Research Policy最新文献

{"title":"Gender biases in assistant professor recruitment: Does discipline matter?","authors":"Heike Solga ,&nbsp;Alessandra Rusconi ,&nbsp;Sophie Hofmeister","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Higher education institutions have implemented various affirmative action policies aimed at increasing the representation of female professors, including measures to reduce gender bias in professorship appointments. This raises the question of whether gender bias still exists. Research on gender bias in assistant professor appointments remains sparse. We therefore examine whether gender bias in assistant professor recruitment exists and differs across disciplines (looking at mathematics/physics, economics/sociology/political science, and German studies). Our analysis is based on a factorial survey experiment with 1857 professors from German universities in 2020. We draw on Crandall and Eshleman's (2003) justification-suppression model to argue that gender policies can help suppress the expression of prejudices (negative stereotypes) against female applicants. Our results show that in all disciplines studied, female applicants receive higher ratings than male applicants, both for perceived qualification for an assistant professorship and for being invited for an interview. The female advantage is more pronounced in mathematics/physics when applicants are perceived to be equally qualified, suggesting a greater normative pressure to comply with gender-based preferential selection. In mathematics/physics, however, we also find a smaller premium for having received a research grant among female applicants. Overall, the observed female advantage is rather small in all disciplines studied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 3","pages":"Article 105170"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretive aspects of claim language and patent scope","authors":"Srinivasan Ananthraman ,&nbsp;Bart Cambré ,&nbsp;Henry Delcamp","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patent scope is an important patent policy lever. We distinguish between the verbose and interpretive aspects of claim language wherein the latter is predominantly characterized by scope-broadening terms and the former is exclusively constructed from scope-narrowing terms and operationalize these aspects based on the proportions of the corresponding characterizing terms in the claims. Using samples ranging from half a million to two million patents, we test and validate the association between our scope measures and several established indicators of patent value and find that the association is not only statistically significant but also economically substantive. Our study contributes to theory by expounding the salience of verbose and interpretive aspects of claim language to patent scope studies and empirical literature by advancing valid and reliable indicators of patent scope based on claim interpretation. For patent policymakers, our study enables a more precise assessment of patent scope during patent examinations. Innovators can benefit from the knowledge of our patent scope measures by enhancing the quality and eventual value of their patents and patent portfolios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105171"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does shareholder overlap alleviate patent holdup?","authors":"Heng Geng ,&nbsp;Harald Hau ,&nbsp;Sandy Lai ,&nbsp;Pengfei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patent protection can generate holdup problems for follow-on innovators when technologies protected in early patents complement their inventions. This study investigates whether institutional shareholder overlap between firms with precursory patents and follow-on innovators can reduce such patent holdup problems. Using patent citation links to track complementary patents, we find empirical support for such a holdup attenuation hypothesis of institutional shareholder overlap. Follow-on innovators with greater institutional shareholder overlap to precursory patent owners enjoy greater success with their patent portfolio, face less patent conflict as measured by patent litigation, and feature higher levels of R&amp;D investments. The holdup attenuation effect is stronger if product complexity makes securing ex ante patent licenses more difficult.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105167"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open innovation in ecosystems: Exploring how the affiliation of an ecosystem partner impacts the benefits of collaboration in open innovation","authors":"Sohvi Heaton ,&nbsp;Jungwon Min","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By combining insights from the open innovation literature with the dynamic capabilities framework, we investigate how three types of open innovation partner choices—partners from competing ecosystems, partners within the same ecosystem, and partners outside any ecosystem—affect firms' innovation outcomes. Additionally, we examine the moderating role of firms' adaptability in this relationship. Analyzing panel data for 70 global airline companies from 47 countries, we find that collaborating with a partner from a competing open innovation ecosystem enhances a firm's innovation effort more than partnering with a company from the same ecosystem or one without an ecosystem. Moreover, our results indicate that this relationship is particularly pronounced for firms exhibiting greater adaptability in times of crisis. Overall, we contribute to open innovation research by challenging the implicit assumption that open innovation occurs solely within dyadic relationships and viewing the open innovation system as static. Instead, we emphasize the interplay of interdependencies and competition across innovation ecosystems, conceptualizing the open innovation system as more