Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Mechanical Consequences of Suffusion on Gap-Graded Soils with Stress Anisotropy: A CFD–DEM Perspective","authors":"Gengfeng Yu, Chao Yu, Zunan Fu, Jianguo Jing, Zheng Hu, Kun Pan","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010122","url":null,"abstract":"Natural soil in geotechnical engineering is commonly in the anisotropic stress state, but the effect of stress anisotropy on soil suffusion remains unclear. In this study, the coupled computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method was utilised to simulate the complete suffusion process of gap-graded soils by introducing a vertical seepage flow through the soil assembly. The mechanical consequences of suffusion on gap-graded soils were evaluated by comparing the triaxial shear responses of soil specimens before and after suffusion. The results indicated that the specimens with greater stress anisotropy are more vulnerable to suffusion, particularly those with the principal stress that is coincident with the principal flow direction. Compared with the isotropically consolidated specimens, the specimens with greater stress anisotropy exhibited more pronounced reduction in shear strength and secant stiffness after suffusion. The effects of stress anisotropy on the suffusion and mechanical properties of gap-graded soils were also evaluated from a microcosmic perspective in terms of force chain, coordination number, and fabric tensor.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on the Spatiotemporal Aggregation and Corridor Distribution Characteristics of Cultural Heritage: The Case of Fuzhou, China","authors":"Jiahao Zhang, Lan Jiang, Xuqian Wang, Zhihong Chen, Subin Xu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010121","url":null,"abstract":"Fuzhou is an important city on the southeast coast of China with rich cultural heritage resources, and it is a national historical and cultural city in China. The main purposes of this study are the following: 1. To study the current situation and spatial distribution of cultural heritage; 2. To study the construction of cultural heritage corridors; 3. To utilize the holistic characteristics of heritage corridors to integrate the cultural heritage elements along the corridors and achieve the optimal allocation of resources. This study collects data from 605 cultural heritage sites in Fuzhou City and establishes a GIS database. The spatial distribution characteristics of cultural heritage in Fuzhou City are studied using aggregation analysis, nearest neighbor analysis, and buffer analysis in GIS technology. The following results were obtained: there is a cultural heritage corridor in Fuzhou City with the Minjiang River serving as the main land and water transportation line, and the closer one is to the water transportation line, the more intensive the distribution of cultural heritage points; and there are three cultural heritage node areas and one special cultural heritage node area. The study of Fuzhou’s heritage corridor system has important reference significance for the protection of cultural heritage in coastal historical cities in China and even in East Asia and has exploratory value for the holistic protection of cultural heritage and for the planning and development of tourism.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"137 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139453173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Leased Space of Urban Villages in Large Cities Based on Fuzzy Kano Model Evaluation and Building Performance Simulation: A Case Study of Laojuntang Village, Chaoyang District, Beijing","authors":"Liuchao Wei, Wei Duan, Siqiao Dong","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010120","url":null,"abstract":"China is in the transition period of urbanization, and the imbalance of land use generated during the original rapid development of megacities still exists, resulting in the preservation of a large number of urban villages in the peripheral areas of cities. Unlike formal housing, these villages are heavily influenced by the confrontation and interweaving between top-down policies of local governments and bottom-up spontaneous construction by local villagers, resulting in a diverse and complex status quo. At the same time, self-built housing in urban villages has become a gathering place for a large number of low-income migrants due to its relatively low rental prices. In terms of the research of urban villages on the current situation of housing, the real needs of users and housing performance are mostly subjective judgments and conclusions. Therefore, the entry point of this paper is the leased space and the leasers, taking Laojuntang Village in Chaoyang District of Beijing as the research object and analyzing its current problems and the real needs of users. This paper adopts an integrated approach of fuzzy Kano model evaluation and building performance simulation. After analyzing the data and discussing the influencing factors, this paper identifies the specific problems and user needs that exist in leased spaces in Laojuntang Village: (1) The architectural performance of leased space is a Must-be Quality, which is the bottom-line requirement and must be improved. (2) The quality of the basic facilities and equipment of the leased space is mostly a One-dimensional Quality, Attractive Quality, and the degree of importance is lower than that of the building performance. (3) The external activity facilities of the leased space are mostly undifferentiated needs, for which the local users are not particularly prominent. (4) The scale and plot ratio of local housing is relatively high, and users are dissatisfied and complaining, which falls under the category of Reverse Quality.