American Sociological Review最新文献_第10页

Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries. 婚姻与男子气概：29 个国家的男性养家文化、失业和分居风险》（Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries）。

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-26 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211012442

Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Markus Gangl

{"title":"Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries.","authors":"Pilar Gonalons-Pons, Markus Gangl","doi":"10.1177/00031224211012442","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00031224211012442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scholars argue that gender culture, understood as a set of beliefs, norms, and social expectations defining masculinities and femininities, plays an important role in shaping when romantic relationships end. However, the relevance of gender culture is often underappreciated, in part because its empirical identification remains elusive. This study leverages cross-country variation in gender norms to test the hypothesis that gender culture conditions which heterosexual romantic relationships end and when. We analyze the extent to which male-breadwinning norms determine the association between men's unemployment and couple separation. Using harmonized household panel data for married and cohabiting heterosexual couples in 29 countries from 2004 to 2014, our results provide robust evidence that male-breadwinner norms are a key driver of the association between men's unemployment and the risk of separation. The magnitude of this mechanism is sizeable; an increase of one standard deviation in male-breadwinner norms increases the odds of separation associated with men's unemployment by 32 percent. Analyses also show that the importance of male-breadwinner norms is strongest among couples for whom the male-breadwinner identity is most salient, namely married couples. By directly measuring and leveraging variation in the key explanatory of interest, gender culture, our study offers novel and robust evidence reinforcing the importance of gender norms to understand when romantic relationships end.</p>","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 3","pages":"465-502"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8211126/pdf/nihms-1711396.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39255325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How Legacies of Geopolitical Trauma Shape Popular Nationalism Today 地缘政治创伤的遗产如何塑造当今流行的民族主义

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-05-22 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211011981

Thomas Soehl, Sakeef M. Karim

{"title":"How Legacies of Geopolitical Trauma Shape Popular Nationalism Today","authors":"Thomas Soehl, Sakeef M. Karim","doi":"10.1177/00031224211011981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211011981","url":null,"abstract":"Geopolitical competition and conflict play a central role in canonical accounts of the emergence of nation-states and national identities. Yet work in this tradition has paid little attention to variation in everyday, popular understandings of nationhood. We propose a macro-historical argument to explain cross-national variation in the types of popular nationalism expressed at the individual level. Our analysis builds on recent advances on the measurement of popular nationalism and a recently introduced geopolitical threat scale (Hiers, Soehl, and Wimmer 2017). With the use of latent class analysis and a series of regression models, we show that a turbulent geopolitical past decreases the prevalence of liberal nationalism (pride in institutions, inclusive boundaries) while increasing the prevalence of restrictive nationalism (less pride in institutions, exclusive boundaries) across 43 countries around the world. Additional analyses suggest the long-term development of institutions is a key mediating variable: states with a less traumatic geopolitical history tend to have more established liberal democratic institutions, which in turn foster liberal forms of popular nationalism.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"406 - 429"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00031224211011981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47376118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Moralizing the Production and Sale of Student Papers in Uganda 乌干达学生论文的制作和销售道德化

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211011466

Margaret Frye, A. Woźny

{"title":"Moralizing the Production and Sale of Student Papers in Uganda","authors":"Margaret Frye, A. Woźny","doi":"10.1177/00031224211011466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211011466","url":null,"abstract":"Sociologists have shown that moral understandings of market exchanges can differ between historical periods and institutional settings, but they have paid less attention to how producers’ moral frameworks vary depending on their unequal positions within both markets and institutions. We use interviews and ethnographic observations to examine the vibrant market of research shops selling academic work to students around two of Uganda’s top universities. We identify three groups of researchers—Knowledge Producers, Entrepreneurs, and Educators—who construct different professional identities and moral justifications of their trade, and who orient their market action accordingly. We demonstrate that these identities and moral frameworks reflect an interplay between the institutional contexts and the social class positions that researchers occupy within this illicit market. Knowledge Producers and Entrepreneurs both experienced a sense of “fit” with their respective institutional cultures, but the former now see their work as compromising ideals of research, whereas the latter capitalize on what they view as a broken system. Educators, disadvantaged at both institutions, articulate a framework countering the dominant institutional cultures and sympathetic to underperforming students. This approach illuminates how institutional contexts and individual class positions within them influence producers’ moral frameworks, leading to differentiation of the market.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"430 - 464"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00031224211011466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48250630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Generalized Generosity: How the Norm of Generalized Reciprocity Bridges Collective Forms of Social Exchange 广义慷慨：广义互惠规范如何桥接社会交换的集体形式

