Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Layout Optimization of Commercial Service Space Affecting Energy Consumption in Communities Using Machine Learning","authors":"Yiwen Liu, Chun-Huei Liu, Xiaolong Wang, Junjie Zhang, Yang Yang, Yi Wang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010108","url":null,"abstract":"The current design of commercial service spaces in many communities faces issues like incoherence, irrational resource allocation, and low utilization rates. These challenges contribute to increased energy consumption in communities, hindering the overall sustainable development of cities. As a representative community space in the urban environment, the commercial space within the campus requires continuous energy input. Its energy-efficient layout aligns with the principles of sustainable development. This paper uses the university campus as a case study to examine energy-efficient commercial space layout and community practices for environmental protection. Various factors influence the layout of inter-community commercial spaces, and the parameters for measuring the layout structure are diverse, considering the large sample size. Employing machine learning and big data processing to quantify development indicators across various industries and optimize their structure, resource allocation, and energy use has emerged as a viable tool for sustainable urban planning practices. This research seeks to utilize machine learning and data-driven optimization techniques to formulate a comprehensive framework for the sustainable allocation and design of business service spaces within communities. Firstly, we conduct a comprehensive investigation, which includes data collected by applying questionnaire surveys and field research, to assess and model the factors influencing the spatial layout of commercial services on university campuses. Secondly, the AEL machine learning model is constructed by combining the analytic hierarchy process to determine subjective weights, the entropy weight method to calculate objective weights, and the Lagrange algorithm to determine comprehensive weights. Thirdly, we assess and improve the layout of commercial service spaces. Then, by training and testing the Neural Network Model, we apply cases to ensure the accuracy of the machine learning calculation results. Qualitative analysis elucidates the varying factors influencing the sustainable layout of different commercial spaces. Quantitative analysis indicates that, within university campuses, the distance between commercial service spaces and residence halls is a crucial factor in fostering a more sustainable layout. Other significant factors include their location along major student routes and proximity to teaching areas. This study makes contributions not only to the specific field of optimizing commercial service space in communities but also to the broader discourse on sustainable urban development. It advances our understanding of the complex dynamics involved in crafting urban environments that are both efficient and environmentally friendly. Beyond theoretical considerations, the study provides practical solutions and recommendations applicable to implementing tangible improvements in resource allocation. These contributions aim to foster urban environments that a","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"103 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139133586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Latent Load into the Cooling Degree Days Concept for Current and Future Weather Projections","authors":"Sajid Mehmood, K. P. Amber, Muhammad Usman, Daniel Friedrich","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010106","url":null,"abstract":"Rising temperatures, increase in population, and dense urban morphology have resulted in increased cooling energy demands. The conventional degree-days method to calculate cooling energy demand considers only the sensible heat load of air and neglects the latent component. This study aims to estimate the cooling degree days based on the heat index (by considering both the sensible and latent loads) for the current and future years (2050 and 2080). Further, the ventilation load index for each of these cities has been established to unlock the impact of ventilation on the building’s total energy consumption for current and future years. The results show that heat index-based degree days have a stronger relationship with the buildings’ cooling energy consumption and, therefore, can predict the cooling energy demand of buildings with 20% higher accuracy than conventional temperature-based degree days. Analysis shows that cooling degree-days and frequency of temperature above the comfort range continue to increase in Pakistan, highlighting increased degree-days in the range from 11.0 to 41.6% by 2050 and from 28.4 to 126.5% by 2080. Prompt actions are essential to enhance the resilience of Pakistan’s national grid to meet these future cooling energy demands.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"116 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overall and Local Wind Loads on Post-Installed Elevator Shaft of Existing Buildings","authors":"Haowen You, Chenxu Si, Xinwen Ma, Jingmiao Shang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010110","url":null,"abstract":"The glass curtain walls of post-installed elevator shafts in existing buildings can be damaged by local wind loads, and the serviceability of an elevator may be affected by excessive overall wind loads, especially in hurricane-prone areas. The overall and local wind load characteristics of elevator shafts with different arrangements (E-type, H-type, I-type) were studied using wind tunnel tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations. Firstly, high-frequency base balance wind tunnel tests of these elevator shafts with three arrangements were carried out to obtain the overall wind loads on the elevator shafts. Secondly, a CFD simulation was performed on the post-installed elevator shafts with three arrangements, obtaining the surface local wind pressure distribution of the elevator shafts under different wind directions. Finally, the wind-induced displacement responses of post-installed elevator shafts were analyzed. The results show that the aerodynamic interference of different elevator arrangements (E-type, H-type, I-type) and wind directions have significant effects on the overall local wind loads and wind-induced responses of the post-installed elevator, while the local wind loads on the area of the elevator door are less influenced by the elevator arrangement type than local wind loads on the surface and the overall wind loads of the elevator shafts. The results and conclusions may be helpful for developing the wind-resistant design of a post-installed elevator shaft.