Palaeoworld最新文献

{"title":"Shallow-water whale-fall communities: Evidence from the middle–late Eocene basilosaurid whale bones, Wadi El-Hitan, Fayum, Egypt","authors":"Esraa S. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Magdy M. El Hedeny ,&nbsp;Ahmed M. El-Sabbagh ,&nbsp;Gebely A. Abu El-Kheir ,&nbsp;Alaa G. Osman ,&nbsp;Aldoushy Mahdy ,&nbsp;Enas A. Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study examines the basilosaurid whale bone specimens collected from the Sandouk El-Borneta section, Wadi El-Hitan (Valley of Whales), Fayum, Egypt. These specimens are embedded in highly fossiliferous calcareous sandstones of the middle Eocene Gehannam and the upper Eocene Birket Qarun formations. These whale bones display some post-mortem alterations, representing good signs of at least three distinct stages in what is called the whale fall. The co-occurrence of shark, ray, and crocodile fossil specimens with the examined whale bones may indicate the first mobile-scavenger stage. Borings of the siboglinid polychaete genus <em>Osedax</em> represent the most common worm type that deeply bioeroded the whale bones, contributing to their rapid degradation, and representing the enrichment-opportunist stage. These fossil traces of the bone-eating worm <em>Osedax</em> represent the first record in the Eocene Epoch regionally and inter-regionally, filling the gap between the Late Cretaceous and the Oligocene occurrences. Subsequently, the studied whale bones served as hard substrates for some calcareous tube-dwelling encrusting polychaetes, balanoid barnacles, sheet‐like cheilostome bryozoans, and scleractinian corals. Furthermore, a bioerosion structure produced by polychaete annelids was also observed. The presence of these sclerobionts assemblage confirms the well-developed final reef stage with prolonged exposure and colonisation of these whale bones prior to final burial. Based on the recorded post-mortem alterations, together with other sedimentological and palaeontological data, the studied whale bones were deposited in a shallow open marine bay to sheltered gulf environments, which were characterised by low depositional energy, low to moderate rate of sedimentation, and high surface water productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100863"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New data and redescription of Kellnerius jamacaruensis Santana et al., 2013, a Palaemonidae shrimp from the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil","authors":"Olga Alcântara Barros ,&nbsp;Paulo Victor de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Antônio Álamo Feitosa Saraiva","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The preservation of shrimp in the fossil record is difficult due to their rapid decomposition. In this study, we provide new taxonomic insights into <em>Kellnerius jamacaruensis</em> from the Lower Cretaceous Romualdo Formation in the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. A comprehensive taxonomic review, including a more meticulous preparation of the holotype and additional fossil material, enabled the disclosure of previously unknown anatomical features, reaffirming its classification within the family Palaemonidae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100859"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Early to Late Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian) transition in Putumayo, Colombia: A biostratigraphic and carbon isotope stratigraphic correlation for northwestern South America","authors":"Javier Luque ,&nbsp;Jonatan Bustos ,&nbsp;Manuel Páez-Reyes ,&nbsp;Alejandro Beltrán-Triviño ,&nbsp;Angie Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Alexandra Delgado ,&nbsp;Johan M. Sánchez ,&nbsp;Julián Caraballo ,&nbsp;Mikel A. López-Horgue","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the rich geological and paleontological record of Colombia, the Putumayo region near Ecuador remains one of the least explored regions in the equatorial Neotropics, mainly due to its thick vegetation, deep rock weathering, soil formation and ground cover, geographic remoteness, and inaccessibility of well-exposed outcrops. This has resulted in limited comparisons with neighboring basins and thus the generation of more comprehensive biostratigraphic correlations with western and northern South America, as well as other paleobiogeographic regions (e.g., Tethys, Western Interior Seaway). Here, we present 67 occurrences of uppermost Lower Cretaceous to lowermost Upper Cretaceous ammonoids and other macrofossils (e.g., bivalves, decapod crustaceans, osteichthyan fish remains, plant remains), as well as a δ¹³C_org chemostratigraphic curve derived