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Multigenerational Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net: Early Life Exposure to Medicaid and the Next Generation's Health. 儿童时期获得安全网的多代影响：早期医疗补助与下一代健康》。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20210937
Chloe N East, Sarah Miller, Marianne Page, Laura R Wherry
{"title":"Multigenerational Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net: Early Life Exposure to Medicaid and the Next Generation's Health.","authors":"Chloe N East, Sarah Miller, Marianne Page, Laura R Wherry","doi":"10.1257/aer.20210937","DOIUrl":"10.1257/aer.20210937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examine multi-generational impacts of positive in utero health interventions using a new research design that exploits sharp increases in prenatal Medicaid eligibility that occurred in some states. Our analyses are based on U.S. Vital Statistics Natality files, which enables linkages between individuals' early life Medicaid exposure and the next generation's health at birth. We find evidence that the health benefits associated with treated generations' early life program exposure extend to later offspring. Our results suggest that the returns on early life health investments may be substantively underestimated.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"113 1","pages":"98-135"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10168672/pdf/nihms-1886991.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9522114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measuring Racial Discrimination in Bail Decisions. 衡量保释决定中的种族歧视。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201653
David Arnold, Will Dobbie, Peter Hull
{"title":"Measuring Racial Discrimination in Bail Decisions.","authors":"David Arnold,&nbsp;Will Dobbie,&nbsp;Peter Hull","doi":"10.1257/aer.20201653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We develop new quasi-experimental tools to measure disparate impact, regardless of its source, in the context of bail decisions. We show that omitted variables bias in pretrial release rate comparisons can be purged by using the quasi-random assignment of judges to estimate average pretrial misconduct risk by race. We find that two-thirds of the release rate disparity between white and Black defendants in New York City is due to the disparate impact of release decisions. We then develop a hierarchical marginal treatment effect model to study the drivers of disparate impact, finding evidence of both racial bias and statistical discrimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"112 9","pages":"2992-3038"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10289801/pdf/nihms-1855624.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9717732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
When Should There Be Vertical Choice in Health Insurance Markets? 医疗保险市场何时应有纵向选择？
IF 10.5 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201073
Victoria R Marone, Adrienne Sabety
{"title":"When Should There Be Vertical Choice in Health Insurance Markets?","authors":"Victoria R Marone, Adrienne Sabety","doi":"10.1257/aer.20201073","DOIUrl":"10.1257/aer.20201073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We study the welfare effects of offering choice over coverage levels-\"vertical choice\"-in regulated health insurance markets. We emphasize that heterogeneity in efficient coverage level is not sufficient to motivate choice. When premiums cannot reflect individuals' costs, it may not be in consumers' best interest to select their efficient coverage level. We show that vertical choice is efficient only if consumers with higher willingness-to-pay have a higher efficient level of coverage. We investigate this condition empirically and find that as long as a minimum coverage level can be enforced, the welfare gains from vertical choice are either zero or economically small.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"112 1","pages":"304-342"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8782442/pdf/nihms-1768818.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39728174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Place-Based Drivers of Mortality: Evidence from Migration. 基于地点的死亡率驱动因素:来自移民的证据。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20190825
Amy Finkelstein, Matthew Gentzkow, Heidi Williams
{"title":"Place-Based Drivers of Mortality: Evidence from Migration.","authors":"Amy Finkelstein,&nbsp;Matthew Gentzkow,&nbsp;Heidi Williams","doi":"10.1257/aer.20190825","DOIUrl":"10.1257/aer.20190825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We estimate the effect of current location on elderly mortality by analyzing outcomes of movers in the Medicare population. We control for movers' origin locations as well as a rich vector of pre-move health measures. We also develop a novel strategy to adjust for remaining unobservables, using the correlation of residual mortality with movers' origins to gauge the importance of omitted variables. We estimate substantial effects of current location. Moving from a 10th to a 90th percentile location would increase life expectancy at age 65 by 1.1 years, and equalizing location effects would reduce cross-sectional variation in life expectancy by 15 percent. Places with favorable life expectancy effects tend to have higher quality and quantity of health care, less extreme climates, lower crime rates, and higher socioeconomic status.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"111 8","pages":"2697-2735"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8653912/pdf/nihms-1758055.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39572518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 85
On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women's Financial Control Impacts Labor Supply and Gender Norms. 自食其力:强化女性财务管理对劳动力供给和性别规范的影响。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20200705
Erica Field, Rohini Pande, Natalia Rigol, Simone Schaner, Charity Troyer Moore
{"title":"On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women's Financial Control Impacts Labor Supply and Gender Norms.","authors":"Erica Field,&nbsp;Rohini Pande,&nbsp;Natalia Rigol,&nbsp;Simone Schaner,&nbsp;Charity Troyer Moore","doi":"10.1257/aer.20200705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Can increasing control over earnings incentivize a woman to work, and thereby influence norms around gender roles? We randomly varied whether rural Indian women received bank accounts, training in account use, and direct deposit of public sector wages into their own (versus husbands') accounts. Relative to the accounts only group, women who also received direct deposit and training worked more in public and private sector jobs. The private sector result suggests gender norms initially constrained female employment. Three years later, direct deposit and training broadly liberalized women's own work-related norms, and shifted perceptions of community norms.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"111 7","pages":"2342-2375"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10191162/pdf/nihms-1761946.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9851281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Screening and Selection: The Case of Mammograms. 筛查与选择：乳房 X 光检查案例。
