Journal of Veterinary Cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Pulmonary hypertension in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.","authors":"M Borgarelli, C M Bussadori","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a clinically significant and increasingly recognized complication of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs, contributing to worsening morbidity and mortality. The development of PH in the context of MMVD is associated with increased symptom burden, including exercise intolerance, syncope, and respiratory distress, and has been correlated with reduced survival times. Echocardiography is the primary modality for detection and monitoring, relying on Doppler estimation of tricuspid regurgitation velocity, but limitations in sensitivity and accuracy remain. Therapeutic strategies typically focus on management of the underlying MMVD and heart failure and to control left atrial pressure, with diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and pimobendan. Sildenafil and other pulmonary vasodilators have been used with variable clinical benefits in dogs with MMVD and concurrent PH, though evidence remains limited and sometimes conflicting. Prognosis is influenced by both severity of valve disease and degree of pulmonary vascular involvement, underscoring the importance of timely recognition and individualized management. Understanding the interplay between MMVD and PH is critical for optimizing outcomes, guiding treatment decisions, and informing future clinical research in veterinary cardiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invited Commentary: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.","authors":"G Menciotti, E C Orton, J Häggström, M Rishniw","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147516265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations of the ellipsoid method in estimating three-dimensional echocardiographic left atrial volume in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease: comparison with left atrial-to-aortic root ratios and planar volumetric methods.","authors":"B A Terhaar, C E Pelzek, S Siess, P F J Jennings, R Pariaut, W Hsue","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objectives: </strong>The ellipsoid method estimates left atrial (LA) volume using only linear diameters and may offer a practical volumetric alternative to the left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao). The aim of this study was to compare variations of the ellipsoid model with LA/Ao and planar volumetric methods, using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D) as the reference standard.</p><p><strong>Animals, materials, and methods: </strong>Seventy dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (43 stage B1, 17 stage B2, and 10 stages C/D) were prospectively imaged; 32 (17 stage B1, 10 stage B2, and five stages C/D) were re-imaged by another sonographer. In addition to long-axis and short-axis LA/Ao, body weight-indexed maximal LA volumes obtained using the spherical (right parasternal and left apical), monoplane ellipsoid (right parasternal and left apical), biplane ellipsoid, monoplane area-length and Simpson's method of discs (right parasternal and left apical), biplane area-length method and Simpson's method of discs, and real-time triplane methods were compared to those of RT3D.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The LA/Ao methods showed the lowest correlation (Spearman's coefficient [r_s] < 0.800). Based on concordance correlation coefficients (r_c), the monoplane ellipsoid (right parasternal: r_c = 0.901, left apical: r_c = 0.924), biplane ellipsoid (r_c = 0.947), biplane area-length (r_c = 0.921), biplane Simpson's method of discs (r_c = 0.947), and real-time triplane (r_c = 0.972) volumetric methods demonstrated at least moderate agreement. However, only the left apical monoplane ellipsoid method exhibited no systematic bias (median of the differences [95% confidence interval]: 0.00 [-0.10 to 0.07]).</p><p><strong>Study limitations: </strong>Reproducibility was assessed against a novice observer or measurer who was not involved in image acquisition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The left apical monoplane ellipsoid method provides an effective linear option for estimating RT3D-derived maximum LA volume.</p>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147482164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal profile of N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in dogs undergoing mitral valve repair","authors":"S. Furusato ,&nbsp;H. Arai ,&nbsp;S. Shinoda ,&nbsp;K. Harada ,&nbsp;M. Mizuno ,&nbsp;M. Uechi","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP) and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are established biomarkers in veterinary cardiology, but their postoperative dynamics in dogs remain unclear. The aims of this study were to describe longitudinal profiles of these biomarkers and to explore associated factors in dogs undergoing mitral valve repair (MVR).</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials, and Methods</h3><div>This single-center, prospective observational cohort study enrolled 109 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease that underwent MVR. N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP, renal parameters, echocardiography, and radiography were assessed repeatedly up to six months postoperatively. Serial data were analyzed using multivariable linear mixed-effects regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Cardiac reverse-remodeling occurred shortly after MVR, whereas the natriuretic peptides (NPs) declined gradually with high variability. In multivariable analysis, log₂-NT-proANP was associated with older age (0.12 [95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.20] standard deviation [SD]), lower body weight (−0.11 [−0.18 to −0.03] SD), and higher serum creatinine (0.18 [0.12 to 0.23] SD). Log₂-N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide was associated with older age (0.11 [0.03 to 0.20] SD), lower body weight (−0.09 [−0.18 to −0.00] SD), higher serum creatinine (0.07 [0.01 to 0.14] SD), and right ventricular pressure overload (0.35 [0.12 to 0.57] SD). While single-point NP measurements did not reflect postoperative cardiac size, relative NT-proBNP changes were associated with subsequent cardiac size alterations.