from 105 samples from the middle Albian of the uppermost Caballos Formation and the upper Albian to lower Cenomanian lower Villeta Formation, collected <em>in situ</em> from a stratigraphic section exposed along the Mocoa–San Francisco Road, Putumayo, Colombia, here called the San Francisco section. The chemostratigraphic, carbon-isotope curve for the region shows a great similarity with the shape of the accepted curve for the late Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d, which is characterized by a worldwide long positive δ¹³C excursion anomaly. The new biostratigraphic and isotopic data serve as a point of reference to compare the Putumayo Basin with neighboring basins (e.g., Marañon Basin in Perú, Oriente Basin in Ecuador, Upper Magdalena Valley Basin in Colombia), and thus the generation of more comprehensive upper Lower Cretaceous and lower Upper Cretaceous biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic correlations for northwestern South America.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100869"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative insights into osteocyte density developmental patterns in fossilized bone — A new method","authors":"Denis Horvath ,&nbsp;Xu-Ri Wang ,&nbsp;Martin Kundrát","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a new methodology that combines quantitative image analysis, clustering, and statistical techniques to examine the 2D distribution of osteohistological features in an extinct stem-group bird. The driving force of our research was the need to map ontogenetic changes in the spatial density of osteocyte lacunae in the type specimen of <em>Musivavis amabilis</em> from the Lower Cretaceous of China. We particularly focused on developing tools to reveal quantitative aspects of the dynamics in the formation of avascular bone in this active flier. We achieve this goal by proposing an algorithm with the following methodological steps: 1) We obtain relevant coordinate details for pixel locations selected by thresholding the original image with shading as a criterion. 2) We estimate density using the Gaussian kernel estimator and refined it through observations and regression analysis. 3) After slicing the image, we apply k-means clustering to obtain one-dimensional representations of lacunar density. 4) We proceed by implementing weighted averaging employing the k-nearest neighbor approach. Having applied these steps, we are able to quantitatively disclose growth processes previously unnoticed and reveal dynamics in the formation of lacunar bone tissue in the enantiornithine birds capable of power flight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100867"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The disappearance of European dirk-toothed cats","authors":"Clàudia Tura-Poch ,&nbsp;Saverio Bartolini-Lucenti ,&nbsp;Qi-Gao Jiangzuo ,&nbsp;Maria Prat-Vericat ,&nbsp;Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Rook ,&nbsp;Joan Madurell-Malapeira","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Saber-toothed cats dominated the latest Pliocene to Early Pleistocene ecosystems in the Old World, potentially competing with early hominins for food resources. However, the Pleistocene fossil records of the medium-sized <em>Megantereon</em> are often fragmented and scarce, leading to contentious debates regarding its evolutionary history.</div><div>Previously, it was commonly believed that <em>Megantereon</em> became locally extinct in Europe during the Early Pleistocene, albeit without a precise timeline. In this study, we present findings from an unpublished <em>Megantereon</em> neurocranium discovered in the Iberian Vallparadís Section. This discovery is correlated with the Jaramillo magnetostratigraphic subchron (ca. 1.0 Ma; MIS30). Additionally, we propose a connection between the disappearance of European <em>Megantereon</em> and the climatic shifts associated with the ‘<em>Early-Middle Pleistocene Transition</em>’, particularly the increase in aridity and expansion of open landscapes observed during the protracted glacial stage MIS30.