IF 10.5 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20191191
Liran Einav, Amy Finkelstein, Tamar Oostrom, Abigail Ostriker, Heidi Williams
{"title":"Screening and Selection: The Case of Mammograms.","authors":"Liran Einav, Amy Finkelstein, Tamar Oostrom, Abigail Ostriker, Heidi Williams","doi":"10.1257/aer.20191191","DOIUrl":"10.1257/aer.20191191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We analyze selection into screening in the context of recommendations that breast cancer screening start at age 40. Combining medical claims with a clinical oncology model, we document that compliers with the recommendation are less likely to have cancer than younger women who select into screening or women who never screen. We show this selection is quantitatively important: shifting the recommendation from age 40 to 45 results in three times as many deaths if compliers were randomly selected than under the estimated patterns of selection. The results highlight the importance of considering characteristics of compliers when making and designing recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"110 12","pages":"3836-3870"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8300583/pdf/nihms-1641763.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39218789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does When You Die Depend on Where You Live? Evidence from Hurricane Katrina. 你何时死亡取决于你住在哪里吗？卡特里娜飓风的证据。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20181026
Tatyana Deryugina, David Molitor
{"title":"Does When You Die Depend on Where You Live? Evidence from Hurricane Katrina.","authors":"Tatyana Deryugina, David Molitor","doi":"10.1257/aer.20181026","DOIUrl":"10.1257/aer.20181026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We follow Medicare cohorts to estimate Hurricane Katrina's long-run mortality effects on victims initially living in New Orleans. Including the initial shock, the hurricane improved eight-year survival by 2.07 percentage points. Migration to lower-mortality regions explains most of this survival increase. Those migrating to low-versus high-mortality regions look similar at baseline, but their subsequent mortality is 0.83-1.01 percentage points lower per percentage point reduction in local mortality, quantifying causal effects of place on mortality among this population. Migrants' mortality is also lower in destinations with healthier behaviors and higher incomes but is unrelated to local medical spending and quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"110 11","pages":"3602-3033"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8340931/pdf/nihms-1691137.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39290043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using Aggregated Relational Data to Feasibly Identify Network Structure without Network Data. 在没有网络数据的情况下，利用聚合关系数据可行地识别网络结构。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20170861
Emily Breza, Arun G Chandrasekhar, Tyler H McCormick, Mengjie Pan
{"title":"Using Aggregated Relational Data to Feasibly Identify Network Structure without Network Data.","authors":"Emily Breza,&nbsp;Arun G Chandrasekhar,&nbsp;Tyler H McCormick,&nbsp;Mengjie Pan","doi":"10.1257/aer.20170861","DOIUrl":"10.1257/aer.20170861","url":null,"abstract":"Social network data are often prohibitively expensive to collect, limiting empirical network research. We propose an inexpensive and feasible strategy for network elicitation using Aggregated Relational Data (ARD): responses to questions of the form \"how many of your links have trait k ?\" Our method uses ARD to recover parameters of a network formation model, which permits sampling from a distribution over node- or graph-level statistics. We replicate the results of two field experiments that used network data and draw similar conclusions with ARD alone.","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"110 8","pages":"2454-2484"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8439392/pdf/nihms-1650234.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39420177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 95
The Mortality and Medical Costs of Air Pollution: Evidence from Changes in Wind Direction. 空气污染的死亡率和医疗费用：来自风向变化的证据。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20180279
Tatyana Deryugina, Garth Heutel, Nolan H Miller, David Molitor, Julian Reif
{"title":"The Mortality and Medical Costs of Air Pollution: Evidence from Changes in Wind Direction.","authors":"Tatyana Deryugina,&nbsp;Garth Heutel,&nbsp;Nolan H Miller,&nbsp;David Molitor,&nbsp;Julian Reif","doi":"10.1257/aer.20180279","DOIUrl":"10.1257/aer.20180279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We estimate the causal effects of acute fine particulate matter exposure on mortality, health care use, and medical costs among the US elderly using Medicare data. We instrument for air pollution using changes in local wind direction and develop a new approach that uses machine learning to estimate the life-years lost due to pollution exposure. Finally, we characterize treatment effect heterogeneity using both life expectancy and generic machine learning inference. Both approaches find that mortality effects are concentrated in about 25 percent of the elderly population.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"109 12","pages":"4178-4219"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1257/aer.20180279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37752937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 389
Incentivizing Better Quality of Care: The Role of Medicaid and Competition in the Nursing Home Industry. 激励更好的护理质量:医疗补助的作用和养老院行业的竞争。
IF 10.7 1区 经济学
American Economic Review Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.1257/aer.20151057
Martin B Hackmann
{"title":"Incentivizing Better Quality of Care: The Role of Medicaid and Competition in the Nursing Home Industry.","authors":"Martin B Hackmann","doi":"10.1257/aer.20151057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper develops a model of the nursing home industry to investigate the quality effects of policies that either raise regulated reimbursement rates or increase local competition. Using data from Pennsylvania, I estimate the parameters of the model. The findings indicate that nursing homes increase the quality of care, measured by the number of skilled nurses per resident, by 8.7% following a universal 10% increase in Medicaid reimbursement rates. In contrast, I find that pro-competitive policies lead to only small increases in skilled nurse staffing ratios, suggesting that Medicaid increases are more cost effective in raising the quality of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":48472,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Review","volume":"109 5","pages":"1684-1716"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1257/aer.20151057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37324467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 56
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