Buildings最新文献_第9页

Acid Activation in Low-Carbon Binders: A Systematic Literature Review 低碳粘合剂中的酸活化：系统文献综述

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010083

Janaina Aguiar Park, Marcio Mateus Pimenta, A. C. S. Bezerra

{"title":"Acid Activation in Low-Carbon Binders: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Janaina Aguiar Park, Marcio Mateus Pimenta, A. C. S. Bezerra","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010083","url":null,"abstract":"Geopolymers have emerged as an alternative binding material to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Recently, there has been an increase in studies exploring the synthesis of these materials using acid activation rather than traditional alkaline activation. This approach offers benefits such as good strength at an early age, better thermal properties, and a chemical activator that emits less carbon to be produced. In addition, it provides resistance to efflorescence and leaching, which are common challenges associated with alkali-activated products. This work analyzed the scientific advances in acid activation in synthesizing an alternative binder to OPC. To this end, a systematic review of the last five years of scientific literature was carried out using the Systematic Review for Engineering and Experiments (SREE) method. The results show a notable increase in research focused on acid activation over the last few years. The acid activators were always phosphate solutions, mainly phosphoric acid. Metakaolin was the most tested precursor, followed by fly ash, and volcanic ash. The research requires improvements in the methodological quality, providing data on molar ratios (Al/P, Si/Al, and Si/P), Liquid/Solid mass ratio, activator solution molarity, and curing process, in addition to statistical treatment and comparison of results. There exists a paucity of diversity in the examined precursors, activators, and additives. Future research developments need to clarify the behavior of mechanical resistance over time, better curing process, water resistance, durability, and the role of iron, magnesium, and calcium silicates and/or oxides. The paper identifies the main research gaps in the area and functions as a database, guiding researchers in selecting raw materials, dosing methodology, and curing processes.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"88 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams via CFRP Orientation 通过 CFRP 定向加固钢筋混凝土梁

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010082

M. Uz, Yunus Guner, Esra Avci

{"title":"Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams via CFRP Orientation","authors":"M. Uz, Yunus Guner, Esra Avci","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010082","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of externally bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) and glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) for reinforcing and retrofitting components has garnered considerable interest recently, as such composites provide beneficial properties, including a high modulus of elasticity, high strength, and low weight. This work conducts a finite element analysis, verified through laboratory experiments on 14 reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The primary focus is the final load of these components, considering varying CFRP orientations relative to the loading direction. In this research, the performances of control beams and RC beams are compared to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of different strengthening methods. The results demonstrated that bonding CFRP sheets with V-shaped end anchorages on the tension side was highly effective in improving the flexural capacity of RC beams in the weaker concrete strength group. This strengthening method resulted in a substantial increase in strength (of around 29.8%) in the higher concrete strength group. In addition, utilizing V-shaped end anchorages to bond CFRP sheets on the tension side proved to be a highly efficient technique for improving flexural strength. Conversely, bonding inclined CFRP strips to the sides of RC beams was highly effective at enhancing the shear capacity of the beams. These outcomes convincingly demonstrate the effectiveness of FRP for the reinforcement of structural components. The specimens strengthened with inclined strips exhibited enhanced shear and deformation capacity compared to those strengthened with vertical strips.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing Thermal Efficiency through the Use of Graphite-Infused Phase Change Materials in Roof Structures to Reduce Building Cooling Demand 通过在屋顶结构中使用注入石墨的相变材料来提高热效率，从而减少建筑物的制冷需求

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010068

C. Mano, A. Fazlizan, Attakorn Thongtha

{"title":"Enhancing Thermal Efficiency through the Use of Graphite-Infused Phase Change Materials in Roof Structures to Reduce Building Cooling Demand","authors":"C. Mano, A. Fazlizan, Attakorn Thongtha","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010068","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on the thermal properties of three distinctive paraffin waxes—PCMA, PCMB, and PCMC—each characterized by a specific melting point. The crucial phase transition temperature intervals and latent heat values were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the temperature range of 0 °C to 80 °C. These parameters are pivotal for the effective application of these phase change materials (PCMs) in building envelopes, influencing the overall heat storage performance. The study delved into the development and encapsulation of blends containing both the phase change material (PCM) and graphite. This involves combining the chosen PCM with graphite powder and examining the weight ratios of 10% and 20%. The thermal characteristics of these blends revealed that a 10% ratio of graphite powder proved effective in improving the PCM with graphite. This resulted in a reduced range of melting and solidification temperatures while maintaining the essential chemical structure of the PCM without additives. Furthermore, the practical application of PCM–graphite composites within a building’s envelope was explored, revealing a substantial reduction in heat transfer from the exterior to the interior of the building. This underscores the potential for energy-efficient building designs.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"3 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139155596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deflection Monitoring Method for Simply Supported Girder Bridges Using Strain Response under Traffic Loads 利用交通荷载下的应变响应监测简支梁桥挠度的方法

