Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Crack Detection and Feature Extraction of Heritage Buildings via Point Clouds: A Case Study of Zhonghua Gate Castle in Nanjing","authors":"Helong Wang, Yufeng Shi, Qi Yuan, Mingyue Li","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082278","url":null,"abstract":"Zhonghua Gate Castle is on the tentative list for Chinese World Cultural Heritage. Due to long-term sunshine, rain erosion, and man-made damage, its surface appears to have different degrees of cracks and other diseases. This paper centers on Zhonghua Gate Castle; terrestrial laser scanning is used to obtain the exterior wall point cloud data. A crack detection method based on point cloud data curved surface reconstruction is proposed. It involves data preprocessing, crack detection, and the analysis of crack features. This method initially uses data preprocessing techniques to improve data quality. These techniques include removing ground points and super-voxel segmentation. Subsequently, local surface reconstruction was employed to address the issue of missing point cloud data within cracks and the Euclidean clustering algorithm was used for precise crack identification. The article provides a detailed analysis of the geometric characteristics of cracks. They involve the calculation of length, width, and area. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the method could successfully identify cracks and extract geometric features and has millimeter-level accuracy compared to actual crack sizes.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of FEM and Artificial Intelligence Techniques (LRM, RFM & ANN) in Predicting the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Reinforced Soil Foundation","authors":"Pandi Anandhi Jeyaseelan, Muttharam Madhavan","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082273","url":null,"abstract":"In this research paper, the behavior of shallow footing with square and rectangular shapes over geosynthetic reinforced soil was studied. A novel geogrid called “3D tube-geogrid” was utilized for this work. The impact of various reinforcement parameters, including the depth of the final layer (z), length (l), inclination (α), filler material used inside the geogrid tube, relative soil density, and the tensile stiffness of the geogrid (EA), were analyzed by running numerical simulations using PLAXIS 3D V20 software. The simulated data were used to quantify the relationship between the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil and the reinforcement parameters. Several artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, such as linear regression analysis, a random forest model, and an artificial neural network (ANN), were employed on the generated dataset. To evaluate the preciseness of these techniques, various statistical indicators, such as the squared correlation coefficient (R2), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean squared error (MSE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE), were calculated, and error percentages of 20.98%, 12.5%, and 6.4% were obtained for the linear regression, random forest, and ANN, respectively. The numerical study determined the optimal values of the reinforcement parameters length, z/B, inclination, and filling material to be 4B, 3, 0°, and aggregate, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Interlayer Reinforcement Effectiveness in Road Pavement Rehabilitation Using FEM Modeling and Fracture Mechanics Analysis","authors":"Arianna Antoniazzi, Gianluca Ravizzoni, Cecilia Schiavone, Maurizio Crispino, E. Toraldo","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082264","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the effectiveness of reinforcements for flexible pavements is evaluated through an analysis of reflective cracking. Different stiffness and thickness reinforcements are considered for the rehabilitation of an already cracked pavement. The effect of the reinforcement is assessed from two different perspectives: (i) the ability to reduce stresses in the rehabilitated pavement layers, and (ii) the capacity to mitigate the crack propagation from deeper layers. A finite element model (FEM) is adopted to study the stress and strain state of the pavement layers. The pavement model has been properly validated, transitioning from a simply supported beam scheme to an elastic multilayer model. In addition, to represent crack propagation, fracture evolution is analyzed using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFMs) and Paris’ law. The effect of different reinforcements on the pavement is then simulated. The results show that the reinforcement performance is strictly dependent on the interlayer thickness and stiffness. In particular, high stiffness reinforcements (geomembranes) show increasing effectiveness with stiffness, both in terms of reflective cracking and stress reduction. Conversely, low stiffness reinforcements (SAMIs) show a variable trend with the stiffness modulus. In fact, extremely low stiffness is effective in slowing down crack propagation but is detrimental to the wearing course’s stress condition. However, as the stiffness increases, the likelihood of cracking in the wearing course decreases, though only a small beneficial effect is registered for crack propagation in the base layer.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation Test of an Intelligent Vibration System for Concrete under Reinforcing Steel Mesh","authors":"Hongyu Liang, Zhigang Wu, Jifeng Hu, Yuannan Gan, Sheng Qiang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082277","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete vibration construction sustains high labor intensity, a poor working environment, difficulties in quality control, and other problems. Current research on concrete vibration focuses on monitoring vibration quality, evaluating vibration processes quantitatively, and assessing mechanical vibration of unreinforced mesh concrete (plain concrete). Standardizing concrete vibration under reinforcing steel mesh remains difficult. There is still a lag in the evaluation of the quality of rework and the consumption of human and material resources. To tackle these issues, a vibrating robotic arm system based on automation control technology, machine vision, and kinematic modeling is proposed. Research and simulation tests on intelligent concrete vibration under reinforcing steel mesh aim to enhance construction efficiency and quality. A five-degree-of-freedom robotic arm with a vision module identifies each rebar grid center in the image, extracts the pixel coordinates, and converts them to the mechanical coordinates by the integration of machine vision algorithms. A vibrator point screening algorithm is introduced to determine actual vibrator point locations based on specific insertion spacing, alongside a vibro-module for vertical movement. Real-time assessment of vibration quality is achieved using the YOLOv5 target detection model. Simulation tests confirm the feasibility of automated concrete vibration control under reinforcing steel mesh by a vibrating robot arm system. This research offers a new approach for unmanned vibration technology in concrete under reinforcing steel mesh, supporting future related technological advancements with practical value.