Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Epicardial pacemaker implantation in a young cat with sick sinus syndrome","authors":"E.J.Y. Lo,&nbsp;C. Sanchez Villamil,&nbsp;J. Hannabuss,&nbsp;A.G.N. Morey","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A one-year-old Abyssinian cat was referred for episodes of vacancy, exaggerated blinking, and intermittent collapse episodes. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and ECG telemetry demonstrated sinus bradycardia, sinus pauses, and sinus arrest with a junctional escape rhythm. No infectious agents were identified as a cause of the bradyarrhythmia during systemic disease screening. Findings were consistent with idiopathic sick sinus syndrome. Theophylline therapy did not improve clinical signs or ECG findings. An epicardial pacemaker was placed, which alleviated clinical signs. Pacemaker interrogation after implantation showed minimal use of the pacemaker. This case report highlights the utility of ECG telemetry in describing electrocardiographic findings of sinus arrest, a junctional escape rhythm, and sinus bradycardia in a cat with clinical signs, consistent with sick sinus syndrome which resolved following epicardial pacemaker implantation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 106-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interobserver repeatability of interventricular septal wall measurements in cats","authors":"A. Pires ,&nbsp;W. Sears ,&nbsp;S. Raheb ,&nbsp;S. Fonfara","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Clinically, echocardiography is the gold standard test for diagnosing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats. Low interobserver variability for echocardiographic measurements has generally been reported in the literature. We hypothesized that interobserver variability is high when measuring the interventricular septum (IVS) thickness in cats.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Echocardiographic right-sided parasternal left ventricular (LV) outflow tract views from four cats with different LV morphologies were selected. Five measurements of the IVS in each picture were performed by 29 veterinary cardiologists and cardiology residents from different institutions. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was applied for data analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Interobserver repeatability was poor for the base of the IVS (partial ICC: 0.4) and moderate for the rest of the IVS (partial ICC: 0.6). A range of 0.7 mm between the lower and upper limits of measurements was found for each picture and region of the IVS. Around 27% of variance in measurements was associated with training location (country), whereas around 73% of the variance was attributable to the observer.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Study limitations included the use of still pictures and assessment of one echocardiographic parameter only.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>As hypothesized, the interobserver repeatability of IVS measurements using the right-sided parasternal LV outflow tract view in cats was poor to moderate. This finding is relevant when comparing and interpreting measurements obtained by different observers. Additionally, the influence of training location may need to be considered when interpreting results of variability studies involving observers from the same facility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 17-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype and positive Bartonella serology in a cat","authors":"B. Ditzler ,&nbsp;B. Lozano ,&nbsp;C. Jones ,&nbsp;M. Henderson ,&nbsp;A.B. Saunders","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A one-and-a-half-year-old spayed female domestic shorthaired cat, originally obtained as a stray, presented with a two-day history of lethargy, anorexia, and progressive dyspnea. Point-of-care ultrasound showed marked bilateral pleural effusion and a small volume of ascites. Thoracocentesis resulted in the removal of 220 mL of protein poor transudate. Subsequently, a gallop was auscultated and an echocardiogram was performed. Significant findings on echocardiography were a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype characterized by biventricular eccentric hypertrophy with normal left ventricular diastolic wall thickness and reduced biventricular systolic function with biatrial enlargement. The cat was fed a standard diet and had adequate plasma and whole blood taurine concentration. Infectious disease testing detected <em>Bartonella</em> spp. immunoglobulin G antibodies (1:512) including <em>Bartonella vinsonii</em> of which the cat is not a natural reservoir host. The cat was treated for dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure with pimobendan, furosemide, and clopidogrel as well as with pradofloxacin and doxycycline for suspected bartonellosis. At 2.5-, 5-, and 9-month rechecks, echocardiogram findings were markedly improved with a reduction in atrial and ventricular chamber enlargement to normal and normal ventricular systolic function and without any further evidence of congestive heart failure. Repeat <em>Bartonella</em> spp. titers were unchanged at 2.5 months. This case describes reverse remodeling of a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype and resolution of congestive heart failure with discontinuation of cardiac medications in a young cat with suspected <em>Bartonella</em> myocarditis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 112-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145245545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical utility of left atrial diameter normalized for body weight in healthy and cardiomyopathic cats","authors":"V. Patata ,&nbsp;T. Vezzosi ,&nbsp;C. Fabris ,&nbsp;M. Bini ,&nbsp;F. Marchesotti ,&nbsp;G. Grosso ,&nbsp;O. Domenech","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Left atrial dimensions correlate with body weight (BW) in cats. Atrial dimensions can be obtained from both right parasternal long-axis (RPLAx) and right parasternal short-axis images. However, reference ranges for RPLAx-derived left atrial diameter (LAD) obtained from a large sample of healthy cats are needed. This study measured LAD from the RPLAx view and calculated a normalized value to BW (LADn) and left atrial diameter-to-aortic annulus ratio (LAD:Ao). Study aims included developing prediction intervals for LADn, defining reference intervals for LAD:Ao, and investigating useful cutoffs for these variables for detection of congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats with cardiomyopathy.