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"113 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139133492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Proposal for the Interpretation of the Diagonal Compression Test on Masonry Wallettes: The Identification of Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Modulus of Rigidity","authors":"Elena Ferretti","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the continuation of a previous study, which highlighted some inconsistencies in the RILEM guidelines for the interpretation of the diagonal compression test. Although improved compared to the ASTM guidelines, in fact, the RILEM guidelines underestimate the state of hydrostatic stress induced by the diagonal compression test at the center of the wallette. The new interpretation of the diagonal compression test proposed in this article shows that the RILEM guidelines actually underestimate both the hydrostatic and the deviatoric stress states at the center of the wallette. The new formulation complies with the linear elastic theory and allows us to use the diagonal compression test to identify the three elastic coefficients of masonry. In particular, it allows the identification of the Poisson ratio, which instead takes on a conventional value in the RILEM and ASTM guidelines. The difference of one order of magnitude between the conventional and proposed Poisson’s ratio is in agreement with the experimental results on another brittle material, namely concrete. Finally, the new proposal fills the gap between the results provided by the two tests usually performed to identify the shear behavior of masonry: the diagonal compression test and the shear-compression test.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":" 956","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Building Design Optimization Methodology: Residential Building Applications","authors":"Yeonjin Bae, Donghun Kim, William Travis Horton","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010107","url":null,"abstract":"Building design optimization is a highly complex problem, requiring long computational running processes because of the many options that exist when a building is being designed. This paper introduces an integrated approach through which to perform this optimization within an acceptable time frame. The approach includes the methods of variable selection, model simplification, and a sequential optimization process. Using singular value decomposition, a large number of design variables is reduced to a smaller subset that can be solved more quickly through the optimization algorithm. To expedite the variable selection process, a modeling approach that quickly simulates annual energy consumption was developed to replace full annual energy simulations. The developed methodology was applied to two residential buildings in the US, and the results are discussed herein. To assess the accuracy of the integrated optimization methodology, the optimized life cycle costs are compaa variables demonstrating the strongest contributions in the optimization study were identified. The proposed methodology significantly shortened the time requirements for the optimization processes of the two case studies by 74% and 84%; the optimized life cycle costs were within 0.05% and 0.06%, respectively, of the optimum point.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":" 438","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining Urban Indicators in Local Plans—As One of the Sustainable Assumptions of the New European Bauhaus?","authors":"Anna Katarzyna Andrzejewska","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010100","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of local spatial development plans in Poland is to shape spatial policy at the local level by establishing local law. On this basis, the intended use of land is determined, as well as the manner of its development. Some of the planning tools used are urban planning parameters and indicators, which are defined in planning documents at the local (commune) level. This article discusses the analyses of two selected urban indicators: the maximum built-up area and the minimum share of biologically active area, which are obligatorily determined in local plans. The issue here is a certain discrepancy between the planning provisions used in theory and their practical application. This paper uses a descriptive, computational, and comparative analytical research method to interpret the planning provisions used in selected Local Spatial Development Plans. This research will allow for answering of the following questions: Are the urban indicators defined by architects adapted to spatial needs? Do they allow for optimal shaping of this space, taking into account the provisions of Polish law? And is their skillful designation likely to be one of the sustainable assumptions of the New European Bauhaus?","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":" 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139141408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Devices for Healthy Homes","authors":"Terri Peters, Cheng Zhen","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010102","url":null,"abstract":"In light of COVID-19, people are increasingly anxious about indoor air quality data in places where they live and work. Access to this data using a consumer-grade air quality monitor has become a way of giving agency to building users so that they can understand the ventilation effectiveness of the spaces where they spend their time. Methods: Fourteen low-cost, air quality devices marketed to consumers were tested (seven types, two of each product): AirBird, Airthings View Plus, Aranet4 Home, Awair Omni, Eve Room, Laser Egg + CO2, and Purple Air PA-1. The study focus was accuracy and useability using three methods: a low-cost laboratory setting to test accuracy for CO2; a comparison to a calibrated, research grade meter for particulate matter (PM2.5), temperature, and relative humidity; and short-term field testing in a residential environment to understand the quality of feedback given to users. Results: Relating to accuracy, all devices were within acceptable ranges for temperature, relative humidity, and CO2, and only one brand’s results met the accuracy threshold with the research grade monitor when testing PM2.5. In terms of usability, a significant variation in response time and data visualization was found on the devices or in the smartphone applications. Conclusions: While accuracy in IAQ data is important, in low-cost air quality devices marketed to consumers it is just as important that the data be presented in a way that can be used to empower people to make decisions and modify their indoor environment. We concluded that response time, user-interface, data sharing, and visualization are important parameters that may be overlooked if a study just focuses on accuracy. The design of the device, including its appearance, size, portability, screen brightness, and sound or light warning, must also be considered. The act of measuring is important, and more studies should focus on how users interpret and react to building performance data.