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"District Heating Deployment and Energy-Saving Measures to Decarbonise the Building Stock in 100% Renewable Energy Systems","authors":"L. Pastore, D. Groppi, Felipe Feijoo","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082267","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving a zero-emission building heating sector requires numerous strategies and detailed energy planning, in order to identify the optimal decarbonisation pathway. This work aims to assess the impact of district heating expansion and the implementation of energy-saving measures on the decarbonisation of the Italian building stock by 2050, analysing their combined impact, reciprocal effects, and technical–economic implications on the entire national energy system. The scenarios have been implemented and simulated with the H2RES software, a long-term energy planning optimisation model, built for the Italian national energy system. Results indicate that it is possible to decarbonise the heating system in an efficient and cost-effective manner by the year 2040. Heat pumps represent the optimal technology at both centralised and decentralised levels. District heating expansion is a priority for the decarbonisation of the building stock, allowing us to reduce costs, exploit thermal storage systems and provide system flexibility. In the best scenario, 40% of the Italian heat demand can be supplied by fourth-generation district heating. Energy-saving measures can reduce heat demand and primary energy but at higher annual costs and with a significant increase in investment. The combined simulation of the strategies within an optimisation model of the entire energy system enables the accurate assessment of the real impact of the various measures, considering their reciprocal effects and technical–economic implications.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Logic, Perception, and Beauty—An Outline of the Modern Proportion-Based Approach in Architecture","authors":"W. Januszewski","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082266","url":null,"abstract":"The present study contributes to the discourse on the environmental paradigm in architecture, recognizing beauty as essential alongside community and sustainability. It examines the modern proportion-based approach within the realm of formal aesthetics, which views proportional relationships as essential for architectural form and aims to develop methods to manipulate these relationships to achieve desired aesthetic outcomes. The main objective of this study is to characterize the modern approach as a current distinct from classical theories. The research seeks to explore the unique rationales behind a systematic approach to architectural proportions and to discern how these rationales distinguish the modern approach from its classical predecessor. The research encompasses theories from the mid-19th century to the present day. Through content and comparative analysis, this study explores theories by key figures such as A. Thiersch, H.P. Berlage, Le Corbusier, H. van der Laan, J. Żórawski, J. Hale, and P. Märkli. This study reveals the modern proportional approach as a unique current that adapts classical ideas to modern sensibilities, shifting from classical cosmological symbolism to a focus on logical consistency, visual perception, and artistic expression. It maintains a dual relationship with tradition, preserving past methods while introducing new interpretations of their aesthetic function. Despite its modest impact on contemporary practice, the proportional approach is significant, emphasizing the visual quality of the built environment and pursuing timeless design principles that transcend fleeting trends, focusing on enduring aesthetic values.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-of-the-Art Review: Effects of Using Cool Building Cladding Materials on Roofs","authors":"Chetan Aggarwal, S. Molleti","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082257","url":null,"abstract":"Cool roofs are roofing systems designed to reflect significant solar radiation, reducing heat absorption and subsequent cooling energy demands in buildings. This paper provides a comprehensive review of cool roof technologies, covering performance standards, material options, energy-saving potential, and hygrothermal considerations. The review examines provisions in current codes and standards, which specify minimum requirements for solar reflectance, thermal emittance, and solar reflectance index (SRI) values. These criteria often vary based on factors like roof slope, climate zone, and building type. Different cool roof materials are explored, including reflective paints and coatings that can be applied to existing roofs as cost-effective solutions. Several studies have demonstrated the energy performance benefits of cool roofs, showing significant reductions in cooling loads, indoor air temperatures, peak cooling demand, and overall cooling energy consumption compared to traditional roofs. However, hygrothermal performance must be evaluated, especially in cold climates, to optimize insulation levels and avoid moisture accumulation risks, as reduced heat absorption can alter moisture migration patterns within the building envelope. While cool roofs provide substantial energy savings in hot climates, further research is needed to validate modeling approaches against real-world studies, investigate the impact of seasonality and green spaces on cool roof efficacy and urban heat island mitigation, and explore energy-saving potential, moisture control, and condensation risks in cold and humid environments.