Earths Future最新文献

{"title":"Thank You to Our 2024 Reviewers","authors":"Kelly Caylor,&nbsp;John Abatzoglou,&nbsp;Kirsten de Beurs,&nbsp;Gonéri Le Cozannet,&nbsp;Carole Dalin,&nbsp;Noah S. Diffenbaugh,&nbsp;Dabo Guan,&nbsp;Robert E. Kopp,&nbsp;Jesse Kroll,&nbsp;Justin Mankin,&nbsp;Ashok Mishra,&nbsp;Vimal Mishra,&nbsp;Jennifer Murphy,&nbsp;Michael Puma,&nbsp;Patrick M. Reed,&nbsp;Maria Cristina Rulli,&nbsp;Anna Trugman,&nbsp;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025EF006299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EF006299","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On behalf of the journal, AGU, and the scientific community, we, the editors of Earth's Future, are delighted to publish the names of the 1,061 peer reviewers who provided 1,642 reviews for our journal in 2024 (italicized names have contributed three or more reviews). Your diligent efforts to provide timely comments on our submissions have significantly improved the manuscripts and elevated the scientific rigor of future research. As a unique transdisciplinary journal, Earth's Future delves into the state of the planet and its inhabitants, sustainable and resilient societies, the science of the Anthropocene, and predictions of our shared future through research articles, reviews, and commentaries. In the face of observed and anticipated global environmental and climatic changes, the need for high-quality scientific theories, assessments, and projections about the future of our planet has never been more pressing. To safeguard research integrity in this crucial area, we rely on our reviewers' expertise and selfless cooperation. We extend our heartfelt thanks to each of the individuals listed below for their contributions to our journal and the broader scientific discourse. Your dedication is immensely appreciated.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EF006299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Skill Assessment Framework for the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project","authors":"Nina Rynne,&nbsp;Camilla Novaglio,&nbsp;Julia Blanchard,&nbsp;Daniele Bianchi,&nbsp;Villy Christensen,&nbsp;Marta Coll,&nbsp;Jerome Guiet,&nbsp;Jeroen Steenbeek,&nbsp;Andrea Bryndum-Buchholz,&nbsp;Tyler D. Eddy,&nbsp;Cheryl Harrison,&nbsp;Olivier Maury,&nbsp;Kelly Ortega-Cisneros,&nbsp;Colleen M. Petrik,&nbsp;Derek P. Tittensor,&nbsp;Ryan F. Heneghan","doi":"10.1029/2024EF004868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004868","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding climate change impacts on global marine ecosystems and fisheries requires complex marine ecosystem models, forced by global climate projections, that can robustly detect and project changes. The Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems Model Intercomparison Project (FishMIP) uses an ensemble modeling approach to fill this crucial gap. Yet FishMIP does not have a standardised skill assessment framework to quantify the ability of member models to reproduce past observations and to guide model improvement. In this study, we apply a comprehensive model skill assessment framework to a subset of global FishMIP models that produce historical fisheries catches. We consider a suite of metrics and assess their utility in illustrating the models' ability to reproduce observed fisheries catches. Our findings reveal improvement in model performance at both global and regional (Large Marine Ecosystem) scales from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and 6 simulation rounds. Our analysis underscores the importance of employing easily interpretable, relative skill metrics to estimate the capability of models to capture temporal variations, alongside absolute error measures to characterize shifts in the magnitude of these variations between models and across simulation rounds. The skill assessment framework developed and tested here provides a first objective assessment and a baseline of the FishMIP ensemble's skill in reproducing historical catch at the global and regional scale. This assessment can be further improved and systematically applied to test the reliability of FishMIP models across the whole model ensemble from future simulation rounds and include more variables like fish biomass or production.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF004868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Adaptation for a Natural Atoll Island in the Maldives - Predicting the Long-Term Morphological Response of Coral Islands to Sea Level Rise and the Effect of Hazard Mitigation Strategies","authors":"F. E. Roelvink,&nbsp;G. Masselink,&nbsp;C. Stokes,&nbsp;R. T. McCall","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005576","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coral atoll islands, common in (sub)tropical oceans, consist of low-lying accumulations of carbonate sediment produced by fringing coral reef systems and are of great socio-economic and ecological importance. Previous studies have predicted that many atoll islands will become uninhabitable before the end of this