Daniel Palanker, James D Weiland, Boris Rosin, José-Alain Sahel
{"title":"Restoration of Sight with Electronic Retinal Prostheses.","authors":"Daniel Palanker, James D Weiland, Boris Rosin, José-Alain Sahel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-025244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-025244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Retinal prostheses aim at restoring sight to patients blinded by atrophy of photoreceptors using electrical stimulation of the inner retinal neurons. Bipolar cells can be targeted using subretinal implants, and their responses are then relayed to the central visual pathways via the retinal neural network, preserving many features of natural signal processing. Epiretinal implants stimulate the output retinal layer-ganglion cells-and encode visual information directly in spiking patterns.Several companies and academic groups have demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the degenerate retina can elicit visual percepts. However, most failed to consistently and safely achieve an acceptable level of performance. Recent clinical trials demonstrated that subretinal photovoltaic arrays in patients visually impaired by age-related macular degeneration can provide letter acuity matching their 100 μm pixel pitch, corresponding to 20/420 acuity. Electronic zoom enabled patients to read smaller fonts. This review describes the concepts, technologies, and clinical outcomes of current systems and provides an outlook into future developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathaniel Ghena, Navita N Lopez, Jacqueline M Roberts, Alejandra Bosco, Monica L Vetter
{"title":"Innate Immune Pathways Regulating Retinal Cell Development and Regeneration.","authors":"Nathaniel Ghena, Navita N Lopez, Jacqueline M Roberts, Alejandra Bosco, Monica L Vetter","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-102122-110045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-102122-110045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Development of the vertebrate retina involves the interaction of multiple signaling pathways and cell types, and there is growing appreciation of the role of innate immune pathways in this process. Resident innate immune cells, particularly microglia, play myriad roles in retinal development, disease, and regeneration. Here we aim to highlight what is known about innate immune cell populations and pathways in retinal cell development and regeneration. Resident innate immune cells are present from the earliest stages of retinal development and regulate developmental cell elimination, synapse refinement, angiogenesis, and recovery from retinal damage. We discuss the signaling pathways mediating immune cell interactions with other cell populations in developing and regenerating retina and highlight species-specific differences in retinal innate immune cell function, which are particularly evident in retinal cell regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeremy N Kay, Juan C Valdez-Lopez, Ekta M Dembla, Adam M Miltner
{"title":"Development of Retinal Astroglia.","authors":"Jeremy N Kay, Juan C Valdez-Lopez, Ekta M Dembla, Adam M Miltner","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-121423-013153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-121423-013153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Müller cells and retinal nerve fiber layer astrocytes are the major astroglia of the mammalian retina. They have numerous important functions in adulthood for maintaining neuronal homeostasis as well as in developing retina, where they facilitate key events in the assembly of the retinal tissue. Recent years have seen substantial progress in understanding how these astroglial cells develop and how their development shapes the cells around them. We review the mechanisms underlying the formation, maturation, and spatial patterning of Müller glia and retinal astrocytes, with an emphasis on how they acquire their functional properties. We focus on developmental events that have a major impact on overall retinal integrity, such as the formation of neuro-glial junctions at the outer limiting membrane and the patterning of retinal astrocytes into a template that guides angiogenesis. Finally, we discuss examples of retinal diseases that originate in developmental defects affecting Müller cells or retinal astrocytes. These include certain classes of inherited retinal degenerations, as well as retinopathy of prematurity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seeing a Three-Dimensional World in Motion: How the Brain Computes Object Motion and Depth During Self-Motion.","authors":"Zhe-Xin Xu, Gregory C DeAngelis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-112124","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-112124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans and other animals move their eyes, heads, and bodies to interact with their surroundings. While essential for survival, these movements produce additional sensory signals that complicate visual scene analysis. However, these self-generated visual signals offer valuable information about self-motion and the three-dimensional structure of the environment. In this review, we examine recent advances in understanding depth and motion perception during self-motion, along with the underlying neural mechanisms. We also propose a comprehensive framework that integrates various visual phenomena, including optic flow parsing, depth from motion parallax, and coordinate transformation. The studies reviewed here begin to provide a more complete picture of how the visual system carries out a set of complex computations to jointly infer object motion, self-motion, and depth.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Following the Tradition of the Italian School of Visual Science: Intellectually Challenging but also Incredibly Exciting.","authors":"Maria Concetta Morrone","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-110623-075651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-110623-075651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>I enjoy studying the brain, a passion I inherited from my Italian mentors (Lamberto Maffei and Adriana Fiorentini) and Australian colleagues (John Ross and David Burr) when I was a young physics student. Looking back on the development of my career, I believe that my motivation in pursuing challenging research came from the great excitement that arose when we were close to understanding a problem. When this happened, I did not care whether I was without a real job or that I lacked the recognition I deserved as a female scientist in a highly competitive, male-dominated field. This professional joy, mixed also with family joys, such as being married to a scientist with whom I shared the same passion, was my strength. In this review, I briefly outline the values instilled by my family, teachers, peers, and research tutors, from the perspective of a woman from then-underdeveloped Southern Italy approaching a science career in the 1970s.