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Design Criteria for Long, Large-Diameter Bored Piles in Near-Shore Interbedded Geomaterials: Insights from Static and Dynamic Test Analysis","authors":"N. Elsakhawy, Eslam Ibrahim, Khalid M. Elzahaby, Marwa Nabil","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082268","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an analysis of long, large-diameter bored piles’ behavior under static and dynamic load tests for a megaproject located in El Alamein, on the northern shoreline of Egypt. Site investigations depict an abundance of limestone fragments and weak argillaceous limestone interlaid with gravelly, silty sands and silty, gravelly clay layers. These layers are classified as intermediate geomaterials, IGMs, and soil layers. The project consists of high-rise buildings founded on long bored piles of 1200 mm and 800 mm in diameter. Forty-four (44) static and dynamic compression load tests were performed in this study. During the pile testing, it was recognized that the pile load–settlement behavior is very conservative. Settlement did not exceed 1.6% of the pile diameter at twice the design load. This indicates that the available design manual does not provide reasonable parameters for IGM layers. The study was performed to investigate the efficiency of different approaches for determining the design load of bored piles in IGMs. These approaches are statistical, predictions from static pile load tests, numerical, and dynamic wave analysis via a case pile wave analysis program, CAPWAP, a method that calculates friction stresses along the pile shaft. The predicted ultimate capacities range from 5.5 to 10.0 times the pile design capacity. Settlement analysis indicates that the large-diameter pile behaves as a friction pile. The dynamic pile load test results were calibrated relative to the static pile load test. The dynamic load test could be used to validate the pile capacity. Settlement from the dynamic load test has been shown to be about 25% higher than that from the static load test. This can be attributed to the possible development of high pore water pressure in cohesive IGMs. The case study analysis and the parametric study indicate that AASHTO LRFD is conservative in estimating skin friction, tip, and load test resistance factors in IGMs. A new load–settlement response equation for 600 mm to 2000 mm diameter piles and new recommendations for resistance factors φqp, φqs, and φload were proposed to be 0.65, 0.70, and 0.80, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer-Learning Prediction Model for Low-Cycle Fatigue Life of Bimetallic Steel Bars","authors":"Xuanyi Xue, Fei Wang, Neng Wang, Jianmin Hua, Wenjie Deng","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082275","url":null,"abstract":"The prediction of the low-cycle fatigue life of bimetallic steel bars (BSBs) is essential to promote the engineering application of BSBs. However, research on the low-cycle fatigue properties of BSB is limited, and fatigue experiments are time-consuming. Moreover, considering that sufficient data are needed for model training, the lack of data hinders the leverage of typical data-driven machine learning, which is widely used in fatigue life prediction. To address this issue, a transfer learning framework was suggested to accurately predict the low-cycle fatigue life of BSBs with limited data. To achieve this goal, 54 data points obtained from low-cycle fatigue tests on BSBs and 264 data points of other metallic bars were collected. Source models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) were first constructed using the collected source dataset. Then, the learned knowledge stored in the source models was transferred to the transfer models. After that, transfer models were further fine-tuned and then tested using the target dataset of BSBs. The ANN models, which were of the same structure as the transfer models but only trained with the target dataset without transferring deep features from the source models, were set as baseline models. Compared with baseline models, the constructed transfer models could be used to accurately predict the fatigue life of BSBs. Moreover, the influence of hidden layers of ANNs on accuracy was examined by comparing one-layer and two-layer transfer models. Furthermore, the influence of key parameters on fatigue life of metallic bars was evaluated by feature analysis.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of High-Performance Concrete Mixtures for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies","authors":"O. Sucharda, R. Gandel, Petr Cmiel, J. Jerabek, Vlastimil Bílek","doi":"10.3390/buildings14082269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082269","url":null,"abstract":"The presented experimental program focuses on the design of high-performance dry concrete mixtures, which could find application in advanced manufacturing technologies, for example, additive solutions. The combination of high-performance concrete (HPC) with advanced or additive technologies provides new possibilities for constructing architecturally attractive buildings with high material requirements. The purpose of this study was to develop a dry mixture made from high-performance concrete that could be distributed directly in advanced or additive technologies of solutions in pre-prepared condition with all input materials (except for water) in order to reduce both financial and labor costs. This research specifically aimed to improve the basic strength characteristics—including mechanical (assessed using compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, and flexural strength tests) and durability properties (assessed using tests of resistance to frost, water, and defrosting chemicals)—of hardened mixtures, with partial insight into the rheology of fresh mixtures (consistency as assessed using the slump-flow test). Additionally, the load-bearing capacity of the selected mixtures in the form of specimens with concrete reinforcement was tested using a three-point bending test. A reference mixture with two liquid plasticizers—the first based on polycarboxylate and polyphosphonate and the second based on polyether carboxylate—was modified using a powdered plasticizer based on the polymerization product Glycol to create a dry mixture; the reference mixture was compared with the developed mixtures with respect to the above-mentioned properties. In general, the results show that the replacement of the aforementioned liquid plasticizers by a powdered plasticizer based on the polymerization product Glycol in the given mixtures is effective up to 5% (of the cement content) with regard to the mechanical and durability properties. The presented work provides an overview of the compared characteristics, which will serve as a basis for future research into the development of additive manufacturing technologies in the conditions of the Czech Republic while respecting the principles of sustainable construction.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}