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010070

Yongsheng Tang, Jigang Cang, Bohan Zheng, Wei Tang

{"title":"Deflection Monitoring Method for Simply Supported Girder Bridges Using Strain Response under Traffic Loads","authors":"Yongsheng Tang, Jigang Cang, Bohan Zheng, Wei Tang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010070","url":null,"abstract":"Deflection measurements are usually used as a key index in civil engineering for performing structural assessments of bridge safety. However, owing to technical or cost issues, it may be difficult to implement long-term monitoring of bridge deflection, especially for short- or medium-span bridges. Therefore, this study presents a novel method for measuring the deflection of simply supported girder bridges. In the proposed method, the strain measurement was implemented under traffic loading at only one position, such as middle span, and then the strain distribution along the girder was reconstructed to calculate the girder deflection with basic structural mechanical theory. To implement the method, the theory was constructed based on the displacement reciprocal theorem at first to assess the strain distribution along the girder from the strain measurement at some position during traffic loads passing across the bridge. Second, a strain measurement method, namely long-gauge fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology, was introduced to take strain measurements for a concrete bridge. Third, various finite element (FE) bridge models were developed to validate the proposed method’s accuracy, the results from which indicated that the method accurately implemented deflection measurement with an approximately 5% calculation error. In addition, the influence of some key parameters, such as vehicle type, vehicle speed, and structural damage, was investigated. The simulation results revealed that damage to the hinge joint in the middle location could significantly influence the proposed method’s accuracy such that the error may exceed 10%. Finally, on-site experiments were conducted on a simply supported girder bridge to further validate the proposed method’s accuracy, and an approximately 8% deflection assessment error was found. Considering the additional advantages of FBG sensing technology, the proposed method can also be effective for long-term deflection measurements of short- or medium-span bridges.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Insights on the Mortars of Ancient Roman Aqueducts: Aqua Virgo and Aqueduct Y, Rome (Italy) 对古罗马引水渠臼的见解：室女水道和 Y 引水渠，罗马（意大利）

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010069

Laura Calzolari, Maria Elisa Amadasi, L. Medeghini, S. Mignardi

引用次数: 0

Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Consumption in European Union Buildings 欧盟建筑物用电产生的碳排放和温室气体排放

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010071

C. Balaras, E. Dascalaki, M. Patsioti, K. G. Droutsa, S. Kontoyiannidis, T. Cholewa

{"title":"Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Consumption in European Union Buildings","authors":"C. Balaras, E. Dascalaki, M. Patsioti, K. G. Droutsa, S. Kontoyiannidis, T. Cholewa","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010071","url":null,"abstract":"The buildings sector is the single most important end-user of final energy in the European Union and a significant contributor to carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. This work focuses on a review of available data that are used to calculate the annual emissions from electricity generation in the European Union and quantify indirect emissions from the use of electricity in the buildings sector. Historical data since 1990 are used to derive simple empirical correlations for the time evolution of emissions factors related to electricity production in each Member State of the European Union. More recent trajectories using data from the last ten years are also presented. The derived correlations can be easily integrated in building stock modeling and national studies to facilitate forward-looking projections of emissions from electricity use in buildings. The EU-27 averages 0.2883 kgCO2-eq/kWhel, ranging from 0.0456 kgCO2-eq/kWhel in Sweden up to 1.0595 kgCO2-eq/kWhel in Poland. As a case study, the derived coefficients are then used to quantify the indirect emissions from the electricity consumption attributed to the building stock in each EU Member State. The calculated total EU-27 GHG indirect emissions attributed to electricity consumption amounted to 215 MtCO2-eq for residential buildings and 201 MtCO2-eq for non-residential buildings. In addition, the proposed correlations are used to demonstrate how they can be used for more realistic future projections of emissions towards the national targets in Greece and Poland.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"25 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139155796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of Medium-Term Performance of Porous Asphalt and Its Impacts on Tire/Pavement Noise 调查多孔沥青的中期性能及其对轮胎/路面噪音的影响