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visual Image Reconstruction from Brain Activity via Latent Representation.","authors":"Yukiyasu Kamitani, Misato Tanaka, Ken Shirakawa","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-110423-023616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-110423-023616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual image reconstruction, the decoding of perceptual content from brain activity into images, has advanced significantly with the integration of deep neural networks (DNNs) and generative models. This review traces the field's evolution from early classification approaches to sophisticated reconstructions that capture detailed, subjective visual experiences, emphasizing the roles of hierarchical latent representations, compositional strategies, and modular architectures. Despite notable progress, challenges remain, such as achieving true zero-shot generalization for unseen images and accurately modeling the complex, subjective aspects of perception. We discuss the need for diverse datasets, refined evaluation metrics aligned with human perceptual judgments, and compositional representations that strengthen model robustness and generalizability. Ethical issues, including privacy, consent, and potential misuse, are underscored as critical considerations for responsible development. Visual image reconstruction offers promising insights into neural coding and enables new psychological measurements of visual experiences, with applications spanning clinical diagnostics and brain-machine interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bio-Inspired Computational Imaging: Components, Algorithms, and Systems.","authors":"Yi-Chun Hung, Qi Guo, Emma Alexander","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-101322-104600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-101322-104600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial vision has advanced significantly on the basis of insights from human and animal vision. Still, biological vision retains advantages over mainstream computer vision, notably in terms of robustness, adaptability, power consumption, and compactness. Natural vision also demonstrates a great diversity of solutions to problems, adapted to specific tasks. Biological vision best corresponds to the subfield of computation imaging, in which optics and algorithms are codesigned to uncover scene information. We review current progress and opportunities in optics, sensors, algorithms, and joint designs that enable computational cameras to mimic the power of natural vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew R Cavanaugh, Berkeley K Fahrenthold, Krystel R Huxlin
{"title":"What V1 Damage Can Teach Us About Visual Perception and Learning.","authors":"Matthew R Cavanaugh, Berkeley K Fahrenthold, Krystel R Huxlin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-112823","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-112823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In humans, occipital strokes invariably damage the primary visual cortex (V1), causing a loss of conscious vision over large portions of the visual field. This unfortunate experiment of nature affects a significant proportion of all stroke victims, but there is a lack of accepted vision restoration therapies clinically, despite a rich history of studies into the resulting visual deficit and the perceptual abilities that paradoxically survive in affected portions of the visual field. Over the last two decades, the clinical dogma that V1-damaged adult visual systems cannot recover has been challenged by accumulating evidence that visual retraining to detect or discriminate stimuli in the blind field can restore perceptual abilities. This review summarizes key developments in training approaches, some of the mechanistic insights they have revealed, and limitations and opportunities that have emerged.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Higher-Order Visuospatial Processing Abilities in Cerebral Visual Impairment: Behavioral Assessment and Neurophysiological Mechanisms.","authors":"Lotfi B Merabet, Claire E Manley, Zahide Pamir","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-121423-013141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-121423-013141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is a brain-based visual disorder associated with early injury and maldevelopment of visual processing pathways and areas. The clinical profile of visual dysfunctions observed in CVI is broad and complex. In this review, we discuss how visuospatial processing deficits represent a core feature of this condition, focusing on evidence from behavioral studies investigating complex motion processing and visual search abilities. Results from functional and structural neuroimaging studies have also provided important insight into putative neurophysiological mechanisms associated with these functional visual impairments. We propose that higher-order visual processing dysfunctions in CVI result from an impaired interplay between bottom-up (stimulus-driven) and top-down (goal-driven) processing mechanisms that leads to characteristic challenges in interpreting and interacting with the surrounding visual environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Guiding Movements by Constantly Reconsidering One's Actions: A Kinematic Approach.","authors":"Eli Brenner, Jeroen B J Smeets","doi":"10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-103554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-103554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People have to deal with a lot of uncertainty in their daily actions. This uncertainty arises from the limited resolution of their sensory processing and motor control, as well as from unpredictable changes in the environment. How do people ensure that their actions are successful when faced with all this uncertainty? We argue that they do so by constantly reconsidering their plan in accordance with their instantaneous evaluation of the circumstances. Doing so allows them to quickly respond to any changes in the environment. The response can be a small adjustment to an ongoing movement, but also diverting the movement if it suddenly becomes evident that moving toward a completely different target is more suitable for some reason. We present a simple kinematic model based on the idea that it is always beneficial to move smoothly to illustrate how continuously reconsidering movement plans can explain many findings in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":48658,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}