century due to sea level rise exacerbating wave-driven flooding. However, the assumption that such islands are morphologically static has been challenged by observations and modeling that show the potential for overwashing and sediment deposition to maintain island freeboard. Reliable long-term predictions of island change and future flood risk, essential for adaptation planning, are, however, lacking. Here, we adopt a novel, efficient approach for modeling the long-term island response and illustrate the morphological response of an atoll island to future sea level rise and the effect of various adaptation measures. We demonstrate that wave-driven sediment deposition increases island (beach) crest freeboard. We find that the assumption of static island morphology leads to a significant increase in the predicted frequency of future island flooding compared to morphodynamically active islands. Reef adaptation measures were shown to modify the inshore wave energy, influencing the equilibrium island crest height and therefore the long-term morphological response of the island, while beach restoration mainly delays the island's response. Accounting for long-term natural island dynamics, including the morphodynamic feedback from adaptation measures, offers more realistic projections of future flood risk compared to current static island model predictions. These local projections of island response can serve as decision support tools for climate adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Phosphorus Losses in the Food System in China and Region-Specific Mitigation Strategies to Ensure Losses Below Safe Limits","authors":"Jichen Zhou,&nbsp;Wim de Vries,&nbsp;Lin Ma,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Jiao,&nbsp;Kai Zhang,&nbsp;Yang Lyu,&nbsp;Zed Rengel,&nbsp;Fusuo Zhang,&nbsp;Jianbo Shen","doi":"10.1029/2024EF004907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004907","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sustainable phosphorus (P) resource management is crucial for food security and environmental sustainability. Overuse of P in intensive cropping systems has led to severe eutrophication problems. Here, we examined the trends and driving factors of (a) P losses from the food chain in 31 provinces in China over the period 1980–2016 and (b) predicted 2030 losses under different scenarios using the NUFER model and the Geographical Detector model. The P losses increased 5-fold between 1980 and 2016. Population density and livestock density are the main forces driving P losses. Large spatial variability exists in P losses across the country, with Central South and Southeast China regions as the hotspot areas. The scenario analysis showed that reduction of P pollution below safe levels can be achieved in most Chinese provinces through improved nutrient management adapted to site conditions. In low-risk regions, priority should be given to reducing mineral P fertilizer input and P losses in cropping system, while avoiding crop yield decline. In medium-risk regions, the focus should be on reconnecting livestock and crop production to enhance P recycling. In high-risk regions, comprehensive P management measures should be implemented across the entire food chain, including crop production, animal production, food processing, and human consumption systems. Specific actions include reducing livestock density, increasing fertilizer application taxes, improving food processing technologies, and adjusting dietary structures. The findings are critical to support policies for achieving region-specific sustainable P resource management across China.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF004907","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbially-Mediated Soil Carbon-Nitrogen Dynamics in Response to Future Soil Moisture Change","authors":"Wanyu Li,&nbsp;Gangsheng Wang,&nbsp;Zirui Mu,&nbsp;Shanshan Qi,&nbsp;Shuhao Zhou,&nbsp;Daifeng Xiang","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The interactions between soil carbon and nitrogen (C-N) processes with environmental factors, particularly soil moisture, are critical to maintaining soil ecosystem functions. However, the lagged effects of future change in soil moisture on soil C-N dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we employed the Microbial-ENzyme Decomposition model to simulate the long-term impacts of future soil moisture variation on soil C-N dynamics using the standardized soil moisture index (SSI) across four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Our results demonstrated that soil C-N dynamics exhibited both lagged and cumulative responses to moisture fluctuations over extended periods. Active microbes were closely associated with short-term (3-month) change in soil moisture, whereas soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN) exhibited stronger correlations over extended periods (72 months). Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, SOC and TN decreased in wet conditions but increased during droughts, with increases of 28.9% and 13.1%, respectively, under extreme drought conditions. We found that the active microbial biomass was significantly more sensitive to soil moisture variation than total microbial biomass, especially under extreme drought conditions. Furthermore, microbes and enzymes were key drivers of soil C-N transformations, with soil enzymes displaying the highest correlation with SSI (nonlinear correlation coefficient based on mutual information = 0.81). This study establishes a foundational relationship between soil C-N variables and soil moisture, accounting for lag effects, to enhance our understanding of the complex responses of these variables under future climate change scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying CO2 and Non-CO2 Contributions to Climate Change Under 1.5°C and 2°C Adaptive Emission Scenarios","authors":"Donghyun Lee,&nbsp;Sarah N. Sparrow,&nbsp;Matteo Willeit,&nbsp;Paulo Ceppi,&nbsp;Myles R. Allen","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005580","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The individual contributions of various human-induced forcings under scenarios compatible with the Paris Agreement targets are highly uncertain. To quantify this uncertainty, we analyze three types of models with physical parameter perturbed large ensembles under global warming levels of 1.5 and 2.0°C. The scenarios use adaptive CO₂ emissions, while non-CO₂ emissions are prescribed. The residual emission budgets in the scenarios are measured in terms of CO₂ forcing equivalent (CO₂-fe). Our simulations quantify approximately 0.8 (0.2–1.3 for a 90% confidence interval) and 1.9 (0.9–3.0) TtCO₂-fe for the 1.5 and 2.0°C targets by the end of the 21st century. About 37.5% (73.7%) of the budget for 1.5°C (2.0°C) originates from the CO₂ emission pathways, highlighting the importance of non-CO₂ forcings. Aerosols dominate the uncertainty in non-CO₂ contributions to global responses in both temperature and precipitation. Our modeling results underline the need to constrain the response to each climate forcing, particularly aerosol, to build an accurate mitigation and adaptation plan under the pledges of the Paris Agreement. Moreover, we demonstrate robust differences in global and regional temperature and precipitation responses between the higher and lower CO₂ emission scenarios, highlighting the significance of carbon neutrality.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Compound Extreme Events and Their Impacts on Cropland Productivity in China, 1985–2019","authors":"Zejin Liu,&nbsp;Limin Jiao,&nbsp;Xihong Lian","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While the influence of compound extreme events is gaining attention with advancing extreme climate research, the variations in their impacts on regional crop production require further exploration. Here, we primarily analyze the changes in compound hot-dry events and compound hot-wet events in China from 1985 to 2019, based on meteorological observations from 686 stations. Then, their contributions to losses in cropland net primary productivity (CNPP) are identified using the extreme gradient boosting and Shapley additive explanations models. Results indicate that compound extreme events have become increasingly frequent, persistent, and severe over the past 35 years. With the increasing risks of compound extreme events, greater CNPP losses are observed in the northern regions compared to the southern regions. Throughout the growing season, CNPP losses caused by compound extreme events initially increase, peak in summer, and then gradually decrease. CNPP losses in China are primarily influenced by compound hot-dry events. From north to south, the events dominating CNPP losses shift sequentially from compound daytime hot and dry events to compound day-night hot and dry events, and finally to compound nighttime hot and dry events. This study explores the threats posed by compound extreme events to regional crop production and provides new insights into extreme climate risks in China, supporting climate-adaptive agricultural development.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical and Projected Cropland Impacts of Heatwaves in Central Asia Under Climate Change","authors":"Tao Li,&nbsp;Fengjiao Song,&nbsp;Jiayu Bao,&nbsp;Philippe De Maeyer,&nbsp;Ye Yuan,&nbsp;Xiaoran Huang,&nbsp;Tao Yu,&nbsp;Naibi Sulei,&nbsp;Anming Bao,&nbsp;Peter Goethals","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005595","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Central Asia (CA) is a critical agricultural region, contributing significantly to global food and cotton production, yet it faces increasing threats from extreme heatwaves (HWs) due to global warming. Despite this, the specific impacts of historical and future HWs on CA's cropland remain underexplored. Here, using five bias-corrected global circulation models from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3b (ISIMIP3b), we present a detailed analysis of CA's cropland exposure to HWs from historical periods (1995–2014) and under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP126, SSP370, and