Personality and Individual Differences最新文献

{"title":"Individual differences in upward and downward counterfactual thinking: Assessment considerations","authors":"Amy Y.C. Chan,&nbsp;Peter Caputi,&nbsp;Angela du Bois","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on counterfactual thinking (thinking about ‘what might have been’) identifies that people vary in the direction and focus of their imagined alternatives to past events. Diverse methods exist to assess individual differences in such thinking. Extant psychometric assessments of counterfactual thinking contribute to knowledge about relationships between certain forms of upward and downward counterfactual thoughts and relevant psychosocial outcomes. In this article, we raise principled concerns for a more balanced investigation of self-referent, other-referent, and nonreferent forms of both upward and downward counterfactual thinking. Specifically, we propose that one avenue of investigation is to expand upon existing scale-based measures to facilitate self-reports of different types of upward and downward counterfactual thoughts with equal emphasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intellectual humility links to metacognitive ability","authors":"Helen Fischer ,&nbsp;Astrid Kause ,&nbsp;Markus Huff","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.113028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.113028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intellectual humility is increasingly recognized as a cognitive virtue that helps foster truth-seeking and compromise, and mitigating polarization. Yet the current body of evidence grapples with a striking contradiction: The prevailing theoretical account suggests that intellectual humility hinges on metacognitive ability—the capacity to introspect on one's own performance which manifests in assigning due confidence to the varying accuracy of one's performance. However, empirical research testing this <em>metacognitive</em> a<em>bility account of intellectual humility</em> has yielded inconsistent results. Here, we introduce a cognitive science approach informed by Signal Detection Theory, allowing for a more nuanced separation of metacognitive ability from correlated but distinct concepts (i.e., confidence and task performance). We conduct a national survey study among a national US sample (<em>N</em> = 999) involving the interpretation of one of the most heavily contested domains—climate change—lending itself for an investigation into how intellectual humility relates to cognitive processes in domains where it is most needed. To gauge participants' ability to distinguish true from false interpretations of evidence (i.e., task performance), we presented them with four summaries of fictitious studies on renewable energy, followed by 2-alternative forced choice questions that assessed their accuracy and confidence in their responses. Results showed that firstly, more intellectually humble citizens performed better at discerning correct from incorrect interpretations of the presented evidence. Secondly, more intellectually humble citizens exhibited a heightened capacity to adjust their confidence levels to the varying accuracy of their evidence interpretations–indicating higher metacognitive ability—and this association was robust to accounting for their superior task performance, and other preregistered covariates. And thirdly, in contrast to intuitive notions, more intellectually humble citizens did not exhibit lower metacognitive bias, the inclination to report lower (vs. higher) confidence in general. By highlighting the role of metacognitive ability in intellectual humility, the current study delivers empirical evidence for the ancient notion that epistemic virtues may involve metacognitive ability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beliefs about the longevity of emotions and depression","authors":"Sunkyung Yoon ,&nbsp;Yunsu Kim ,&nbsp;Heejoo Kim ,&nbsp;Nagyeom Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The literature on beliefs about emotions has primarily addressed malleability beliefs (i.e., beliefs that emotions can change), but beliefs about the longevity of emotions (i.e., beliefs about the persistence of emotions) have emerged as significant factors related to emotional distress. This research investigated which specific longevity beliefs about emotions are most closely associated with depressive symptoms (Studies 1 and 2) and whether longevity beliefs predict greater persistence of depressive affect in daily life (emotional inertia) in Study 3. Study 1, involving female U.S. college students (<em>n</em> = 73), found that explicit longevity beliefs about depressive affect significantly predicted higher depressive symptoms, even after accounting for other longevity beliefs and current affect. Study 2, with U.S. adult residents (<em>n</em> = 232), showed that explicit longevity beliefs about depressive affect (but not about positive affect) predicted increased depressive symptoms, after controlling for malleability beliefs. Study 3 demonstrated that female South Korean college students with depressive disorders (<em>n</em> = 50) who believed depressive affect lasts longer experienced higher emotional inertia in daily life. These findings highlight the importance of examining longevity beliefs about emotions, especially depressive affect, in understanding depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispositional mindfulness, conspiracy mentality, and generic conspiracy beliefs: Preliminary empirical evidence of a mediational model","authors":"Marco Salvati","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An increasing amount of literature on dispositional mindfulness has focused on several