Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105302
Carlo Bottai , Gaétan de Rassenfosse , Emilio Raiteri
{"title":"A new approach to measuring invention commercialization: An application to the SBIR program","authors":"Carlo Bottai , Gaétan de Rassenfosse , Emilio Raiteri","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Measuring the commercialization of patented inventions remains a key challenge in innovation studies. This paper introduces a novel, web-based method for tracking the commercialization of patented inventions. The method leverages targeted web searches to identify online traces of commercialization, offering a scalable alternative to surveys and case studies. We apply this method to patents arising from the U.S. Department of Defense’s Small Business Innovation Research program, linking 3070 patents to procurement contracts and assessing their commercialization outcomes. The results indicate that 21.5% of these patents show signs of commercialization, with variations across R&D stages and contract phases. The method provides a systematic way to identify market adoption of patented technologies and can be extended to other contexts where identifying commercialized patents is relevant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 9","pages":"Article 105302"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105309
Egbert Amoncio , Tian Chan , Cornelia Storz
{"title":"Using computer vision to measure design similarity: An application to design rights","authors":"Egbert Amoncio , Tian Chan , Cornelia Storz","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Competition among firms has increasingly been through design. We show how computer vision algorithms can be leveraged to measure the visual similarity of design rights across large data sets of product design images. In particular: we extract and standardize 716,168 unique design images included in US design patents (1976–2023); adapt the structural similarity index measure to quantify design similarities between images; and rigorously validate the resulting measure of design rights similarity. We then use that measure to produce novel empirical evidence that a design space's similarity density exhibits an inverted U-shape with respect to the likelihood of that space's design rights being litigated—a relationship proposed previously but never tested. Our design rights similarity measure should facilitate the exploration of new research questions in the fields of design rights, innovation, and strategy. We grant open access to our code and data resources to encourage research in such fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 9","pages":"Article 105309"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105292
Jane Bjørn Vedel , Jacob Hasselbalch , Susana Borrás , Alan Irwin , Vera Simoneit
{"title":"Organizing transformative innovation: Advancing an organizational research agenda within Transformative Innovation Policy","authors":"Jane Bjørn Vedel , Jacob Hasselbalch , Susana Borrás , Alan Irwin , Vera Simoneit","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a world increasingly shaped by geopolitical divides, technological disruption, and the climate crisis, Transformative Innovation Policy (TIP) is more essential than ever. However, the TIP research field holds considerable potential to move beyond its current state of the art by incorporating a more sophisticated organizational perspective. This paper responds to a recent call for new analytical tools in TIP by proposing that valuable insights can be drawn from Organization Theory (OT) scholarship. By reviewing and categorizing recent OT research on transformative innovation, we show how engagement with this literature can yield novel insights within key TIP gap areas and beyond. In particular, recent OT work on emotions, social movements, and temporality offers promising opportunities to deepen TIP's understanding of capabilities, experimentation, and the systemic impact of policy interventions. More broadly, this paper contributes to TIP debates by advocating for stronger cross-pollination with OT to enhance the field's theoretical foundation and practical relevance. We conclude that closer interaction between OT and TIP can enable more effective approaches to transformative innovation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 9","pages":"Article 105292"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105304
Alessandra Perri , Daniela Silvestri , Francesco Zirpoli
{"title":"Technological change, incumbent dominance, and knowledge base evolution in multi-technology industries: A patent analysis of the global automotive sector","authors":"Alessandra Perri , Daniela Silvestri , Francesco Zirpoli","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional models of creative destruction posit that established firms often stick to their dominant technology, exhibiting resistance to change even when new technologies emerge. However, recent perspectives challenge this view, suggesting that incumbents can adapt and innovate in response to technological disruption. This paper contributes to this debate by asking, “What factors influence incumbent firms' sustained market dominance amidst technological change?” We address this question by focusing on the automotive industry — a multi-technology sector characterised by products integrating diverse technological components with varying rates of change, and where incumbents serve a central role as “systems integrators.” By analysing the patent portfolios of the top 25 automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) over a 30-year period (1990–2019), we provide valuable insights into innovation patterns within the automotive sector, specifically concerning the emergence of new technological fields and shifts in industry composition. Our analysis reveals that the structure and evolution of the industry's knowledge base inherently protect incumbents from new entrants, thereby explaining their dominance. This theoretical perspective, coupled with the observed transformation of the automotive industry, highlights the need to investigate whether incumbents' primacy in technological development alone could prevent a future industry shakeout in the absence of relevant investments in product and process innovation. The paper further argues that incumbent inertia amidst technological discontinuities presents a challenge for policymakers, emphasizing the potential need for regulatory intervention to accelerate the transition towards a greener automotive industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 9","pages":"Article 105304"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-06-25DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105289