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":" 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139141673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Density Communities and Infectious Disease Vulnerability: A Built Environment Perspective for Sustainable Health Development","authors":"Yue Hu, Ziyi Lin, Sheng Jiao, Rongpeng Zhang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010103","url":null,"abstract":"High-density communities have proliferated globally during rapid urbanization. They are characterized by a high population density and limited per capita public spaces, making them susceptible to infectious disease risks. The impact of infectious diseases in these communities, as evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores their vulnerabilities. Yet, research on disease prevention in high-density areas remains limited. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the built environment and the transmission of infectious diseases in high-density urban communities, with a particular focus on the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing Shenzhen city as a case study, this study collected data on the built environment and epidemic trends and involved a generalized linear regression analysis, aiming to understand the key built environment factors that affect epidemic spread in high-density areas. The results from the study revealed that high-density communities experience higher rates of infectious disease transmission compared to their medium- to low-density counterparts. The significant factors identified include land use mixture and walkability, with land use mixture showing the most substantial impact on infection rates. Through a combination of qualitative analysis and empirical research, we constructed a conceptual framework linking containment measures, non-pharmaceutical interventions, and the built environment. The findings emphasize the significance to focus on the health development of high-density communities and offer valuable insights for tailored urban planning and built environment design. These insights are crucial for promoting the healthy and sustainable transformation of existing high-density communities.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139138865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aeolian Vibration Dynamic Analysis of Large-Span, Relaxed Antenna Cable Net Based on Finite Particle Method","authors":"Qin Kai, Zhao Fan, Luoyao Zhi, Fang Bin, Chenshang Yuan","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010105","url":null,"abstract":"The large-span, relaxed antenna network is a large deformation flexible structure due to its low pre-tension level of the wires. Its dynamic analysis under a wind load belongs to dynamic and geometric nonlinear problems, which is very complex to accurately calculate and solve. This paper explores the possibility of the finite particle method (FPM) to the aeolian vibration analysis of a large-span, low stress-tensioned antenna cable net. In the FPM, the antenna network structure is discretized into a group of finite particles, where the motions of all particles follow Newton’s second law and can be solved dynamically using a central difference scheme. The effectiveness and applicability of the FPM were verified by comparing the calculation results of the finite element method and FPM. The FPM was used to study the effects of wind speed and the distribution of vibration on the aeolian vibration of antenna cable nets. The results showed that this method is suitable for studying the aeolian vibration of a large-span, low stress-tensioned antenna network and has high computational efficiency and accuracy.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":" 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139137920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritizing Subway Station Entrance Attributes to Optimize Passenger Satisfaction in Cold Climate Zones: Integrating Gradient Boosting Decision Trees with Asymmetric Impact-Performance Analysis","authors":"Xian Ji, Yu Du, Qi Li","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010101","url":null,"abstract":"Subway station entrances serve as crucial links between urban environments and underground transit systems and are particularly vital in cities with cold climates. Specialized design strategies are essential to address user needs and promote safety and comfort, thereby encouraging sustainable travel in harsh winter conditions. This research utilizes data from Harbin and Shenyang, two winter cities in China, to explore the nonlinear influences of subway entrance attributes on passenger satisfaction through the combined use of gradient-boosting decision trees and asymmetric impact-performance analysis. The findings indicate that most key attributes of subway entrances impact passenger satisfaction asymmetrically, highlighting the significance of their hierarchical importance in generating satisfaction. These attributes are categorized into frustrators, dissatisfiers, hybrids, satisfiers, and delighters, based on their asymmetry levels. Considering the current performance of these attributes, the study identifies priority for improvement at Harbin and Shenyang’s subway entrances. This aids urban designers and city managers in making informed decisions for urban development and enhancing the overall commuter experience in winter cities.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":" 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139139097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}