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Healthy cats (n = 303) and cats with different types of cardiomyopathy (198 preclinical; 71 with CHF). From RPLAx images, the LAD was measured from the interatrial septum to the free wall at end-systole and aortic diameter was measured at the annulus to calculate the LAD:Ao. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of BW on the LAD. Cutoffs of LADn and LAD:Ao that identified cats with CHF were generated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The LAD correlated to BW (r = 0.52, P&lt;0.001). The formula to calculate LADn was LAD (mm)/BW (kg)^0.19, while median RPLAx LAD:Ao was 2.0 (95% reference interval: 1.55–2.47). Values of LADn &gt;12.7 and LAD:Ao &gt;2.5 had a sensitivity of 92.8% and 88.7% and a specificity of 91.5% and 93.6%, respectively, in detecting CHF.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Due to the retrospective design of the study and lack of longitudinal follow-up, the inclusion of cats with occult CM in the healthy group cannot be entirely ruled out.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The LAD correlates with BW in cats. In the evaluation of LA dimension, LADn and LAD:Ao might be preferable to unadjusted LAD, especially in smaller and larger breeds of cats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 85-93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suspected neurogenic myocardial stunning following traumatic brain injury in a dog","authors":"A. Machado,&nbsp;O. Belachsen","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An eight-year-old male Chihuahua was presented for a cardiac evaluation after sustaining head trauma. New mitral regurgitation, left cardiac dilation, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction were present. Normalisation of cardiac dimensions and function was apparent within 12 days. Findings were consistent with myocardial stunning. The authors hypothesise head trauma–induced neurogenic myocardial stunning, a phenomenon observed in humans after traumatic brain injury but not previously reported in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 147-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of heart rate measurements obtained from smartphone electrocardiography as compared to 24-h Holter monitoring in dogs with atrial fibrillation","authors":"T. Gunasekaran,&nbsp;S. Prabhakar,&nbsp;R.A. Sanders","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of smartphone electrocardiogram (ECG) to estimate heart rate (HR) in dogs with atrial fibrillation (AF) and assess its agreement with the 24-h mean HR obtained from continuous ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter monitoring).</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Eleven dogs were fitted with a Holter monitor, while owners recorded 5-min ECGs using smartphone application–based electrodes, both attached and manually placed. Recordings were analyzed for the application’s QRS detection accuracy. Bland-Altman and bias plots compared smartphone-derived HR with Holter-derived HR. Receiver operating characteristic analysis assessed the smartphone ECG’s ability to differentiate between 24-h mean HRs above or below 125 beats per min (bpm).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The smartphone ECG underestimated HR due to undersensing of QRS complexes by a mean of 7.15 bpm (standard deviation = 22.13) for the attached electrode and 2.6 bpm (standard deviation = 6.09) for the manually placed electrode. Bland-Altman analysis showed poor agreement, with a differential bias of −34.69 bpm (95% confidence interval = −73.25, 3.86) and proportional bias of 1.25 bpm (95% confidence interval = 0.988, 1.50). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a smartphone HR threshold of 122.5 bpm with 100% sensitivity and 99.96% specificity for distinguishing 24-h mean HRs above or below 125 bpm.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>The limitations of this study were the small sample size of large-breed dogs and limited generalizability to all AF etiologies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Smartphone ECG underestimated HR in dogs with AF and showed poor agreement with Holter-derived HR. However, it may help identify dogs with 24-h mean HR above or below 125 bpm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 60-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of an interactive, stereoscopic three-dimensional viewer to evaluate atrial septal defects in five dogs","authors":"C.H. Stoner ,&nbsp;S. Wesselowski ,&nbsp;S.G. Gordon ,&nbsp;A.B. Saunders","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Definitive closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs) has been reported in dogs utilizing a variety of methods, including device occlusion. We report five dogs with ASD in which multidimensional imaging with computed tomography angiography (CTA) and three-dimensional reconstruction was utilized to assess suitability for device occlusion. Three dogs were initially evaluated for an asymptomatic murmur noted during routine preventative care visits, and two had presenting complaints of mild exercise intolerance. Concurrent congenital heart disease was diagnosed in four of the dogs including pulmonary valve stenosis (n = 2), mitral and tricuspid valve dysplasia (n = 2), and restrictive perimembranous ventricular septal defect (n = 1). Following comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography, ECG-gated CTA was acquired under conscious sedation to characterize ASD anatomy including rim tissue and surrounding structures to determine candidacy for device occlusion. A reconstructed model was viewed with three-dimensional glasses in a mixed reality environment displayed as a stereoscopic object able to be rotated in 360° on a desktop monitor. Inadequate rim