American Sociological Review最新文献_第5页

Racial Inequality in Work Environments 工作环境中的种族不平等

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231157303

Letian Zhang

{"title":"Racial Inequality in Work Environments","authors":"Letian Zhang","doi":"10.1177/00031224231157303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224231157303","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores racial stratification in work environments. Inequality scholars have long identified racial disparities in wage and occupational attainment, but workers’ careers and well-being are also shaped by elements of their work environment, including firm culture, managerial style, and work-life balance. I theorize two processes that could lead to racial inequality in firms’ work environments: (1) employee sorting due to exclusionary practices, and (2) spillover from racial differences in occupation and geographic location. To test this, I gathered a unique firm-level dataset composed of one million employee reviews, covering most large and medium-sized firms in the United States. I show that firms with more Black employees score lower for managerial quality, firm culture, and work-life balance, and firms with more Asian employees score higher on these dimensions. However, Asian employees’ advantage disappears when controlling for occupation, industry, and geography, whereas Black employees’ disadvantage persists, suggesting that the process of firm-level employee sorting is at work. Consistent with this, I find that Black employees’ disadvantage is strongest in areas with more conservative racial attitudes and more prevalent workplace racial discrimination. I then replicated the main findings using two entirely different data sources. Together, these results underscore racial inequality in work environments, an overlooked but important dimension of workplace inequality.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"252 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64791743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

“Born for a Storm”: Hard-Right Social Media and Civil Unrest “为风暴而生”:极右翼社交媒体和内乱

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1177/00031224231156190

Daniel Karell, A. Linke, E. Holland, Edward L. Hendrickson

引用次数: 5

Not in My Schoolyard: Disability Discrimination in Educational Access 不在我的校园:教育机会中的残疾歧视

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221150433

Lauren A. Rivera, András Tilcsik

{"title":"Not in My Schoolyard: Disability Discrimination in Educational Access","authors":"Lauren A. Rivera, András Tilcsik","doi":"10.1177/00031224221150433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221150433","url":null,"abstract":"Disabled people constitute the largest minority group in the United States, and disability discrimination is prohibited under federal law. Nevertheless, disability has received limited attention in the sociology of discrimination. We examine disability discrimination in an important gatekeeping interaction: access to public education. In an audit study of more than 20,000 public schools, we sent emails to principals from fictitious prospective parents asking for a school tour, varying the child’s disability status and gender and the parent’s race. Principals were significantly less likely to respond when the child had a disability, especially when the email came from a Black (rather than White) parent. A survey experiment with 578 principals revealed possible mechanisms. Principals viewed disabled students as more likely to impose a significant burden on schools, but disabled Black students faced an additional disadvantage due to stereotypes of their parents, who were perceived to be less valuable future members of the school community in terms of fundraising, volunteering, and other forms of engagement to support the school. Our results highlight that discrimination against people with disabilities begins long before the labor market and illuminate how the intersection between disability and race shapes inequalities in educational access.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"284 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43843482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

State Categories, Bureaucracies of Displacement, and Possibilities from the Margins. 国家类别、流离失所的官僚机构和边缘的可能性

IF 7.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221145727

Cecilia Menjívar

引用次数: 0

Higher Education and the Black-White Earnings Gap 高等教育与黑人-白人收入差距

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221141887

Xiaoping Zhou, Guanghui Pan

{"title":"Higher Education and the Black-White Earnings Gap","authors":"Xiaoping Zhou, Guanghui Pan","doi":"10.1177/00031224221141887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221141887","url":null,"abstract":"How does higher education shape the Black-White earnings gap? It may help close the gap if Black youth benefit more from attending and completing college than do White youth. On the other hand, Black college-goers are less likely to complete college relative to White students, and this disparity in degree completion helps reproduce racial inequality. In this study, we use a novel causal decomposition and a debiased machine learning method to isolate, quantify, and explain the equalizing and stratifying roles of college. Analyzing data from the NLSY97, we find that a bachelor’s degree has a strong equalizing effect on earnings among men (albeit not among women); yet, at the population level, this equalizing effect is partly offset by unequal likelihoods of bachelor’s completion between Black and White students. Moreover, a bachelor’s degree narrows the male Black-White earnings gap not by reducing the influence of class background and pre-college academic ability, but by lessening the “unexplained” penalty of being Black in the labor market. To illuminate the policy implications of our findings, we estimate counterfactual earnings gaps under a series of stylized educational interventions. We find that interventions that both boost rates of college attendance and bachelor’s completion and close racial disparities in these transitions can substantially reduce the Black-White earnings gap.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"154 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42804902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Hierarchies in the Decentralized Welfare State: Prioritization in the Housing Choice Voucher Program 去中心化福利国家的等级制度：住房选择券计划的优先顺序

