{"title":"Optimizing sum rates in IoT networks: A novel IRS-NOMA cooperative system","authors":"Mukkara Prasanna Kumar , Ammar Summaq , Sunil Chinnadurai , Poongundran Selvaprabhu , Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu , Md. Abdul Latif Sarker , Dong Seog Han","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) offer a promising solution for enhancing sum rates in wireless networks by dynamically adjusting signal reflections to optimize propagation paths. When combined with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), which enables multiple users to share the same frequency band, significant improvements in spectral efficiency can be achieved. However, as the number of users increases in IRS-NOMA systems, ensuring consistently high data rates for all users becomes challenging due to coverage limitations and inefficient power allocation in static network configurations, leading to performance degradation in multi-user scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose a novel IRS-NOMA cooperative system designed to optimize sum rates through an intelligent power allocation algorithm, nearby users, and IRS to assist the base station in delivering signals and expanding network coverage. The proposed system operates in two phases: during the first phase, the base station transmits signals directly to users and indirectly through the IRS. In the second phase, nearby users assist in relaying signals to enhance coverage and reliability. The proposed system adopts a cascaded channel model to accurately capture the interactions between the base station, IRS, and users. By leveraging our optimization algorithm, the proposed system ensures efficient resource allocation, achieving superior spectral efficiency and fairness among users compared to traditional models. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed system, demonstrating its potential for next-generation IoT networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 3","pages":"Pages 448-453"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2025.04.008
Samuel Harry Gardner , Trong-Minh Hoang , Woongsoo Na , Nhu-Ngoc Dao , Sungrae Cho
{"title":"Metaverse meets distributed machine learning: A contemporary review on the development with privacy-preserving concerns","authors":"Samuel Harry Gardner , Trong-Minh Hoang , Woongsoo Na , Nhu-Ngoc Dao , Sungrae Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.04.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distributed machine learning utilization in the metaverse exposes many potential benefits. However, the combination of these advanced technologies raises significant privacy concerns due to the potential exploitation of sensitive user and system data. This paper provides a systematic investigation of over 100 recent studies across key academic databases obtained by initial keyword-filter screening followed by a thorough full-text review. Particularly, metaverse evolution and enabling infrastructure technologies are briefly summarized. Subsequently, the distributed learning architectures and their features are analyzed as well as possibly associated vulnerability discussions. Then, envisioned metaverse applications and future research challenges are highlighted before concluding remarks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 3","pages":"Pages 507-522"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2025.04.010
A Dhanalakshmi , L Balaji , C Raja , Jayant Giri , Mubarak Alrashoud
{"title":"Residue super-resolution convolutional neural network based complexity reduction for H.266 VVC intra-coding","authors":"A Dhanalakshmi , L Balaji , C Raja , Jayant Giri , Mubarak Alrashoud","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.04.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Versatile Video Coding (VVC) promised to provide the same video quality as HEVC with 50 % bitrate reduction, which was introduced in 2020. Our suggested method for VVC Intra-coding is residue super-resolution convolutional neural network (RSR-CNN) utilizing downsampling and upsampling procedures. We present an effective complexity reduced VVC intra-coding scheme based on residue SR-CNN. Reducing an original video's resolution in both the vertical and horizontal directions is all that is required to execute down sampling. Increasing the video dimensions for improved visual quality, convolutional neural networks are utilized in the upsampling process to create residue super-resolution. Specifically, for every block, we train a CNN model to perform residue SR after downsampling and compressing the residue at low resolution, and then we carry out motion estimation (ME) and motion compensation (MC) to extract the residue. Using the MC prediction signal, a new residue SR-CNN is designed. Additionally, this work comprehensively examines the complexity and performance of VVC intra-coding tools and integrates them with the residue SR-CNN method. The experiments demonstrate a substantial time savings of 40 % in encoding with BDBR coding gains of 4.2 %, and 2.9 % in AI and RA configurations respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 3","pages":"Pages 460-466"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel driving lane change intent prediction model based on image data mining approach and transformer","authors":"Junbo He , Wei Guan , Xuanyuan Gou , Zhiqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lane-changing represents not only a common driving behavior but also a potentially hazardous one. Accurately predicting lane change intentions plays a crucial role in enhancing road traffic safety and guiding autonomous vehicle planning. In this study, a Face-mesh model is used to extract salient features from complex driver behavior data. Subsequently, by using the Farneback optical flow algorithm in conjunction with the ResNet-50 neural network, important lane change cues were extracted from the vehicle surroundings. The Transformer model was optimized using the Teacher-forcing training strategy and the Scheduled-sampling method, fostering faster convergence and heightened prediction accuracy. Empirical tests had shown that this model had attained an impressive precision of 98.61%, recall of 98.24 %, and an F1 score of 98.42 % when forecasting lane change intentions 0.5 s ahead.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 3","pages":"Pages 467-472"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.006
Shaheer Siddiqui , Jinpyung Kim , Jangho Lee