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Performance of Steel Buildings with Eccentrically Braced Frame Systems with Different Configurations","authors":"Juan Acosta, E. Bojórquez, J. Bojórquez, A. Reyes-Salazar, J. Ruiz-García, Sonia E. Ruiz, Ivano Iovinella","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010118","url":null,"abstract":"Although eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) can be used with different configurations according to architectural requirements, it has not yet been indicated which configuration has a better seismic performance; therefore, this paper presents an analytical study focused on evaluating the seismic behavior of various steel buildings with EBF systems, factoring in different configurations. Furthermore, the objective is to compare the performances of EBF systems with one another, to learn more about their structural efficiency. The results obtained indicate that seismic response, in terms of peak interstory drifts, depends on the structural period and hysteretic behavior of the links, because high levels of plastic rotation increase lateral displacement. In addition, it was observed that maximum drift demands are concentrated in the lower floors where the links exhibit inelastic behavior, while the level of interstory drift decreases as height increases.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"133 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139453476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Rural Pavements with SBS-Modified Asphalt Binders and Petroleum Resin","authors":"Je-won Kim, Kyungnam Kim, Tri Ho Minh Le","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010116","url":null,"abstract":"This study addresses the imperative for enhancing asphalt mixtures tailored for rural pavements, focusing on optimizing RAP mixtures with styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt binders incorporating petroleum resin and oil. Through systematic investigation, the study examines the impact of varying RAP content (25% and 50%) and two SBS-modified asphalt binder types (Type 1 and Type 2) on mechanical properties and sustainability. Laboratory tests reveal that the mix of 25% RAP + 75% Type 1 exhibits exceptional flexibility, evidenced by a high ductility value of 880 mm at 25 °C, enhancing pavement resilience. Conversely, the 50% RAP + 50% Type 2 mixture displays vulnerability to fatigue cracking, while 25% RAP + 75% Type 1 demonstrates superior resistance, with a fatigue vulnerability value of 1524 kPa. The Hamburg Wheel Tracking test highlights the influence of RAP content on rut depth, with the mix of 50% RAP + 50% Type 1 achieving the lowest rutting at 3.9 mm. Overlay test results show the mix of 25% RAP + 75% Type 2’s resilience, with the lowest load reduction at 64.5%, while the mix of 50% RAP + 50% Type 1 exhibits substantial load reduction at 82.1%. Field tests unveil differences in pavement bearing capacities, with the mix of 25% RAP + 75% Type 2 demonstrating a remarkable elastic modulus of 58.5 MPa, indicating heightened bearing capacity. The investigation underscores the significant role of SBS-modified asphalt binders with incorporated petroleum resin and oil in enhancing fatigue resistance for sustainable rural pavements.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Characteristics and Safety Performance for Pre-Cracked Tunnel Lining with the Extended Finite Element Method","authors":"Xin Lu, Yong Liu, Xiaolong Hou, Cai Chen, Ruidan Gao","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010123","url":null,"abstract":"The service performance of tunnel lining is affected by crack properties and development states. In this paper, numerical simulation models were established to investigate the mechanics characteristics and safety performance for lining structures under different cracks based on the extended finite element method (XFEM). Analyze multiple quantitative factors in simulation, including changes in crack location, crack length, and crack distribution range in the lining structure. The axial force and bending moment of the preset cracks in the lining structures were first studied. The maximum safety factor attenuation rate (Dkmax) was proposed to analyze the impact of longitudinal and annular cracks on the safety performance. The axial force at the vault of the lining arch is the most significantly affected by the combined longitudinal cracks at multiple locations. When the length of a longitudinal crack increases from 1 m to 6 m, the axial force value at the crack point decreases by 33.77%, 36.15%, and 11.32%. However, the bending moment value increases by 4.47 times, 2.50 times, and 1.69 times. Under the influence of longitudinal cracks in an “arch crown + arch shoulder”, “arch crown + arch waist”, and “arch crown + arch shoulder + arch waist”, the axial force in the arch vault increased by 21.55%, decreased by 17.52%, and decreased by 13.45%. The distribution pattern of the bending moment under the influence of circumferential cracks shows convexity at the arch shoulder and arch foot, and concavity at the arch waist and side walls. The safety factor scatter curve with longitudinal cracks shows a gradual transition from a “W” shape to a “U” shape. The safety factor curve with circumferential cracks presents an approximately symmetrical wave-shaped distribution.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Local Mean Age of Air between Displacement Ventilation System and Mixing Ventilation System in Office Heating Conditions during Winter","authors":"Ik-Hyun An, Su-Hoon Park, Yong-Ho Lee, Chang-Hoon Lee, Sang-Bum Seo, Sang-Hyun Cho, Hyun-Woo Lee, S. Yook","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010115","url":null,"abstract":"A novel displacement ventilation system (DVS) was designed using a four-way cassette fan coil unit (FCU) and air purifiers (APs) for supplying clean air. The proposed DVS in this study involved drawing indoor air through the FCU and diffusers installed in the ceiling, controlling air temperature using the FCU, and then discharging it back into the office through the APs placed on the floor. The comparative ventilation system considered was the typical mixing ventilation system (MVS) that intakes and exhausts indoor air using diffusers installed on the ceiling. The local mean age of air was used as an index to compare indoor air quality between DVS and MVS under winter heating conditions. It was found that the DVS was more effective in improving indoor air quality in winter than the MVS. Moreover, compared to the MVS, utilizing the DVS designed in this study resulted in the advantage of a much more uniform air temperature variation in the office space. Therefore, it is anticipated that modifying the structure of an indoor space with an FCU installed in the ceiling and APs on the floor to use the DVS designed in this study would greatly assist in enhancing indoor air quality.