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221147899

Simone Zhang, Rebecca A. Johnson

{"title":"Hierarchies in the Decentralized Welfare State: Prioritization in the Housing Choice Voucher Program","authors":"Simone Zhang, Rebecca A. Johnson","doi":"10.1177/00031224221147899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221147899","url":null,"abstract":"Social provision in the United States is highly decentralized. Significant federal and state funding flows to local organizational actors, who are granted discretion over how to allocate resources to people in need. In welfare states where many programs are underfunded and decoupled from local need, how does decentralization shape who gets what? This article identifies forces that shape how local actors classify help-seekers when they ration scarce resources, focusing on the case of prioritization in the Housing Choice Voucher Program. We use network methods to represent and analyze 1,398 local prioritization policies. Our results reveal two patterns that challenge expectations from past literature. First, we observe classificatory restraint, or many organizations choosing not to draw fine distinctions between applicants to prioritize. Second, when organizations do institute priority categories, policies often advantage applicants who are formally institutionally connected to the local community. Interviews with officials, in turn, reveal how prioritization schemes reflect housing agencies’ position within a matrix of intra-organizational, inter-organizational, and vertical forces that structure the meaning and cost of classifying help-seekers. These findings illustrate how local organizations’ use of classification to solve on-the-ground organizational problems and manage scarce resources can generate additional forms of exclusion.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"114 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45732042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Embracing Market Liberalism? Community Structure, Embeddedness, and Mutual Savings and Loan Conversions to Stock Corporations 拥抱市场自由主义?社区结构、嵌入性与股份公司的相互储蓄和贷款转换

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221138079

Marc Schneiberg, Adam Goldstein, Matthew S. Kraatz

{"title":"Embracing Market Liberalism? Community Structure, Embeddedness, and Mutual Savings and Loan Conversions to Stock Corporations","authors":"Marc Schneiberg, Adam Goldstein, Matthew S. Kraatz","doi":"10.1177/00031224221138079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221138079","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating research on communities with economic and organizational sociology, we analyze how organizations’ responses to marketization are shaped by their embeddedness in communities and the socio-associational structure of those communities. We address these relations via event-history analyses of mutual conversions to stock corporations among savings and loan associations (SLAs) in the United States, a population of depositor-owned and traditionally community-based banks that demutualized amid deregulation during the 1970s and 1980s. Consistent with accounts of social disorganization and declining social capital, SLA managers abandoned mutual for corporate enterprise as SLAs became less locally embedded, and where communities experienced disorganization and declining working- or cross-class associationalism. Yet conversions also depended on elite detachment, civic reorganization, bifurcation within communities, and “upwardly oriented” associations that helped SLA managers reorient SLAs from Main Street to Wall Street. Through this study, we look beyond networks, institutions, and categories to add communities and local associations to economic sociology’s toolkit for understanding the social foundations of firms and markets. We show how financialization coupled macro-level political-institutional dynamics of marketization with community-level dynamics of elite disconnection, class and ethno-racial fracture, and civic reorganization, while also shedding light on the contemporary fates of mutual and cooperative forms.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"53 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42758630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficacy of traumatic memory reactivation with or without propranolol in PTSD with high dissociative experiences. 使用或不使用普萘洛尔对创伤后应激障碍伴高度分离体验者进行创伤记忆再激活的疗效。

IF 5 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2151098

Pascal Roullet, Simon Taïb, Claire Thalamas, Guillaume Vaiva, Wissam El Hage, Antoine Yrondi, Philippe Birmes

