Left ventricular bands are commonly found in the mid LV section of feline hearts, primarily involving the posterior papillary muscle, suggesting normal variation. Left ventricular bands contain myocytes, not Purkinje fibers, and are not fibrous tendons. Myocyte hypertrophy or excess fibrosis is absent at attachment sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 81-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of bioequivalence of pimobendan oral solution and pimobendan oral capsules in healthy Beagle dogs","authors":"O. Kuhlmann ,&nbsp;L.N. Goswami","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of pimobendan administered as the originator reference product Vetmedin® pimobendan 5-mg capsules and a newly developed liquid formulation Vetmedin® pimobendan 1.5-mg/mL oral solution.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Pharmacokinetic profiles were investigated in 12 male and 12 female adult Beagle dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>The study was a randomized, four-period, two-sequence, full-replicate crossover design with maximum concentration (C_max) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve to last sampling time (AUC_0→last) used as pivotal bioequivalence parameters. For each treatment period, all animals were treated with a single dose of 5 mg/animal pimobendan, resulting in a dose of 0.33 mg/kg to 0.56 mg/kg. For each administration period, one predose and 15 postdose blood samples were taken over a period of 12 h. Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of pimobendan and the active metabolite O-desmethyl pimobendan.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both formulations were well tolerated. Bioequivalence of the test product pimobendan 1.5-mg/mL oral solution with the reference product pimobendan 5-mg capsules was demonstrated for both the parent compound pimobendan and the metabolite O-desmethyl pimobendan since the 90% confidence intervals of the ratios of C_max and AUC_0→last were entirely contained within the range of 0.8–1.25.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>The study was performed according to international guidelines with healthy dogs specifically bred for experimental purposes. Comparable data for client-own dogs are not available.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The new Vetmedin® pimobendan 1.5-mg/mL oral solution is a bioequivalent pharmaceutical preparation that is expected to improve dosing accuracy and compliance, especially in toy breed and small dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 70-80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and imaging characteristics of patent ductus arteriosus in Standard poodles and their crossbreeds","authors":"S. Lim ,&nbsp;S. Wesselowski ,&nbsp;S. Kadotani ,&nbsp;R.L. Winter ,&nbsp;A.B. Saunders","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Standard poodle (SP)/Standard poodle crossbred (SP-C) dogs have gained popularity with limited literature representation. The study objective was to report clinical, imaging, and procedural data in SP/SP-C dogs with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Breeds included SP (12/30), Goldendoodle (9/30), Labradoodle (7/30), and Bernedoodle (2/30). At presentation, dogs were 0.6 years old (0.2–6.0) and weighed 14.8 kg (3.1–25.6). Nine had concurrent congenital heart disease. Thirteen required diuretic therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>A multi-institutional retrospective study including 30 client-owned SP/SP-C dogs was conducted. Data are reported as median and range.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Intra-operative imaging was performed with angiography (n = 28) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) (n = 20), with discrepancies in morphology classification identified in six dogs in which both modalities were performed. Pulmonary ostium diameter measured by TEE, ampulla diameter 4 mm above the ostium measured by TEE (TEE-Amp4), ampulla diameter at the level of the aorta measured by TEE, and ampulla length were measured. Pulmonary ostium diameter measured by TEE was 4.1 mm (1.4–8.1), measuring 42% (35–66%) of the TEE-Amp4. Closure methods included the use of an Amplatz canine duct occluder (ACDO) device (27/30) and surgical ligation (3/30). The median ACDO size was 7 mm (3–12). Immediately after ACDO occlusion, TEE-Amp4 and ampulla diameter at the level of the aorta measured by TEE had a median increase of 21% (0–148) and 16% (4–59), respectively. Complications occurred in four dogs (intra-operative atrial fibrillation [2/30], device embolization following ampulla dilation with subsequent ligation [1/30], and postoperative death following PDA rupture with partial ligation [1/30]).