dynamic. In this dynamic system, especially under conditions of uncertainty, we highlight firm-level adaptability as a critical boundary condition for successful open innovation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105168"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The entrepreneurial ecosystem clock keeps on ticking – A replication and extension of Coad and Srhoj (2023)","authors":"Jasper van Dijk ,&nbsp;Jip Leendertse ,&nbsp;Erik Stam ,&nbsp;Frank van Rijnsoever","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key hypothesis in the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) literature is that a positive relation exists between the quality of EEs and the prevalence of productive entrepreneurship. Recently, Coad and Srhoj (2023) argued that the quality of EEs should also be positively related to the persistence of productive entrepreneurship. However, using two different measures for high-growth firms in regions in Croatia and Slovenia, they found no consistent evidence for the persistence of productive entrepreneurship. This led them to conclude that the EE framework is not valuable for policymakers. We contend that their generalization is incorrect and that their findings are consistent with a further articulation of the EE approach.</div><div>We build our argument in two empirical studies. In Study 1, we replicate the approach by Coad and Srhoj (2023) in the Netherlands, where we find strong evidence for the persistence of productive entrepreneurship. We argue that the differences found in the replication study can be explained by accounting for the quality and size of EEs. In Study 2, we follow up on this notion by formulating two new hypotheses about the effect of quality and size of EEs on the persistence of productive entrepreneurship but argue that this effect decreases in strength as the quality and size of entrepreneurial ecosystems increase. Our hypotheses are supported by data on EEs and innovative start-ups in Europe. Accordingly, our results reconcile the different findings in the literature regarding the persistence of productive entrepreneurship. Theoretically, our work provides a further articulation of the EE approach by explaining the persistence of productive entrepreneurship, in addition to the more commonly studied prevalence of productive entrepreneurship. We conclude with policy implications of our findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105154"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment in research projects: A framework and application","authors":"Melf-Hinrich Ehlers ,&nbsp;Nadja El Benni ,&nbsp;Mélanie Douziech","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Responsible research and innovation concepts are popular at higher levels of organising research policy, which must align with the design and management of individual research projects. However, at this lower level, there is still a need for clearer guidance on how to support responsible research and innovation through the development of socially desirable and sustainable technologies. This is particularly evident in the agri-food sector, where calls for innovation have been on the increase, but novel technologies are often controversial and their contribution to sustainable development is uncertain. Integration of responsible research and innovation with sustainability assessment is required at the early stages of technology development in projects, during which technology development can still respond to social concerns and sustainability assessments. The few first attempts are often vague about the methods applicable in projects to support the sustainable and responsible development of technology. This paper develops a conceptual approach that integrates methods required to support the anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion, and responsiveness keys of responsible research and innovation with sustainability assessment methods, along typical phases of a research project. A case study of agricultural photovoltaics illustrates the applicability of the framework across a full research project cycle. The framework addresses the gap in how to apply methods that support responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment in research projects. It enables synergies between responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment. In the first steps of assessment, when the unknowns and uncertainties surrounding novel technologies are great, research and sustainability assessment require systematic anticipation of developments and impacts. In this context, sustainability assessment can support reflexivity in more detail than previously suggested approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105164"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How symmetry between intrafirm knowledge and collaboration structures influences exploratory innovation under conditions of combinability","authors":"Arjan Markus ,&nbsp;Juan Antonio Candiani ,&nbsp;Victor A. Gilsing","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine how symmetry between intrafirm knowledge and collaboration structures influences firms' exploratory innovation performance. Symmetry means that the inventors' collaboration structure mimics their knowledge structure, implying that inventors with similar domain knowledge collaborate, whereas inventors with dissimilar domain knowledge do not. We argue and show that intrafirm symmetry is the commonly used form by most firms, as it is intuitive and pays off on average. However, it also comes with an inherent risk for their exploratory innovation performance. To address this, we include a key condition of a firm's technological environment: the ease or difficulty with which its knowledge domains can be combined. Based on a sample of 170 publicly traded semiconductor firms over 23 years, we find a