American Sociological Review最新文献_第6页

Modernizing Leviathan: Carceral Reform and the Struggle for Legitimacy in Brazil’s Espírito Santo State 利维坦的现代化：巴西圣埃斯皮里托州的殡葬改革与合法性斗争

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-09-24 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221121294

Maria-Fátima Santos

{"title":"Modernizing Leviathan: Carceral Reform and the Struggle for Legitimacy in Brazil’s Espírito Santo State","authors":"Maria-Fátima Santos","doi":"10.1177/00031224221121294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221121294","url":null,"abstract":"Incarceration has become naturalized as a primary mode of punishment within the penal systems of modern states across the globe. This study examines how states develop the capacity to execute incarceration as a routine state function. I argue that rationalization and bureaucratization are key for transforming carceral enclosures into a naturalized feature of states’ routine exercise of coercion. I develop this argument through analysis of a dynamic case of carceral modernization in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo (2003 to 2014). I analyze the significance of coordinated violence and performative strategies for rulers to extend administrative capacity to incarceration and transform confinement into a legitimate and legitimizing instrument of state power. Findings demonstrate how coercive practices and other modes of violence that state authorities come to narrate as illegitimate are not antithetical to modernization. Rather, they become constitutive of the very process of consolidating and legitimizing rational-legal modes of administration that routinely exercise violence while more effectively being misrecognized as such. By extending inquiry to how states develop the administrative capacity to exercise penal power, this analysis makes several contributions to the political sociology of punishment and theories of state-building.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"889 - 918"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47293657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Through the Front Door: Why Do Organizations (Still) Prefer Legacy Applicants? 通过前门：为什么组织（仍然）更喜欢遗产申请人？

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221122889

Emilio J. Castilla, Ethan J. Poskanzer

{"title":"Through the Front Door: Why Do Organizations (Still) Prefer Legacy Applicants?","authors":"Emilio J. Castilla, Ethan J. Poskanzer","doi":"10.1177/00031224221122889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221122889","url":null,"abstract":"When screening candidates, organizations often give preference to certain applicants on the basis of their familial ties. This “legacy preference,” particularly widespread in college admissions, has been criticized for contributing to inequality and class reproduction. Despite this, studies continue to report that legacies are persistently admitted at higher rates than non-legacies. In this article, we develop a theoretical framework of three distinct sense-making strategies at play when decision-makers screen applicants into their organizations—the meritocratic, material, and diversity logics. We then apply this framework to investigate how legacy preferences either support or undermine each organizational logic using comprehensive data on the population of applicants seeking admission into one elite U.S. college. We find strong support for the material logic at the cost of the other two organizational logics: legacies make better alumni after graduation and have wealthier parents who are materially-positioned to be more generous donors than non-legacy parents. Contrary to the meritocratic logic, we find that legacies are neither more qualified applicants nor better students academically. From a diversity standpoint, legacies are less racially diverse than non-legacies. We conclude with a discussion of our study’s implications for understanding the role of family relationships and nepotism in today’s organizational selection processes.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"782 - 826"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43879433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Beyond Money Whitening: Racialized Hierarchies and Socioeconomic Escalators in Mexico 超越金钱白化：墨西哥的种族等级制度和社会经济升级