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Potential errors in breed identification and imaging could affect results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Standard poodle and crossbred dogs can have large or unusually shaped PDAs, with TEE imaging able to provide anatomic information and intra-operative monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 48-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Idiopathic spontaneous intracardiac microbubbles in an adult dog","authors":"L. Beeby ,&nbsp;M. Martinez ,&nbsp;E.F. Bode","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A four-year-old, female neutered English springer spaniel presented for evaluation of exercise intolerance, panting and lingual cyanosis. Echocardiography revealed a structurally and functionally normal heart with the presence of spontaneous intracardiac microbubbles entering the right side of the heart from the caudal vena cava. A cause for the clinical signs could not be identified; routine blood work, urinalysis and electrocardiography were unremarkable. Testing for tick-borne diseases, clotting times, cardiac biomarkers, thyroid function and basal cortisol were all within normal limits. Faecal samples tested for <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> alpha, beta and epsilon toxins were negative. Genetic conditions including malignant hyperthermia and phosphofructokinase deficiency were excluded. Computed tomography and angiography of the abdomen and thorax revealed no abnormalities or shunting vessels that could explain the origin of the spontaneous intracardiac microbubbles. Previously, microbubbles have only been visualised when intravenous access is present or when purposeful contrast studies are performed. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first case of spontaneous intracardiac microbubbles visualised in the right heart of a dog with no identifiable underlying systemic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 43-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy in eight guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)","authors":"K. Kraszewska ,&nbsp;I. Janus-Ziółkowska ,&nbsp;P.R. Fox ,&nbsp;K.E. Schober","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a rare form of myocardial disease in humans, and only three animal case reports have been published. We report on LVNC in eight guinea pigs.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Between 2018 and 2023, LVNC was identified in eight hairless Skinny breed guinea pigs (<em>Cavia porcellus)</em> aged 2–4.5 years that were referred for cardiac evaluation. Physical and echocardiographic examinations were performed. Echocardiographic findings were compared to those of a matched case-control group comprising eight apparently healthy guinea pigs. Seven of the eight animals with LVNC had congestive heart failure. Two underwent necropsy with cardiac histopathological examination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Four animals had a familial relationship within two litters. The other four were not related. Echocardiographic examination in all affected animals identified regions of left ventricular trabecular, spongy, non-compacted endocardium and endomyocardium. Left ventricular enlargement, systolic dysfunction, and enlargement of the left atrium were noted in seven of eight animals; pericardial effusion was present in four guinea pigs. The seven animals with congestive heart failure were treated with furosemide and pimobendan. Median survival time after diagnosis was 127 days (range: 7–270 days). Postmortem examination was conducted in two of these eight animals and presence of LVNC was confirmed.</div></div><div><h3>Study limitations</h3><div>Only two guinea pigs underwent necropsy, the gold standard in the diagnosis of LVNC. Thoracic radiographs were not taken and electrocardiography was not performed. Treatment choices were based on criteria used in dogs and cats.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy exists in guinea pigs. Familial relationships among affected animals suggest the possibility of a genetic etiology. Echocardiography was suitable to detect endomyocardial changes consistent with LVNC. Postmortem examination confirmed the LVNC diagnosis with additional involvement of the right ventricle in some animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 31-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-operative use of transesophageal echocardiography in dogs undergoing interventional procedures for pulmonic stenosis: a case series","authors":"S. Sudunagunta,&nbsp;S. Goodrich,&nbsp;F. Sarcinella","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Six dogs were presented for interventional treatment of pulmonic stenosis (balloon valvuloplasty or pulmonary stent implantation). Intra-operative transesophageal echocardiography was performed for subjective pulmonary valve assessment and to measure the transpulmonary pressure gradient. Balloon valvuloplasty was performed in two dogs; the remaining four dogs underwent pulmonary stent implantation. The reduction in pressure was assessed after balloon inflation/stent deployment by right heart catheterization and transesophageal echocardiography. In two patients, complete catheterization was not performed, and success was based solely on a reduction in the pressure gradient measured by transesophageal echocardiography. The procedure was completed successfully in all six dogs, with reduction in pressure measured by catheterization ranging from 47.0% to 96.8% (median: 78.6%) in four dogs and 47.3%–85.2% (median: 80.9%) measured by transesophageal echocardiography in all six dogs. No