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"127 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139128397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Design of a Novel Large-Span Cable-Supported Steel–Concrete Composite Floor System","authors":"Meiwen Tan, Yifan Wu, Wenhao Pan, Guoming Liu, Wei Chen","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010113","url":null,"abstract":"This paper optimizes the design of a novel large-span cable-supported steel–concrete composite floor system in a simply supported single-span, single-strut configuration, aiming for cost-effective solutions and minimal steel consumption. The optimization considers various cross-sectional dimensions, adhering to building standards and engineering practices, and is based on a non-linear programming (NLP) algorithm. Parameters of live loads ranging from 2 to 10 kN/m2 and spans from 20 to 100 m are considered. The optimization results show that cable-supported composite floors with a single strut exhibit robust economic feasibility for spans of less than 80 m and live loads under 8 kN/m2. Compared to conventional composite floors with welded I-beams, the cable-supported system offers more cost-effective cross-sections and reduces steel consumption. The savings in economically equivalent steel consumption range from 20% to 60%. Discussion on the area ratio of cables to steel beam in the optimal cross-section reveals that the secondary load-bearing system (i.e., bending of the main beam with an effective span length of L/2) may require more steel in cases of ultra-large spans. Therefore, the economical efficiency of cable-supported composite beams with multiple struts and smaller effective span lengths warrants further exploration in future studies.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"105 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139133719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive Collapse Resistance Assessment of a Multi-Column Frame Tube Structure with an Assembled Truss Beam Composite Floor under Different Column Removal Conditions","authors":"Rongguo Zhao, Guangfei Chen, Zaihua Zhang, Wei Luo","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010111","url":null,"abstract":"To estimate the progressive collapse resistance capacity of a multi-column frame tube structure with an assembled truss beam composite floor (ATBCF), pushdown analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis are conducted for such a structure using the alternate load path (ALP) method. The bearing capacities of the remaining structures under three different work conditions, which are the side middle column removal, the edge middle column removal, and the corner column removal, are individually studied, and the collapse mechanism of the remaining structures is analyzed based on the aspects of the internal force redistribution and the failure mode of the second defense line. Simultaneously, the influence of the column failure time on the dynamic response of the remaining structure and the dynamic amplification coefficient is discussed. The results indicate that the residual bearing capacity of the remaining structure following the bottom corner column removal is higher than that of the one following the side or edge middle column removal, while the latter has a stronger plastic deformation capacity. When the ALP method is adopted to operate the progressive collapse analysis, it is reasonable to take the column failure time as 0.1 times the period of the first-order vertical vibration mode of the remaining structure, and it is suitable to set the dynamic amplification coefficient as 2.0, which is the ratio of the maximum dynamic displacement to the static displacement of the remaining structure under the transient loading condition.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"122 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geopolymer Made from Kaolin, Diatomite, and Rice Husk Ash for Ceiling Thermal Insulation","authors":"Cinthya Alvarado, Daniel Martínez-Cerna, Hernán Alvarado-Quintana","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010112","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, geopolymers made of metakaolin (MK), diatomite (D), and rice husk ash (RHA) were developed for ceiling thermal insulation in houses to provide protection against cold temperatures. The influence of the constituent mixing ratio and the temperature of curing on the heat conductivity and compressive strength of the geopolymer was investigated. Specimens were formed according to a 10-level mix design with three replicates and subjected to curing at 40 °C and 80 °C. Heat conductivity and compressive strength were determined in accordance with established standards. The simplex lattice method was used to obtain the response surfaces, contour plots, and tracking curves. The geopolymers under study displayed a reduction in heat conductivity and an increase in compressive strength when the curing temperature was raised. The optimal mixing ratio to achieve a balance between the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the geopolymers investigated was 0.50 MK and 0.50 RHA. Diatomite’s thermal insulation contribution is neutralized when crystals from the geopolymer gel fill the pore volume. The mixture’s optimal results were achieved when cured at 80 °C, demonstrating a thermal conductivity of 0.10 W/m·K and a compressive strength of 5.37 MPa.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"109 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139134363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}