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221119803

Wendy D. Roth, P. Solís, C. Sue

{"title":"Beyond Money Whitening: Racialized Hierarchies and Socioeconomic Escalators in Mexico","authors":"Wendy D. Roth, P. Solís, C. Sue","doi":"10.1177/00031224221119803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221119803","url":null,"abstract":"A core sociological claim is that race is a social construction; an important illustration of this is how racial classifications are influenced by people’s socioeconomic status. In both Latin America and the United States, someone with higher SES is more likely to be classified as White than others of similar appearance, a pattern epitomized by the expression “money whitens.” However, recent studies of the effect of SES on racial classifications show inconsistent results, sometimes depending on the measures used. We develop a broad theorization of societies as having multiple racialized hierarchies with different socioeconomic escalators potentially bringing people to higher-status locations in each one. Yet racialized hierarchies differ across societies, and some non-White classifications may reflect a process of upward movement while others may not. We assess this process in Mexico using the 2019 Project on Ethnic-Racial Discrimination in Mexico, a nationally-representative survey including highly accurate digital skin-color ratings, perceived skin-color assessments, and ethnoracial classifications by respondents and interviewers. We find that having higher education increases respondents’ self-classification as Mestizo. Yet those with greater wealth are “whitened” by interviewers. Simultaneously, respondents and interviewers “lighten” respondents with greater wealth. We argue that SES can differentially affect mobility in different racialized hierarchies, showing how race is constructed partly by other social constructs like class.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"827 - 859"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49520367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

To Punish, Parent, or Palliate: Governing Urban Poverty through Institutional Failure 惩罚，养育，还是缓和:通过制度失败治理城市贫困

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221116145

A. DiMario

引用次数: 4

Relational Risk: How Relationships Shape Personal Assessments of Risk and Mitigation 关系风险：关系如何影响个人风险评估和缓解

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221112902

A. Ureña

{"title":"Relational Risk: How Relationships Shape Personal Assessments of Risk and Mitigation","authors":"A. Ureña","doi":"10.1177/00031224221112902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221112902","url":null,"abstract":"Objects of risk mitigation are typically viewed as neutral items that limit exposure to an established hazard. However, people may refuse to adopt such tools, even when they feel vulnerable. This article explores how people assess their personal risk and mitigation options by examining PrEP use for HIV prevention. Drawing on semi-structured in-depth interviews with 40 Black and Latino gay, bisexual, and queer men, I argue PrEP uptake is a socially contextualized decision influenced by relational concerns. I develop the concept of relational inoculation, wherein individuals enact a sense of protection against harm through relational work. As individuals consider PrEP, they also contemplate how it may bolster or undermine intimacy they value for reducing interpersonal HIV exposure, as well as dispelling stigmatized notions of riskiness held by their intersecting ethno-racial and sexual minority communities. I develop testable propositions about how respondents’ HIV risk assessments and PrEP use are enmeshed in a societal context of surveillance, in ongoing relations with intimate partners and socially significant others, and in navigation of community belonging within this milieu of risk. This article contributes to sociological research at the nexus of race, sexuality, and health, and offers health policy insight.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"723 - 749"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49462402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Selfish or Substituting Spirituality? Clarifying the Relationship between Spiritual Practice and Political Engagement 自私还是替代精神？厘清精神实践与政治参与的关系

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221108196

J. Kucinskas, Evan Stewart

{"title":"Selfish or Substituting Spirituality? Clarifying the Relationship between Spiritual Practice and Political Engagement","authors":"J. Kucinskas, Evan Stewart","doi":"10.1177/00031224221108196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221108196","url":null,"abstract":"Churches have long been sites of local charity work as well as national political movements. What happens when people engage in more individualistic forms of spirituality, like mindfulness meditation or yoga, rather than participate in religious communities? Might the rise of individualized forms of spirituality lead to a decline in political engagement? Or, among people averse to religion, might spiritual practice operate as a substitute, and potentially contribute to political engagement? Drawing on burgeoning theory of religion and spirituality as socially-situated boundary objects, we use data from the 2020 National Religion and Spirituality Survey to examine the relationship between self-reported spiritual and religious practices and political engagement. First, we investigate whether study participants distinguish spiritual and religious practice as distinct concepts through factor analysis. Next, we use those results to examine the association between these practices and reports of political behavior. We find a consistent, positive relationship between spiritual practice and political engagement of comparable magnitude to that of religious practices. Notably, during an era of heightened political polarization around religious engagement, political progressives, respondents of color, and members of the LGBT community are more likely to report spiritual rather than religious practices. This points us to a theory of spiritual practice as a substitute for religious engagement among groups alienated from religious institutions, with the former capable of fostering similar proclivities for political action as the latter. Our results suggest critiques of a “selfish” spirituality have been overblown.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"584 - 617"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49602139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Femininity Anchors: Heterosexual Relationships and Pregnancy as Sites of Harassment for U.S. Servicewomen 女性气质锚:异性恋关系和怀孕是美国女兵骚扰的场所