{"title":"Efficacy of traumatic memory reactivation with or without propranolol in PTSD with high dissociative experiences.","authors":"Pascal Roullet, Simon Taïb, Claire Thalamas, Guillaume Vaiva, Wissam El Hage, Antoine Yrondi, Philippe Birmes","doi":"10.1080/20008066.2022.2151098","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20008066.2022.2151098","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with dissociative symptoms is now a full-fledged subtype of this disorder. The dissociative subtype is associated with a greater number of psychiatric comorbidities. To date, the impact of dissociation on the efficacy of PTSD treatment remains unclear.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a traumatic memory reactivation procedure with the administration of propranolol or a placebo once a week for six consecutive weeks in reducing PTSD and MDE symptoms between PTSD subjects with or without high dissociative symptoms.Method: For that, we conducted a randomized clinical trial in 66 adults diagnosed with longstanding PTSD and measured the SCID PTSD module, the PTSD Checklist (PCL-S), Beck's Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES).Results: Patients with and without high dissociative experience had significant improvement in their PCL-S scores over the 6 treatment sessions, and PCL-S scores continued to decline in all patients during the post-treatment period. However, there was no correlation between the presence/absence of high dissociative experiences and no specific effect of propranolol treatment. We found exactly the same results for MDE symptoms. Interestingly, patients with high dissociative experiences before treatment exhibited very significant improvement in their DES scores after the 6 treatment sessions, and patients maintained this improvement 3 months post-treatment.Conclusions: The traumatic memory reactivation procedure is an effective way to treat dissociative symptoms in patients with PTSD, and improvement of these dissociative symptoms was associated with a decrease in both PTSD and depression severity.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"43 1","pages":"2151098"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9718563/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90886164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Party, Race, and Neutrality: Investigating the Interdependence of Attitudes toward Social Groups 政党、种族与中立：对社会群体态度的相互依赖性研究

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-11-26 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221135797

Jordan Brensinger, Ramina Sotoudeh

{"title":"Party, Race, and Neutrality: Investigating the Interdependence of Attitudes toward Social Groups","authors":"Jordan Brensinger, Ramina Sotoudeh","doi":"10.1177/00031224221135797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221135797","url":null,"abstract":"Recent public and scholarly discourse suggests that partisanship informs how people feel about social groups in the United States by organizing those groups into camps of political friends and enemies. More generally, this implies that Americans’ attitudes toward social groups exhibit interdependence, a heretofore underexplored proposition. We develop a conceptual and methodological approach to investigating such interdependence and apply it to attitudes toward 17 social groups, the broadest set of measures available to date. We identify three subpopulations with distinct attitude logics: partisans, who feel warm toward groups commonly associated with their political party and cool toward those linked to the out-party; racials, distinguished by their consistently warmer or cooler feelings toward all racial groups relative to other forms of social group membership; and neutrals, who generally evaluate social groups neither warmly nor coolly. Individuals’ social positions and experiences, particularly the strength of their partisanship, their race, and their experience of racial discrimination, inform how they construe the social space. These findings shed light on contemporary political and social divisions while expanding the toolkit available for the study of attitudes toward social groups.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"1049 - 1093"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46533256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Double Jeopardy: Teacher Biases, Racialized Organizations, and the Production of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in School Discipline 双重危险:教师偏见，种族化组织，以及学校纪律中种族/民族差异的产生

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-11-18 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221135810

Jayanti Owens

{"title":"Double Jeopardy: Teacher Biases, Racialized Organizations, and the Production of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in School Discipline","authors":"Jayanti Owens","doi":"10.1177/00031224221135810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221135810","url":null,"abstract":"Bridging research in social psychology with scholarship on racialized organizations, this article shows how individual bias and organizational demographic composition can operate together to shape the degree of discrimination in schools. To understand Black and Latino boys’ higher rates of discipline that persist net of differences in behavior, I combine an original video experiment involving 1,339 teachers in 295 U.S. schools with organizational data on school racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition. In the experiment, teachers view and respond to a randomly assigned video of a White, Black, or Latino boy committing identical, routine classroom misbehavior. I find that, compared to White boys, Black and Latino boys face a double jeopardy. They experience both (1) individual-level teacher bias, where they are perceived as being more “blameworthy” and referred more readily for identical misbehavior, and (2) racialized organizational climates of heightened blaming, where students of all races/ethnicities are perceived as being more “blameworthy” for identical misbehavior in schools with large minority populations versus in predominantly White schools. This study develops a more comprehensive understanding of the production of racial/ethnic inequality in school discipline by empirically identifying a dual process that involves both individual teacher bias and heightened blaming that is related to minority organizational composition.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"1007 - 1048"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47824541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18