positive outcomes, such as psychological well-being, stress reduction, improved quality of life, and reduced levels of stereotypes and prejudices. At the same time, recently, a large corpus of studies focused on antecedents and potential negative consequences of conspiracy beliefs, which increasingly affect our societies. However, no previous study explored the relationships between people's dispositional mindfulness and their adherence to conspiracy beliefs. The current research conducted on 299 Italian participants contributes to filling this gap, hypothesizing that higher dispositional mindfulness would be associated with lower adherence to generic conspiracy beliefs, via lower levels of conspiracy mentality. Thus, a mediational path model was tested. The results confirmed the expectations, showing that the more people reported higher dispositional mindfulness, the less they reported conspiracy mentality, which in turn was associated with lower levels of adherence to generic conspiracy beliefs. This study provided a preliminary empirical basis for future research and interventions, proposing itself to be a relevant first step in investigating mindfulness-based interventions as preventive tools to counteract the increasing conspiracy beliefs in our contemporary societies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113090"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When love constrains: The impact of parental psychological control on dark personality development in adolescents","authors":"Junwei Pu,&nbsp;Xiong Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While previous research has highlighted the effects of parental psychological control (PPC) on children's maladaptive development, this study adopts the intergenerational transmission framework to explore the potential influence of PPC on the development of children's personality traits, particularly Dark Triad traits (DT), from the perspective of family processes. Based on a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, this study aims to explore the potential link between PPC and the development of DT traits in children through two sub-studies, aiming to uncover the underlying psychological mechanisms. The chain mediation model in Study 1 suggested that excessive PPC is significantly associated with higher levels of DT traits in children, with this relationship being mediated by alienation and peer conflicts. The RI-CLPM in Study 2 further revealed that early parental psychological control may predict the continued development of DT traits over time, and teachers' emotional support may serve as a buffering factor in this longitudinal process. These conclusions offer new insights into the complex dynamics between parents and their offspring, highlighting that, at times, love can also act as a form of constraint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113093"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining animal abuse proclivity: The roles of personality traits and moral disengagement","authors":"Alexia Zalaf,&nbsp;Menelaos Apostolou","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the interrelationships between animal abuse proclivity, personality and moral disengagement to enhance our understanding animal abuse. A total of 201 participants were employed to examine these dimensions, with ages ranging from 18 to 81 years. Both Greek and English language versions of the measures were available for participants to choose. A path analysis indicated that higher moral disengagement was a significant predictor of animal abuse proclivity. Specifically, moral disengagement was associated with higher scores on the Animal Abuse Proclivity Scale (AAPS) subscales of Thrill and Power. Low Extraversion and low Intellect predicted higher scores on the Power and Thrill subscales, respectively, offering new insights into the complex role of these personality dimensions. Further, moral disengagement was predicted by lower Agreeableness and higher Neuroticism. The findings suggest that personality traits and moral disengagement are intricately linked to animal abuse proclivity, with distinct subscales of the AAPS providing deeper understanding. The study highlights the need for intervention programs focusing on enhancing empathy and moral reasoning to prevent animal abuse. These insights could inform societal and policy efforts towards reducing animal abuse and promoting more humane treatment of animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113085"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Person, temporal, and contextual predictors of momentary purpose in everyday life","authors":"Angelina R. Sutin ,&nbsp;Martina Luchetti ,&nbsp;Selin Karakose ,&nbsp;Yannick Stephan ,&nbsp;André Hajek ,&nbsp;Antonio Terracciano","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent theoretical and empirical advances in purpose in life indicate a state component to feeling purposeful. This study used a micro-longitudinal study to identify person (age, sex, race, education), temporal (day in study, time of day, weekend), and broad (at work, with others) and specific (e.g., eating/drinking, shopping) contextual factors associated with momentary feelings of purpose. Participants (<em>N</em> = 303; age range 40–70) reported their momentary purpose three times a day for eight days and what they were doing at the time of the alert for the survey. Relatively older participants (b = 0.36, SE = 0.13, p = .007) reported more momentary purpose compared to relatively younger participants. Participants reported more purpose in the afternoon (b = 2.18, SE = 0.62, p &lt; .001) and less purpose on weekends (b = −1.37, SE = 0.62, p = .027). The broad contextual factors were associated with purpose: Participants reported being more purpose-driven at work (b = 9.30, SE = 0.71, p &lt; .001) or with others (b = 2.15, SE = 0.57, p &lt; .001) compared to not at work or alone, respectively. Specific contextual factors were associated with feeling more purpose-driven (e.g., caregiving b = 14.17, SE = 1.99, p &lt; .001; exercising b = 15.59, SE = 1.65, p &lt; .001), except leisure activities, which were associated with less purpose (b = −4.76, SE = 0.99, p &lt; .001). Feeling purposeful varies across moments and is sensitive to time of day, location, and activities engaged in.