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100856"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New record of Brachyoxylon wood from the Lower Cretaceous of Qingyuan, southeastern China and its palaeoclimatic implications","authors":"Jian-Guo Hui ,&nbsp;Su-Xin Yin ,&nbsp;Xiao-Liang Cai ,&nbsp;Chong Dong ,&nbsp;Yuan-Dong Liu ,&nbsp;Ning Tian ,&nbsp;Gong-Le Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early Cretaceous was a key period for the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. In southeastern China, the late Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) floras are relatively well known and characterized by diverse Cheirolepidiaceae, but the early Early Cretaceous floras in southeastern China are poorly known mainly because of the lack of plant fossils. Here we report petrified woods from a new early Early Cretaceous locality in Qingyuan, southern Zhejiang Province, southeastern China. The new fossil woods collected from the Xishantou Formation (earliest Berriasian, earliest Early Cretaceous) are assigned to <em>Brachyoxylon zhejiangense</em> Tian, Zhu, and Wang based on the anatomy of the secondary xylem. The new material of <em>Brachyoxylon zhejiangense</em> from Qingyuan lacks distinct growth rings or resin canals and has mixed type pitting on the radial walls of the tracheids, araucarioid cross-field pitting, and uniseriate rays. It is the earliest record of <em>Brachyoxylon</em> in southeastern China. <em>Brachyoxylon zhejiangense</em> has been regarded as the wood of the extinct conifer family Cheirolepidiceae and grew in arid to semi-arid environments. Evidence also suggests Cheirolepidiaceae played an important role in the vegetation of southeastern China throughout the Early Cretaceous.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100858"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate and vegetation changes in southern Primorye (Russian Far East) since the Last Glacial Maximum: A quantitative analysis","authors":"Tatiana A. Evstigneeva ,&nbsp;Olesia V. Bondarenko ,&nbsp;Torsten Utescher","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.06.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The climate and vegetation for southern Primorye during the last 21 kyr are studied for the first time in detail using quantitative techniques on high-temporal resolution pollen record. The data obtained showed a clear relationship with global climate events: Last Glacial Maximum, Heinrich 1, Bølling/Allerød, Younger Dryas and the warmest climate event around ca. 8.0 ka. A moderate monsoon-type climate persisted in Primorye during the last 21 kyr. The mean annual temperature did not fall below 0°C. The magnitude of the glacial–interglacial mean temperature difference in southern Primorye was ca. 7°C. Cold and cool temperate climate existed between ca. 21.0 and 11.6 ka and after 4.3 ka respectively. Climate variables of the Last Glacial Maximum were slightly below present-day values, and drier conditions prevailed compared to the late Holocene. Moderately cool conditions with excessive moisture existed during the cold events of the late Pleistocene, i.e., Younger Dryas and Heinrich 1, and in the late Holocene. Humidification did not occur due to heavy rainfall, but due to less evaporation because of low average annual temperatures during these cold events. During the last 21 kyr, there existed dry and wet seasons in Primorye, as at present, associated with monsoon circulation. The summer monsoon was more intense at ca. 16.6 ka, 14.4 ka, 11.6 ka and from ca. 11.0 to 4.3 ka.</div><div>The southern Primorye during last 21 kyr had a diverse spatial vegetation pattern with conifer and broadleaved deciduous forests of warmer or colder temperate type, dry and humid grasslands, open woodlands and riparian vegetation. Both today and in the past, the heterogeneity of the relief and climate created a diverse vegetation cover. The warmest component, broadleaved summergreen warm temperate trees, had a high proportion from 10.4 to 4.6 ka. Late Pleistocene plant communities, especially during the Last Glacial Maximum, were characterized by a high diversity of dry herbs, which indicates a dry steppe. There are indications of forest-steppe during LGM based on PFT and IPR analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100870"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Craniomandibular osteology and the first record of the ocular skeleton in a South American rhynchosaur (Archosauromorpha, Hyperodapedontinae)","authors":"Jeung Hee Schiefelbein ,&nbsp;Mauricio Silva Garcia ,&nbsp;Sérgio Furtado Cabreira ,&nbsp;Lúcio Roberto da Silva ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Temp Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new rhynchosaur specimen from the Upper Triassic (Candelária Sequence) of Southern Brazil is presented in this contribution. While these reptiles constitute some of the most sampled fossils from these beds, their taxonomic, phylogenetic, and palaeobiological status remain understudied. Delving into the cranial elements of the new specimen we performed a taxonomic and phylogenetic assessment, assigning it to “<em>Hyperodapedon</em>” <em>sanjuanensis</em>, a form that occurs in Brazil and Argentina. This assignment was based on distinctive craniomandibular