SSP585) for 2021–2100. Compared to historical levels, we find that exposure to heatwave frequency could increase by 199% by 2081–2100 under SSP126, while exposure to heatwave duration could rise by as much as 852% and 1143% under SSP370 and SSP585, respectively. Northern Kazakhstan emerges as particularly vulnerable, with the highest exposure levels across scenarios. Interactive effects between climate shifts and land-use changes are the dominant contributors, accounting for over 50% of total exposure in each scenario. These findings highlight CA's vulnerability to HWs under various climate pathways, emphasizing the urgency of targeted adaptation strategies to protect regional agricultural resilience and, by extension, global food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005595","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Soil Erosion Risk in China: Differences in Erosion Driven by General and Extreme Precipitation Under Climate Change","authors":"Changyan Yin,&nbsp;Chenyun Bai,&nbsp;Yuanjun Zhu,&nbsp;Ming'an Shao,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Han,&nbsp;Jiangbo Qiao","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005390","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil erosion status is a comprehensive indicator reflecting the quality and stability of ecosystems. Soil erosion changes in China are becoming more unclear due to climate change and intensified human activity. Within the framework of climate change, this study treats the rainfall erosion factor as a dynamic factor and examines three types of contrasting precipitation—general, heavy, and extreme—through integrates the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and Geographic Information Systems to reveal differences in water erosion driven by varying intensities of precipitation. The results reveal that over 63% of China's land area has experienced soil erosion during the historical period (1980–2022), with slight erosion being the most common. Severe water erosion is predominantly found in the Southwest Basin, the Yangtze River Basin, and the Yellow River basin. The multi-year average soil erosion rate in China is estimated at 2.46 t·ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with R95P and R99P contributing 26.50% and 7.71%, respectively. Future projections (2023–2100) indicate that soil erosion driven by PRCPTOT, R95P, and R99P could increase by 22%–91% under SSP5-RCP8.5 and SSP2-RCP4.5 scenarios. Overall, climate change has a limited effect on the spatial pattern of soil erosion in China, mainly influencing the intensity and extent of water erosion and adversely impacting most regions. Extreme precipitation is more sensitive to climate change, making future erosion risks associated with it a critical concern. These findings can guide decision-makers and resource managers in regional planning to enhance resilience to climate change and secure water and food resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and Phenological Modulation of the Impact of Increasing Drought Conditions on Vegetation Growth in a Humid Big River Basin: Insights From Global Comparisons","authors":"Junlan Xiao,&nbsp;César Terrer,&nbsp;Pierre Gentine,&nbsp;Ryunosuke Tateno,&nbsp;Lei Fan,&nbsp;Mingguo Ma,&nbsp;Yuemin Yue,&nbsp;Wenping Yuan,&nbsp;Josep Peñuelas,&nbsp;Weiyu Shi","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005720","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the upward trend in extreme drought continues with climate change, terrestrial vegetation growth is assumed to become largely reduced. We investigated anomalies of remote sensing vegetation indexes under droughts across the upper Yangtze River (UYR) basin, characterized as humid but having experienced frequent seasonal droughts from 2000. Then we compared global big river basins by focusing on the Nile and Congo basins, which have similar characteristics to the UYR. The vegetation across the UYR was affected by water stress in recent years but shows reduced sensitivity to drought. The compound effect of drought timing and phenology largely drives the response. Results show that late-season droughts generally have a greater impact on vegetation growth compared to early season droughts, with alpine grasslands showing particularly pronounced responses due to their ecological features such as shallow root depth and aggressive hydrological behavior. The Nile basin, similar to the UYR basin, exhibits pronounced late-season vegetation vulnerability, highlighting shared patterns of drought impact across heterogeneous landscapes. In contrast, the tropical rainforests in the Congo basin demonstrate greater resilience, supported by complex root systems, dense canopies, and low cloud cover that reduces evaporation. This study underscores the importance of considering regional ecological characteristics, drought timing, and phenological stages in assessing vegetation responses to drought. These insights are critical for predicting and managing ecosystem resilience under changing climatic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}