Andrea Odille Bosio , Vicenzo Butticè , Andrea Crisanti , Annalisa Croce , Simone Signore
{"title":"How Brexit reshaped venture capitals market: An analysis of UK and EU investments","authors":"Andrea Odille Bosio , Vicenzo Butticè , Andrea Crisanti , Annalisa Croce , Simone Signore","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the distinct impacts of Brexit's announcement and enforcement on cross-region VC investments between the UK and the EU. The findings reveal contrasting trends for VC hubs in these regions. Following the Brexit announcement, UK VC hubs immediately reduced their investments in the EU, with no further changes after enforcement. Conversely, EU VC hubs did not alter their investment behavior toward the UK at the announcement but significantly increased their activity after Brexit enforcement. These results align with the hypothesis that UK and EU VC investors faced asymmetric uncertainty, with the EU being less equipped to anticipate how Brexit would reshape European VC markets. Our analysis is the first to offer a picture following Brexit enforcement, showing that, overall, UK VC hubs reduced their incidence on the EU market as well as in the domestic market.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 8","pages":"Article 105289"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-03DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105295
Alex J. Yang
{"title":"Text vs. citations: A comparative analysis of breakthrough and disruption metrics in patent innovation","authors":"Alex J. Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines two dynamic metrics for assessing technological innovation— the text-based breakthrough index (KI index) and the citation-based disruption index (CD index)—both of which integrate ex-ante (novelty) and ex-post (impact) information. The KI index identifies breakthrough inventions by measuring their novelty (low similarity to prior patents) and impact (high similarity to future patents), whereas the CD index quantifies technological disruption by analyzing shifts in citation patterns. Using a dataset of over six million patents filed with the USPTO between 1980 and 2017, this paper finds that KI and CD indices are highly correlated and both effectively capture technological breakthroughs. Patents with high KI or CD scores typically originate from original and narrowly focused knowledge bases. However, the two indices exhibit distinct patterns: (1) the KI index fluctuates with economic cycles, while the CD index has experienced a steady decline over time; (2) the KI index positively correlates with future patent citation impact, whereas the CD index follows a U-shaped relationship with patent citation impact; and (3) small and remote teams produce higher KI but lower CD scores, potentially because larger teams cite newer, widely recognized references. I discuss innovation concepts—breakthroughs, disruptions, and beyond—to contextualize these findings and explore their implications for understanding technological advancement. These results contribute to the discourse on measuring innovation and underscore the complementary strengths of text-based and citation-based approaches in assessing technological progress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 8","pages":"Article 105295"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-18DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105288
Niccolò Pisani , Hanjo D. Boekhout , Eelke M. Heemskerk , Frank W. Takes
{"title":"China's rise as global scientific powerhouse: A trajectory of international collaboration and specialization in high-impact research","authors":"Niccolò Pisani , Hanjo D. Boekhout , Eelke M. Heemskerk , Frank W. Takes","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recent and rapid ascent of China into today's scientific powerhouse is increasingly debated in circles of economic politics and policy making. Yet, we still know relatively little how such rise has materialized in terms of Chinese scientists' openness to international collaborations and relative focus on high-impact research, particularly in relation to the U.S. Leveraging a unique, curated database of over 25 million scientific publications from 2008 until 2020, we aim to fill this gap and empirically investigate: (1) the extent to which collaboration of China-based researchers with scientists from other countries has materialized; (2) how competition in producing high-impact research has evolved for China, especially vis-à-vis the U.S., in the global production of science; and (3) whether specialization in well-defined fields has characterized China's ascent in science and, if so, in which areas. Our findings show that China's rise as a leading player in global science has importantly built on opening its knowledge production to collaboration, both domestically and internationally. This has been paired with a remarkable focus on high-impact research. Recently, China has entirely closed the gap with the U.S. in terms of contribution to the global top 1 % high-impact scientific production, specializing in four key fields – engineering/electrical/electronic, materials science, physics, and chemistry. Our study sheds new light on the changing landscape of global scientific production and opens several avenues for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 8","pages":"Article 105288"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-02DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105296