positive association between the symmetry of a firm's collaboration and knowledge structure and its exploratory innovation performance under average combinability. This relationship changes when firms operate under low or high combinability conditions. Both these conditions favor firms that deviate from symmetry by relying on a parallel, isolated configuration or multidisciplinary configuration. Our contribution to the literature lies herein that we show when firms and their managers should pay attention to stimulating and optimizing collaboration, as has been the dominant focus until now, but also, and equally important, when disbanding this standing collaboration among inventors is more effective for a firm's exploratory innovation. Most firms overlook the risk that comes with a symmetric configuration under conditions of low or high combinability and are better off instead through one of two less common, asymmetric configurations of their inventor collaboration and knowledge structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105030"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free-riding in academic co-authorship: The marginalization of research students","authors":"Mehdi Khodakarami ,&nbsp;Fakhroddin MohammadRezaei ,&nbsp;Amin Sarlak ,&nbsp;Mukesh Garg ,&nbsp;Zabihollah Rezaee","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the phenomenon of free-riding in academic co-authorship, focusing particularly on scenarios involving accounting faculty and research students. Using strain theory, illegitimate opportunity theory, and power distance theory, we theoretically examine both the supply and demand sides of the free-riding phenomenon in academic co-authorship. Drawing on 54 semi-structured interviews, our findings reveal that free-riding in academic co-authorship is a widespread problem in Iran and India, though less pronounced in selected developed countries. In the Iranian and Indian contexts, the most frequently observed scenario involves faculty members free-riding from research students. In contrast, in the developed countries studied, the most prevalent scenario is faculty members free-riding from their counterparts. The study identifies meso- and macro-level inefficiencies as the primary root causes of this phenomenon in the developing countries of Iran and India. These include economic challenges, inappropriate formal and informal regulations and norms at universities, cultural issues, over-engagement of faculty in teaching, administrative duties, and non-academic work, as well as a high student-to-faculty ratio. In developed countries, where such inefficiencies are less common, the role of individual characteristics in driving this phenomenon becomes more pronounced. Nonetheless, cultural factors and faculty busyness remain important considerations even in developed countries. Moreover, many interviewees believe that free-riding behavior can be contagious and that experiencing it can lead to pessimism toward co-authorship. Most interviewees from Iran and India perceive free-riding as endemic in their countries' accounting research communities, in contrast to interviewees from developed countries. Drawing on participant insights, this study offers a range of recommendations to address and mitigate free-riding in academic co-authorship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105165"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical research and health care finance: Evidence from Academic Medical Centers","authors":"Pierre Azoulay ,&nbsp;Misty Heggeness ,&nbsp;Jennifer Kao","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) — comprising medical schools, teaching hospitals, and research laboratories — play an important role in US biomedical innovation. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 changed reimbursements for Medicare inpatient claims and subsidies for medical residents. We compare AMCs’ relative exposure to the reform, how these differences affect their researchers’ ability to attract NIH grant funding, and the quantity, impact, and content of their publications. We find that in response to the reform, research activity increased by approximately 6%. Changes in research composition suggest that hospitals responded to Medicare funding cuts by encouraging incumbent investigators to increase their research activities and by redirecting hiring efforts towards individuals attracted to AMCs (e.g., translational researchers). We find little effect on clinical outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105163"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can money buy scientific leadership? The impact of excellence programs on German and French universities","authors":"Nicolas Carayol ,&nbsp;François Maublanc","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>German and French governments have had , quasi simultaneously, this ambitious goal to push forward national champions on the global higher education and research market via, as they called it, “excellence programs”. We develop a difference-in-difference approach to identify the impact of such non standard research policy on selected universities. Our identification strategy builds upon matching those entities to European universities and upon controlling for a number of potential confounding factors via regression adjustment. We find that excellence programs have an overall positive effect on scientific outcomes that we precisely estimate. Interestingly, impact does not concentrate on top cited papers but is larger on the internationalization of research and on collaborations with industry. Additional evidence from event studies supports the idea that excellence policy essentially helped treated universities maintaining their scientific competitive edge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105155"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}