complications associated with transesophageal echocardiography were observed. In this case series, transesophageal echocardiography allowed subjective assessment of the pulmonic valve leaflets and measurement of annular diameter and transpulmonary pressure gradient. The reduction in transpulmonary pressure gradient seen with transesophageal echocardiography was comparable to the reduction documented on catheterization. Further studies are indicated to objectively assess the agreement between transesophageal echocardiography and catheterization measurements, but in these patients, transesophageal echocardiography allowed increased confidence in procedural success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal title page and editorial board","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1760-2734(25)00005-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1760-2734(25)00005-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"57 ","pages":"Page i"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference intervals of two-dimensional speckle tracking–derived endocardial global longitudinal strain analysis in 132 healthy cats","authors":"J. Schoebel,&nbsp;J. Friederich,&nbsp;J. Eberhard,&nbsp;E.K. Feldhuetter,&nbsp;G. Wess","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The assessment of left ventricular myocardial deformation and function by two-dimensional speckle tracking–derived strain analysis is an established method in human cardiology. It also progressively gains recognition in veterinary cardiology in both dogs and cats.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objectives of this study were to create reference intervals for two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE)–derived endocardial global longitudinal strain (GLS) in a population of healthy adult cats of different breeds. Influences of heart rate, body weight, and age were investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 132 healthy, adult cats were included in this study.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Left apical two-, three-, and four-chamber views were obtained prospectively for GLS measurements using two-dimensional speckle tracking performed with cardiac performance analysis. Potential influence of body weight, heart rate, and age was analyzed, and the interobserver and intra-observer variability of the measurements was determined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Endocardial GLS values were not significantly influenced by body weight (P=0.102), heart rate (P=0.144), or age (P=0.075). A reference interval for GLS of −21.18% to −37.50% (±4.12) was determined. The interobserver and intra-observer variability showed excellent agreement.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion and Conclusions</h3><div>Two-dimensional STE is a feasible technique for the evaluation of cardiac myocardial deformation and systolic function in cats. Showing an excellent interobserver and intra-observer agreement, two-dimensional STE is a promising method for clinical analysis of cardiac deformation in cats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142773880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of heart rate measurements obtained from a smart collar compared to 24-h Holter monitoring in healthy dogs","authors":"T. Gunasekaran,&nbsp;R.A. Sanders","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The primary objective was to compare the 24-h mean heart rate (HR) provided by a smart collar with 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) in healthy dogs. The secondary objective was to compare the 2-min HR values between the two methods during periods of activity and rest.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, materials, and methods</h3><div>Twelve healthy dogs were fitted with both Holter monitors and smart collars. Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman (BA) agreement analysis were used to compare the 24-h mean HR between two methods. The BA analysis for repeated measures and bias plots were used to compare 2-min HR between methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The regression analysis showed no significant differential or proportional bias between the methods to estimate 24-h mean HR. The BA analysis showed a mean bias of 2.2 beats per minute (bpm) (95% confidence interval = −0.2, 4.8) with an upper limit of agreement (LOA) of 9.6 bpm (5.1, 14.1) and a lower LOA of −5.1 bpm (−9.5 to −0.6). However, BA analysis of 2-min HR showed poor agreement between methods with wide LOAs at rest and during activity. The smart collar did not provide any HR information for 43% of the total possible recording duration (range = 24%–79%).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations and Conclusions</h3><div>The smart collar can provide a potentially clinically useful estimate of 24-h HR in dogs with normal sinus rhythm. The collar did not provide reliable 2-min HR measurements due to inaccuracies in HR estimation during periods of activity and the inability to report any HR during large periods of the recording.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 58-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}