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113087"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143199473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflection moderates the link between loneliness and eudaimonic well-being in mothers of young children: A COVID-19 pandemic study","authors":"Dominik Borawski ,&nbsp;Monika Czaja","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Loneliness is a significant threat to well-being and was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for vulnerable groups such as mothers of young children. Although much needed, research on protective factors against maternal loneliness is lacking. The present study aimed to address this gap by investigating whether reflection, understood as curiosity-driven self-focused attention, could moderate the relationship between loneliness and eudaimonic well-being (EWB) during the pandemic. The hypotheses predicted that loneliness in the romantic, family, and social domains would be negatively associated with EWB, and that these relationships would weaken with an increase in reflection. In a cross-sectional study of 559 Polish women (aged 20–46, <em>M</em> = 30.72, <em>SD</em> = 4.11) with one child under 6 years, participants completed measures of loneliness, EWB, and reflection, with rumination as a covariate. We used the latent variable interaction approach to test main and interaction effects. As hypothesized, loneliness domains negatively correlated with EWB, moderated by reflection. Higher reflection weakened links between social and family loneliness and EWB. Considering that the cognitive characteristics of reflection can be effectively developed through training, these findings can inspire psychological interventions dedicated to coping with the loneliness experienced by mothers of young children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113088"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143199475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of mindful with your baby training on infant temperament: What parental factors are at play?","authors":"Eva S. Potharst ,&nbsp;Robin Kraakman ,&nbsp;Susan M. Bögels ,&nbsp;Cristina Colonnesi","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Difficult infant temperament and problems in parental functioning can form a vicious circle and have negative long-term consequences for healthy child development. Mindful with your baby (MwyB) has been shown to have positive effects on different areas of parental functioning. This study aims to evaluate whether there is also a positive effect on infant temperament, and through which areas of parental functioning a possible improvement may occur. Mothers (<em>n</em> = 53) of 0–14 month-old infants completed questionnaires at pretest, posttest and follow-up and participated in a MwyB training between pretest and posttest. Mother-reported infant smiling and laughter, and soothability increased at posttest and follow-up whereas sadness and distress to limitation decreased at posttest only. There was no change in cuddliness. Improvements in parenting, maternal (mental) health factors, and coparenting (but not mindfulness factors) between pretest and posttest were predictive of a decrease in difficult infant temperament at follow-up. Improvement in difficult infant temperament between pretest and posttest did not predict improvement in maternal functioning, except for physical health complaints. MwyB may be suitable for mothers who experience problems in their functioning and who experience their infant's temperament as difficult.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113084"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143199511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parents' education anxiety and adolescents' academic burnout: The role of parenting style and academic self-efficacy","authors":"Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Silu Shrestha ,&nbsp;Siqun Zhan ,&nbsp;Fangqi Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2025.113082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parents in the examination-based education system place great importance on the academic performance of the next generation. This study investigates the relationship between parental educational anxiety and adolescents' academic burnout, focusing on the mediating roles of parenting style (emotional warmth, rejection, and over-protection) and academic self-efficacy in Chinese families. The findings indicate that parental educational anxiety can affect adolescents' academic self-efficacy through emotional warmth but not through rejection and being over-protective. Importantly, emotional warmth and academic self-efficacy mediated between parental educational anxiety and academic burnout, both parallelly and sequentially. This study underscores the importance of positive and supportive parenting practices in alleviating academic stress among adolescents in high-pressure educational environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 113082"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143199512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}