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Single-center design limits generalizability. Interobserver variability in imaging could introduce measurement error.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Natriuretic peptide reductions following MVR were gradual and variable. Age, body weight, renal function, and right ventricular pressure overload may influence NP concentrations. Interpreting single postoperative NP measurements may be challenging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"63 ","pages":"Pages 1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of left heart contrast with agitated saline contrast echocardiography in healthy resting dogs","authors":"S. Lee ,&nbsp;M.D. Kittleson","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/Objectives</h3><div>Agitated saline contrast echocardiography (ASCE) has traditionally been used to identify the presence of right-to-left intracardiac shunts in dogs. In normal humans, contrast (microbubbles) commonly appears in the left heart following agitated saline contrast injection into a systemic vein via intrapulmonary (IP) shunting. The aim of this study was to determine whether this phenomenon also occurs in dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials, and Methods</h3><div>Forty-eight dogs with either a normal echocardiogram or trivial to mild mitral regurgitation were studied. A standard ASCE protocol was used, with each dog lying in right lateral recumbency.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Left heart contrast was identified in 37 dogs (77%).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>Agitated saline contrast echocardiography was performed only once per dog and under a single condition, and intra-operator and interoperator variability was not assessed. Echocardiography alone cannot completely exclude patent foramen ovale, and stress in the hospital environment may have influenced shunting.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Left heart contrast following ASCE is common in dogs without a right-to-left shunting intracardiac defect. This presumably occurs via intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"63 ","pages":"Pages 28-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145453795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm ruptured into the right atrium in a dog","authors":"M. Kochi ,&nbsp;N. Nishihara ,&nbsp;R. Yamamoto ,&nbsp;T. Wada ,&nbsp;T. Mori ,&nbsp;Y. Kurokawa ,&nbsp;K. Kutara ,&nbsp;K. Sugimoto","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 10-year-old spayed female Shih Tzu was referred with a heart murmur. Auscultation revealed a continuous 4/6 right anterior chest basilar murmur. Chest X-ray showed no cardiac dilation or lung abnormalities. Short-axis view on transthoracic echocardiography revealed an aneurysmal dilation from the right sinus of Valsalva, with a defect opening into the right atrium. Colour Doppler echocardiography showed a continuous, turbulent flow through the defect, entering the right atrium from the aorta, along with mild mitral and moderate aortic regurgitations. Pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio was 1.11; no cardiac dilation was observed. Computed tomography angiography showed contrast influx into the right atrium, which connected to the right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. The coronary arteries were normal. A ruptured right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the right atrium was diagnosed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"63 ","pages":"Pages 54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145606805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of supravalvular mitral stenosis in a kitten with hybrid balloon angioplasty","authors":"R.L. Winter,&nbsp;D.M. Tillson,&nbsp;K.L. Maneval,&nbsp;M. Rajeev,&nbsp;D. Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A five-month-old, 2.8-kg domestic shorthair cat was presented for further evaluation of supravalvular mitral stenosis and congestive heart failure. Thoracic radiography revealed severe cardiomegaly, pulmonary arterial and venous distention, and cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Thoracic echocardiography revealed a thick, perforate membrane within the left atrium, just dorsal to the mitral annulus. The majority of the left atrial body including the left auricle was dorsal to this membrane, consistent with the diagnosis of supravalvular mitral stenosis. Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast was observed within the left atrium. Left ventricular internal dimensions were reduced, and there was moderate concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle with dilation of the main pulmonary artery. Medical management for congestive heart failure was initiated, and two days later, balloon angioplasty of the supravalvular mitral stenosis was performed successfully using a hybrid surgical approach. Transthoracic echocardiography performed the following day revealed an increase in the orifice diameter within the supravalvular stenotic membrane from 2.9 mm to 6.1 mm and improved left atrial outflow. At a scheduled recheck examination 6 months later, the owner reported a drastically improved activity level without any apparent clinical signs of heart disease. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed the orifice within the suprvalvular stenotic membrane was similar in diameter to the previous exam (6.0 mm), and there was resolution of the previously identified spontaneous echocardiographic contrast.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"63 ","pages":"Pages 47-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Longitudinal profile of N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in dogs undergoing mitral valve repair” [J Vet Cardiol 63 (2026) 1–15]","authors":"S. Furusato ,&nbsp;H. Arai ,&nbsp;S. Shinoda ,&nbsp;K. Harada ,&nbsp;M. Mizuno ,&nbsp;M. Uechi","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"63 ","pages":"Pages 58-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of mitral regurgitant fraction with routine echocardiographic variables in assessment of myxomatous mitral valve disease","authors":"G. McAulay ,&nbsp;M. Rishniw","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/objectives</h3><div>In humans with mitral valve disease, integration of echocardiographic variables with quantified mitral regurgitation (MR) is recommended. Quantification of MR has not been widely adopted in dogs. Mitral regurgitant fraction (MR%) has not been systematically reported in relation to other echocardiographic variables in myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Echocardiograms from 237 small-breed dogs with MMVD that included calculation of MR% were identified retrospectively. Mitral regurgitant fraction, monodimensional and bidimensional variables, estimates of filling pressure, forward flow, left ventricular early inflow outflow index (LVEIO), tricuspid regurgitant velocity, and systolic blood pressure are reported in preclinical MMVD and at the onset of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage C congestive heart failure (C-CHF). The relationship of MR% to other variables is described and correlations determined. The discriminatory ability of variables in diagnosing stage C-CHF was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All echocardiographic variables correlated to MR% by univariable analysis (all P values&lt;0.0001). The LVEIO (ρ = 0.81), left atrial volume indexed to body weight (ρ = 0.76), and left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body weight (ρ = 0.76) showed the strongest correlations. Patients with stage C- CHF had a median MR% of 83% (interquartile range: 79–85%). Mitral regurgitant fraction (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95–0.99, P&lt;0.0001), LVEIO (AUC: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–0.99, P&lt;0.0001), and left atrial volume indexed to body weight (AUC: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–0.98, P&lt;0.0001) had the highest AUCs.</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>This is a single-operator retrospective study.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Mitral regurgitant fraction is strongly correlated with echocardiographic variables used in assessment of MMVD. Integration of MR% may help stage disease, clarify equivocal signs, and guide management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"63 ","pages":"Pages 60-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of low- and high-pressure balloon valvuloplasty in dogs with severe pulmonary valve stenosis","authors":"B. Lytle ,&nbsp;D. Hogan ,&nbsp;A. McManamey ,&nbsp;M. Mantovani ,&nbsp;L. Dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvc.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/objectives</h3><div>Balloon valvuloplasty (BVP) is considered a standard treatment for severe pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) in dogs. The efficacy and safety of low-pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) balloon catheters for BVP have not been compared. It was hypothesized there would be no difference in pressure gradient reduction between HP and LP, while cardiac troponin I would be higher with HP than with LP immediately following BVP.</div></div><div><h3>Animals, Materials and Methods</h3><div>Twenty-five client-owned dogs with severe PS were included in the study. A prospective, randomized study with animals matched based on pulmonic annulus size was conducted. Echocardiographic measures of PS severity included peak transvalvular pressure gradient (PG_max) and aorta-to-pulmonary artery velocity time integral ratio at baseline, 18–24 h following BVP, and at the initial follow-up. Serum cardiac troponin I was measured at each time point.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No differences were found between groups in sex, age, weight, or PS severity at any time point (baseline, 18–24 h post BVP, and follow-up; all P&gt;0.9). Only three dogs had annular hypoplasia. Cardiac troponin values did not differ between LP and HP groups at any stage (P&gt;0.1). Complication rates were also comparable (P=0.201).</div></div><div><h3>Study Limitations</h3><div>The limited sample size may have reduced statistical power to detect modest yet clinically relevant differences. Small and homogeneous sample, lack of standardized HP catheters, inconsistent atenolol use, and variable follow-up timing may have influenced results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>No significant difference between LP and HP catheters was observed in PS severity reduction or myocardial injury. High-pressure catheters offer no added benefit over LP catheters for treating severe PS in dogs without annular hypoplasia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48788,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Cardiology","volume":"63 ","pages":"Pages 81-90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145745390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}