tissue was demonstrated in four dogs. Device occlusion was recommended in one dog and successfully performed with a hybrid procedure. Subsequently, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty was performed. The dog was clinically doing well at 9.1 years of age. The remaining four dogs were clinically doing well (three) or had mild exercise intolerance reported (one) at 4.0–11.5 years of age. This case series demonstrates the utility of stereoscopic models and an interactive mixed reality viewer to assess procedural candidacy for device occlusion in dogs with ASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 164-169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebral small vessel disease in a six-month-old Rottweiler with severe subaortic stenosis","authors":"M. Croce ,&nbsp;F. Marchesotti ,&nbsp;O. Domenech ,&nbsp;M. Bini ,&nbsp;M. Tursi","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A six-month-old, 23.5 kg female Rottweiler with severe subaortic stenosis (SAS) was referred for cardiological management due to exercise intolerance. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe SAS with a pressure gradient of 130 mmHg. A combined cutting balloon and high-pressure balloon dilation was performed. Postoperatively, the dog developed neurological signs, including depression, absent menace reaction, and reduced facial sensation. Despite further treatment, the clinical signs worsened with blindness and inability to maintain spontaneous breathing before becoming comatose, after which the owner elected for euthanasia.</div><div>Necropsy confirmed severe SAS and revealed chronic cerebrocortical necrosis in the brain, with multiple intraparenchymal hemorrhages, vessel congestion, and gliosis. These findings indicated chronic ischemic damage such as that highlighted in cerebral small vessel disease described in humans. This case suggests a potential link between severe SAS and cerebral small vessel disease, similar to findings reported in human patients with severe aortic stenosis. Further research is necessary to explore the connection between SAS in dogs and cerebral perfusion alterations and to determine whether the intervention triggered the symptoms or if they arose independently.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 141-146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145259715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of the subcostal view for obtaining aortic spectral Doppler-derived outflow velocities in cats","authors":"E. Korzybska,&nbsp;F. Edgerton,&nbsp;S.-A. Dickson,&nbsp;D. Shaw,&nbsp;Y.M. Pereira,&nbsp;M.I. Oliveira,&nbsp;G. Culshaw,&nbsp;R. Blake","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>In dogs and foals, spectral Doppler-derived aortic outflow velocities (AVs) obtained from the subcostal (SC) view provide higher values than the left parasternal apical five-chamber (LAp) view. In cats, use of the SC view for obtaining AV has not been reported. The aim of the study was to compare AV from SC and LAp views, assess the impact of patient and echocardiographic variables on the difference and confirm the feasibility of obtaining the SC view in cats. The authors hypothesised that the SC view would be well tolerated and provide higher AV.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>This was a prospective, single-centre, observational study in cats referred for echocardiography. Standard echocardiographic studies were performed that included Lap-derived AV and, where feasible, those from the SC view. Patient compliance, ease of attainment and need for sedation were recorded. Aortic velocities obtained from both views were compared. The influences of patient and echocardiographic variables on the differences in AV were determined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ninety-three cats were enrolled in the study. Eight cats were excluded due to incomplete data. The final analysis included 85 cats. Most cats (81%) tolerated the SC view. Subcostal AVs were greater than LAp velocities by 0.18 m/s (confidence interval ± 1.25 m/s; P&lt;0.005). Sedation, heart rate, body condition score, bodyweight, aorto-septal angle and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) did not influence the differences between views.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>The study limitations included involvement of only a single-centre, subjective analysis of patients’ tolerance, non-standardised sedation protocol, probe frequency and size and a small number of cats included with moderate and severe LVOTO, other cardiac conditions, or receiving treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Aortic velocities derived from the SC view were greater than those from the LAp view in cats. The SC view was well tolerated and may offer a more accurate assessment of LVOTO severity in some cats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 132-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular images: long-term electrocardiogram assessment of ventricular modulated parasystole in a 17-month-old dog","authors":"V. Saponaro ,&nbsp;J.-L. Cadoré ,&nbsp;M. Dhunputh","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 17-month-old male Staffordshire bull terrier dog was referred in order to assess an asymptomatic arrhythmia. A 5-min electrocardiogram and 24-h Holter monitor recording revealed the following criteria for ventricular parasystole (VP): mathematically related interectopic intervals, varying coupling intervals of ventricular complexes with sinus complexes, and the presence of fusion complexes. The effect of modulation of the VP cycle length by the sinus rhythm was highlighted on the Holter monitor recording. As the dog did not present with clinical signs and the arrhythmia was judged benign, treatment was not prescribed. The veterinary literature about VP is quite poor. A few case reports exist, all without an association with cardiac disease and any evidence of usefulness of an anti-arrhythmic treatment. A long period (more than a short electrocardiogram) is advised in order to definitively diagnose VP and to rule out malignant arrhythmia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Pages 94-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}