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-07-17 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221110535

Stephanie Bonnes

{"title":"Femininity Anchors: Heterosexual Relationships and Pregnancy as Sites of Harassment for U.S. Servicewomen","authors":"Stephanie Bonnes","doi":"10.1177/00031224221110535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221110535","url":null,"abstract":"This article draws on in-depth interviews with 50 U.S. servicewomen to advance sociological understandings of gender, femininity, and harassment. Recognizing that women are targeted with harassment throughout their military careers, I analyze specific episodes of harassment to examine organizational and interactional meanings and the power dynamics embedded in these instances. This article explains why servicemen escalate harassment toward women who are pregnant or who enter heterosexual relationships. In a militarized context that already denigrates femininity, I argue that men impose gendered and sexualized meanings on women’s life-course events to limit women’s organizational inclusion. These events, such as pregnancy and engagement or marriage to a heterosexual partner, serve as “femininity anchors” that tether women to femininity within a hyper-masculine environment. Femininity anchors present serious interactional and individual consequences for women as they attempt to navigate the gendered terrain of the U.S. military. Aside from eliciting moments of elevated sexual and nonsexual harassment, femininity anchors restrict women’s acceptance as real servicemembers and negatively affect their military careers. In highlighting the negative treatment women receive due to femininity anchors, I demonstrate how the specific ways gender is embedded in an organization shapes patterns of harassment and exclusion.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"618 - 643"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43695678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

What’s Next? Artists’ Music after Grammy Awards 下一步是什么？格莱美奖后的艺术家音乐

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221103257

G. Negro, Balázs Kovács, Glenn R Carroll

引用次数: 9

The Agrarian Roots of Divergent Development: A Case Study of Twentieth-Century Brazil 分歧发展的农业根源:以20世纪巴西为例

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221095521

C. Carlson

引用次数: 1

Commitment through Sacrifice: How Longer Ramadan Fasting Strengthens Religiosity and Political Islam 通过牺牲的承诺:更长时间的斋戒如何加强宗教信仰和政治伊斯兰教

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1177/00031224221101204

O. Aksoy, Diego Gambetta

{"title":"Commitment through Sacrifice: How Longer Ramadan Fasting Strengthens Religiosity and Political Islam","authors":"O. Aksoy, Diego Gambetta","doi":"10.1177/00031224221101204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221101204","url":null,"abstract":"Religions seem to defy the law-of-demand, which suggests that all else equal, an increase in the cost of an activity will induce individuals to decrease the resources they spend on that activity. Rather than weakening religious organizations, evidence shows that the sacrifices exacted by religious practices are positively associated with the success of those organizations. We present the first strong evidence that this association is neither spurious nor endogenous. We use a natural experiment that rests on a peculiar time-shifting feature of Ramadan that makes the fasting duration—our measure of sacrifice—vary not just by latitude but from year-to-year. We find that a half-hour increase in fasting time during the median Ramadan day increases the vote shares of Islamist political parties by 11 percent in Turkey’s parliamentary elections between 1973 and 2018, and results in one additional attendee per 1,000 inhabitants for voluntary Quran courses. We further investigate two mechanisms, screening and commitment, that could explain the effects we find. By testing their divergent implications, we infer that commitment is the mechanism triggered by sacrifice, which drives up the intensity of religious beliefs and participation that in turn bolster the success of religious organizations.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"87 1","pages":"555 - 583"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41707924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5