features such as the absence of lingual teeth in the dentary, a unique feature among hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs. Furthermore, our phylogenetic analysis supports this scenario. Our approach emphasizes the broader need for comprehensive anatomical descriptions of South American rhynchosaurs, particularly in Brazil, where some crucial taxa remain undescribed and/or unfigured. This study also reinforces the need for a revision of the clade Hyperodapedontinae and the <em>Hyperodapedon</em> genus. The orbital region of the new specimen reveals delicate scleral ossicles, presenting a unique window into the visual adaptations and habits of these reptiles. This is the first record of the ocular skeleton for a rhynchosaur of South America. Beyond the taxonomic and phylogenetic implications, this study elucidates the role of the ocular skeleton in regards to sensory adaptations in hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100853"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper Ordovician conodonts from the Taoqupo section in the southwestern margin of the North China Craton","authors":"Shi-Xiao Li ,&nbsp;Xiu-Chun Jing ,&nbsp;Hong-Rui Zhou ,&nbsp;Xun-Lian Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Shen ,&nbsp;Qiang Fang ,&nbsp;Zhen-Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A diverse but relatively low yielding conodont fauna has been recovered from the Yaoxian and the Taoqupo formations at the Taoqupo section, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, North China. This conodont fauna comprises 20 species belonging to 12 genera, exhibiting a mixture of North China and North American Midcontinent provincial affinities, and with several pandemic species associated. Five stratigraphically important species are documented in detail. Among them, <em>Tasmanognathus shichuanheensis</em> is revised as having a septimembrate apparatus. Five successive conodont biozones of late Sandbian to middle Katian age are recognized, namely the <em>Tasmanognathus shichuanheensis</em> Biozone, the <em>Phragmodus undatus</em> Biozone, the <em>Belodina confluens</em> Biozone, the <em>Yaoxianognathus neimengguensis</em> Biozone, and the <em>Yaoxianognathus yaoxianensis</em> Biozone, in ascending order. Some age-diagnostic and widely distributed conodonts present within the Taoqupo conodont fauna greatly facilitate a precise local, regional and international correlation of the present biozonation with coeval representative successions in North China, Northwestern China, South China, and the North American Midcontinent. Biostratigraphic correlations enable ages at the stage slice-level of the middle Sa2, the middle Sa2 to early Ka1, the middle Ka1, the late Ka1 to earliest Ka2, and the middle Ka2 to be assigned to the aforementioned five conodont biozones respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100857"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Out-of-India” dispersal of the extinct fabaceous genus Podocarpium Braun ex Stizenberger","authors":"Ashif Ali ,&nbsp;Robert A. Spicer ,&nbsp;Raman Patel ,&nbsp;Rajendra Singh Rana ,&nbsp;Mahasin Ali Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palwor.2024.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Podocarpium</em> is a well-known extinct single-seeded legume genus having extensive Cenozoic fossil occurrences from East Asia to central Europe. To date, there have been no fossil records of this genus from South Asia, including India. Here, we report and describe for the first time a well-preserved fossil pod from the early Eocene of Rajasthan, western India, assigned to extinct <em>Podocarpium</em> based on detailed morphology. It is characterized by an asymmetrical, oblique valve with a single oblong seed, a distinctly curved stipe, a wingless margin, a prominent vascular strand along the dorsal suture that anastomoses into the apex, a weakly curved ventral suture, fine reticulate veins, a short acuminate apex, and a narrowly acute base. This discovery is the oldest fossil evidence of <em>Podocarpium</em> recorded to date worldwide. Together with previous fossil records, we suggest an “Out-of-India” dispersal hypothesis to explain the biogeography of this extinct legume genus. It might have originated under warm and humid tropical climatic conditions in the early Eocene of India (South Asia), then migrated to China (East Asia), and subsequently spread north and westward to Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48708,"journal":{"name":"Palaeoworld","volume":"34 1","pages":"Article 100860"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141781737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}