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010064

Hao Wu, Ge Wang, Mingliang Li, Yue Zhao, Jun Li, Dingding Han, Pengfei Li

{"title":"Investigation of Medium-Term Performance of Porous Asphalt and Its Impacts on Tire/Pavement Noise","authors":"Hao Wu, Ge Wang, Mingliang Li, Yue Zhao, Jun Li, Dingding Han, Pengfei Li","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010064","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the medium-term performance of porous asphalt pavement during service and its influence on tire/pavement noise level, a seven-year continuous observation and data analysis study was conducted. Key performance indicators were measured and calculated by using automated pavement technology testing equipment. The noise levels were tested by using the on-board sound intensity (OBSI) method on three types of porous asphalt pavements (PUC-10, PAC-13, and PUC-10 + PAC-13) and one dense thin layer course (DTC) for comparison. The findings indicated that the Damage Rate (DR) and Surface Friction Coefficient (SFC) of porous asphalt pavements diminished greatly over time, while the International Roughness Index (IRI) and Rut Depth (RD) remained relatively stable. The two-layer porous asphalt pavement showed the largest noise reduction over the medium-term. Compared to DTC, the OBSI noise levels of these structures were lower by 2.09 dB, 1.53 dB, and 2.88 dB, respectively. The OBSI was found to be closely correlated with the SFC, IRI, test speed, lane, and pavement type. The RD had a notable effect on the OBSI in PUC-10 pavements. In PUC-10 + PAC-13 pavements, a significant linear relationship was observed between the OBSI and SFC. This is mainly because of the polishing of the coarse aggregates, which leads to micro-texture reduction, high frequency noise increase, and SFC decrease. This study makes a valuable contribution to understanding the laws of porous asphalt pavement performance changes and the relationship between tire/pavement noise and pavement characteristics.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139158044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prioritizing Indicators for Material Selection in Prefabricated Wooden Construction 预制木结构建筑材料选择的优先指标

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010063

M. R. Cabral, Pierre Blanchet

{"title":"Prioritizing Indicators for Material Selection in Prefabricated Wooden Construction","authors":"M. R. Cabral, Pierre Blanchet","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010063","url":null,"abstract":"Material selection in buildings profoundly affects project success, encompassing durability, maintenance, customer satisfaction, production systems, lifecycle, usage, environment, and costs. Yet, there is a need for further research on indicators for choosing materials in prefabricated buildings. Therefore, this study’s main objective was to identify the indicators (criteria and sub-criteria) for selecting materials for prefabricated wooden construction and, subsequently, categorize these criteria and sub-criteria based on the perspective of industry professionals. To achieve this goal, three phases were carried out. First, a literature review was conducted to identify potential criteria for choosing structural and envelope materials in wooden prefabricated buildings. Second, a pilot survey was conducted in Canada and the United States to classify the priority order of the criteria obtained from the literature based on professionals’ opinions. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted with different iterations (1000, 10,000, and 100,000) using the data obtained from the previous phase to improve decision-making and classification processes. For the indicators to select materials, the literature review identified seven main criteria: performance properties, green materials, energy efficiency, circular economy, site conditions and material logistics, standards, and social impact. These criteria contained a total of 25 sub-criteria. The pilot survey data analysis demonstrated that the performance properties, site conditions and material logistics, and social impact criteria were consistently prioritized. The critical sub-criteria identified were fire resistance, watertightness, local availability, occupant health, and safety and protection. For the Monte Calo simulations, the predictions aligned with the pilot study, enhancing the robustness of the results.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"10 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139158630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controller Tuning on Air Handling Unit System in Existing Commercial Building 将深度强化学习应用于现有商业楼宇空气处理机组系统的比例-积分-微分控制器调整

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010066

Dongkyu Lee, Jinhwa Jeong, Young Tae Chae

{"title":"Application of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controller Tuning on Air Handling Unit System in Existing Commercial Building","authors":"Dongkyu Lee, Jinhwa Jeong, Young Tae Chae","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010066","url":null,"abstract":"An effective control of air handling unit (AHU) systems is crucial not only for managing the energy consumption of buildings but ensuring indoor thermal comfort for occupants. Although the initial control schema of AHU is appropriate at installation and testing, it is frequently necessary to adjust the control variables due to the changing thermal response of the building envelope and space usage. This paper presents a novel optimization process for the control parameters of old AHU systems in existing commercial buildings without system downtime and massive operational data. First, calibrating the building and system simulator with limited system operation data and unknown building parameters can provide identical responses to the system operation with the Hooke–Jeeves algorithm during the cooling season. The deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm is employed to determine the optimal control parameters for the valve opening position of the cooling coil within less than three hours of training based on the calibrated simulator. By using actual implementations with the developed optimal control variables for an old AHU in a real building, the proposed auto-tuned PID control in the simulator and with machine learning improves thermal environments with a steady room temperature (23.5 ± 0.5 °C) by 97% in occupied periods. It is also proved that this can reduce cooling energy consumption by up to 13.71% on a daily average. The successful AHU controller can improve not only the stability of AHU systems but the efficiency of a building’s energy use and indoor thermal comfort.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139157659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Feature-Centric Approach for Learning-Based Prediction of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity from Mobile LiDAR Data 从移动激光雷达数据中基于学习预测路面标线反射率的以特征为中心的方法

IF 3.8 3区工程技术

Buildings Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010062

Dmitry Manasreh, Munir D. Nazzal, A. Abbas

引用次数: 0