{"title":"A comparative study of phantom sponge for monocular 3D object detection on edge devices","authors":"Shaheer Siddiqui , Jinpyung Kim , Jangho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we expand the Phantom Sponge attack to monocular 3D object detection to increase false positives and detection times, thereby impairing the performance of edge devices. We introduce alpha-blending with a Universal Adversarial Patch (UAP) to modulate attack strength. Extensive experiments on KITTI, Rope3D, and NuScenes datasets across various hardware GPUs assess the UAP's impact. We also analyze power consumption, temperature, and other metrics on NVIDIA Jetson devices under UAP attacks. Our findings reveal the vulnerability of NMS-dependent models and edge devices to UAP attacks, the generalization of UAP, and the need for robust defenses in real-time applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 3","pages":"Pages 569-575"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2025.03.002
Wenliang Lin , Bohan Zhu , Minwei Liu , Ke Wang , Zhongliang Deng , Yicheng Liao , Yang Liu , Zexi Huang , Heng Kang , Yishan He , Shimin Zhong
{"title":"A novel radio resource allocation scheme for beam-hopping 6G satellite internet network based on graph mapping and generative adversarial network","authors":"Wenliang Lin , Bohan Zhu , Minwei Liu , Ke Wang , Zhongliang Deng , Yicheng Liao , Yang Liu , Zexi Huang , Heng Kang , Yishan He , Shimin Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this letter, we are the first to focus on the issue of reliable and flexible radio resource allocation (RRA) for beam-hopping (BH) in satellite internet network (SIN). The main new challenges are accurate and dynamic radio resource modeling and high-efficiency RRA in high-dynamic scenarios. Therefore, we propose a novel RRA scheme for BH-SIN based on graph mapping and generative adversarial network (GAN). In our scheme, the characteristics of radio resources are first to be converted to graphical features. Then, the former RRA schemes are modeled as one of the adversarial objects, to adaptively optimize the next best solution to the changeable scenarios and situations. The simulation results show that the proposed RRA schemes improve the throughput and quality of service by 15% and 22%.</div><div>2018 The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (<span><span>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 228-234"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2025.03.001
Gosan Noh , Wooram Shin , Kyeongpyo Kim , Eunkyung Kim
{"title":"DCT/DST-based frequency modulated-OFDM","authors":"Gosan Noh , Wooram Shin , Kyeongpyo Kim , Eunkyung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Among the recent advancements in waveform design for wireless communication, the frequency-modulated orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (FM-OFDM) has gained attention due to its resilience to phase noise and Doppler spread, as well as its zero-dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). We propose two alternative frequency-time conversion schemes based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete sine transform (DST) that can potentially supplant discrete Fourier transform (DFT) within FM-OFDM. Extensive simulations demonstrate that FM-OFDM waveforms utilizing DCT and DST can improve link performance compared to those based on DFT. Furthermore, employing frequency-domain spreading with DCT/DST-based FM-OFDM shows additional link performance enhancements. 2024 The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (<span><span>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 235-238"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.010
Tung Son Do, Thanh Phung Truong, Quang Tuan Do, Sungrae Cho
{"title":"TranGDeepSC: Leveraging ViT knowledge in CNN-based semantic communication system","authors":"Tung Son Do, Thanh Phung Truong, Quang Tuan Do, Sungrae Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces TranGDeepSC, a lightweight CNN-based deep semantic communication (DeepSC) system that leverages Vision Transformer (ViT) knowledge through co-training to enhance image transmission. Evaluated on CIFAR-100 across various SNRs, TranGDeepSC demonstrates competitive performance with ViTDeepSC, and outperforms SemViT and ADJSCC-V in image quality, particularly in low-SNR environments. Notably, it offers substantial gains in efficiency: 92.8% fewer parameters than ADJSCC-V, 72.0% lower energy use, and 48% faster processing than ViTDeepSC. These advantages make TranGDeepSC well-suited for resource-constrained applications in next-generation communication systems, including 6G, IoT, and real-time multimedia streaming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 335-340"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.008
Jonghyeon Won , Hyun-Suk Lee , Jang-Won Lee
{"title":"A review on multi-fidelity hyperparameter optimization in machine learning","authors":"Jonghyeon Won , Hyun-Suk Lee , Jang-Won Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tuning hyperparameters effectively is crucial for improving the performance of machine learning models. However, hyperparameter optimization (HPO) often demands significant computational budget, which is typically limited. Therefore, efficiently using this constrained budget is critical in HPO. <em>Multi-fidelity HPO</em> has emerged as a potential solution to this issue. This paper presents a comprehensive review of multi-fidelity HPO in machine learning, discusses recent algorithms for HPO, and proposes directions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 245-257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.007
Seung Park , Yong-Goo Shin
{"title":"GRB-Sty: Redesign of Generative Residual Block for StyleGAN","authors":"Seung Park , Yong-Goo Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2025.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We have previously published a paper introducing a novel module, the Generative Residual Block (GRB), which successfully enhances GAN performance. However, the experiments in the earlier paper were conducted on baseline models using spectral normalization, a technique seldom used today. To address this problem, we investigate the effectiveness of GRB on contemporary StyleGAN-based models. This paper introduces an enhanced version of GRB, termed GRB-Sty, which consistently boosts the performance of StyleGAN-based models and demonstrates versatility across various aspects. The significant performance enhancements observed in extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets highlight the compatibility of GRB-Sty with state-of-the-art methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 223-227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}