Miriam Manchin
{"title":"Collaboration across the globe: Time zone differences and citations","authors":"Miriam Manchin","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research examines how time zone differences among co-authors of peer-reviewed articles influence citations. The analysis reveals that articles with authors spanning wider time zones receive more citations, even after controlling for physical distance, the number of co-authors, the number of countries, time since publication, journal-specific factors, and in some specifications also co-author team specific factors with fixed effects. Specifically, a one-hour increase in the average time zone difference between authors is associated with a 4% increase in citations compared to the sample mean. The relationship exhibits an inverted U-shape, where a time zone difference of 5 to 6 h, which allows for sufficient overlap, yields the highest positive coefficient (about 15% increase in citations). Field specific results indicate that one potential mechanism through which time zone differences can improve publication outcome is by facilitating faster collaboration and accelerating research outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 8","pages":"Article 105296"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-06-09DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105276
Ferran Vendrell-Herrero , Oscar F. Bustinza , Mikel Larreina , Marco Opazo-Basaez , Henry Chesbrough
{"title":"Blazing the trail: Describing and assessing a new policy instrument whereby indirect tax incentives fuel collaborative innovation","authors":"Ferran Vendrell-Herrero , Oscar F. Bustinza , Mikel Larreina , Marco Opazo-Basaez , Henry Chesbrough","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Governments incentivize positive externalities from R&D activities via direct (i.e., capital grants) and indirect (i.e., tax incentives for proceeds from operations) subsidies. In this regard, direct subsidies are often presumed to be more explicitly geared toward encouraging collaborative innovation through the formation of consortia. However, the potential of indirect subsidies in this domain remains underexplored in extant studies. Moreover, these mechanisms rely on an unstated assumption: the entities receiving support are the best placed for its use. This article relaxes these assumptions by assessing a unique R&D tax break initiative, called the 64Bis, introduced by the provincial council of Biscay in the Basque Country, Spain. The 64Bis initiative enables an enterprise (Developer) to allocate the proceeds from this mechanism to an external organization (Financier). In exchange, the Financier sponsors the publicly backed R&D project. This article not only describes this policy instrument for the first time but also exploits the quasi-natural experiment conditions to examine between- and within-group heterogeneities. The between-group heterogeneities were analyzed using accounting data and one-to-one propensity score matching in order to construct a synthetic control group. Developers benefiting from this initiative between 2017 and 2021 were found to have acquired more knowledge than comparable enterprises during the same period. The within-group heterogeneities were examined using survey data and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to identify optimal configurational pathways that enhance knowledge acquisition via this policy instrument. Altogether, the findings suggest that implementing R&D tax incentives can encourage the formation of collaborative innovation systems, and have significant implications for both academic research and policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 8","pages":"Article 105276"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144243396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research PolicyPub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-19DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105299
Zhijing Zhu , Haiyang Li
{"title":"Technological catch-up: A new measure and patent-based evidence from China's manufacturing industries","authors":"Zhijing Zhu , Haiyang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2025.105299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The technological catch-up literature has not yet systematically assessed how different industries from latecomer economies have progressed in catching up. A significant challenge is the lack of reliable measures of innovation capability across countries, industries, and time. In this study, we develop a new measure of innovation capability called quality-weighted revealed innovation advantage (QRIA), which captures innovation capability more comprehensively and reliably than extant measures by simultaneously addressing issues of patent quantity distortion and patent quality heterogeneity. We apply QRIA to evaluate how globally competitive Chinese manufacturing industries (N = 22) have become in terms of innovation capability by using data from all invention patents granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) between 1983 and 2017. Using China as the empirical context, our study provides the first worldwide comparative evidence of technological catch-up across countries and industries over time. Our analyses reveal that while Chinese manufacturing industries have seen significant growth in patents, there are notable differences and time-varying changes in their innovation capabilities compared to their global counterparts. Only two industries have narrowed their gaps with global leaders: (1) computer, electronic, and optical products manufacturing and (2) electrical equipment manufacturing. The other industries have either fallen further behind global leaders or remained close to the average innovation capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 8","pages":"Article 105299"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}