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211007450

Monica M. Whitham

{"title":"Generalized Generosity: How the Norm of Generalized Reciprocity Bridges Collective Forms of Social Exchange","authors":"Monica M. Whitham","doi":"10.1177/00031224211007450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211007450","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the potential for small-scale acts of giving that are not directly reciprocated, or generalized generosities, to build social bonds and promote contributions to the group. Social exchange theorists define such acts as generalized exchange. The potential for generalized exchange to build strong social bonds relative to other forms of exchange is the subject of theoretical debate. In this article, I build on two prominent theories of social exchange—affect theory and the theory of reciprocity—to propose that a strong norm of generalized reciprocity may bridge the connective benefits of generalized exchange with the connective benefits of productive exchange, which is a collaborative form of social exchange that involves sharing pooled resources. I argue that a strong norm of generalized reciprocity will activate mechanisms theorized to build strong social bonds in generalized and productive exchange systems, and will promote additional behavioral investments into the group. I test my argument with a controlled laboratory experiment, finding strong support for the proposed causal model. The results of this study have implications for research on generosity, collective action, collaboration, sense of community, and social capital.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"503 - 531"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00031224211007450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45156316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

The Political Context and Infant Health in the United States 美国的政治背景与婴儿健康

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-04-26 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211000710

Florencia Torche, Tamkinat Rauf

{"title":"The Political Context and Infant Health in the United States","authors":"Florencia Torche, Tamkinat Rauf","doi":"10.1177/00031224211000710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211000710","url":null,"abstract":"Most social determinants of health are shaped by political decisions. However, beyond specific policies, there is limited empirical investigation into the consequences of the changing political context on population health in the United States. We examine a salient political factor—the party of the president and governor—as a determinant of infant health between 1971 and 2018 using a battery of fixed-effects models. We focus on infant health because it has far-reaching implications for future population health and inequality. Our analysis yields three findings: (1) Democratic presidents have a beneficial effect on infant health outcomes, with stronger effects for Black infants compared to White infants. (2) The president’s party effect materializes after two years of a Democratic transition, and remains elevated until the end of the party’s tenure in office. (3) Specific measurable social policies appear to play a minor role in explaining the beneficial effect of Democratic administrations. Our findings suggest the party in power is an important determinant of infant health, particularly among vulnerable populations, and they invite a deeper examination of mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"377 - 405"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00031224211000710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43112623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

The Wealth Inequality of Nations 各国的财富不平等

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-04-16 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211027800

Fabian T. Pfeffer, Nora Waitkus

{"title":"The Wealth Inequality of Nations","authors":"Fabian T. Pfeffer, Nora Waitkus","doi":"10.1177/00031224211027800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211027800","url":null,"abstract":"Comparative research on income inequality has produced several frameworks to study the institutional determinants of income stratification. In contrast, no such framework and much less empirical evidence exist to explain cross-national differences in wealth inequality. This situation is particularly lamentable as cross-national patterns of inequality in wealth diverge sharply from those in income. We seek to pave the way for new explanations of cross-national differences in wealth inequality by tracing them to the influence of different wealth components. Drawing on the literatures on financialization and housing, we argue that housing equity should be the central building block of the comparative analysis of wealth inequality. Using harmonized data on 15 countries included in the Luxembourg Wealth Study (LWS), we demonstrate a lack of association between national levels of income and wealth inequality and concentration. Using decomposition approaches, we then estimate the degree to which national levels of wealth inequality and concentration relate to cross-national differences in wealth portfolios and the distribution of specific asset components. Considering the role of housing equity, financial assets, non-housing real assets, and non-housing debt, we show that cross-national variation in wealth inequality and concentration is centrally determined by the distribution of housing equity.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"567 - 602"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00031224211027800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47122613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 80

Life Support: The Problems of Working for a Living 生命支持:为生活而工作的问题

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0003122421997063

Christine L. Williams

引用次数: 8

Translating Expertise across Work Contexts: U.S. Puppeteers Move from Stage to Screen 跨工作环境翻译专业知识：美国木偶演员从舞台走向银幕

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0003122420987199

Michel Anteby, Audrey L. Holm

{"title":"Translating Expertise across Work Contexts: U.S. Puppeteers Move from Stage to Screen","authors":"Michel Anteby, Audrey L. Holm","doi":"10.1177/0003122420987199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420987199","url":null,"abstract":"Expertise is a key currency in today’s knowledge economy. Yet as experts increasingly move across work contexts, how expertise translates across contexts is less well understood. Here, we examine how a shift in context—which reorders the relative attention experts pay to distinct types of audiences—redefines what it means to be an expert. Our study’s setting is an established expertise in the creative industry: puppet manipulation. Through an examination of U.S. puppeteers’ move from stage to screen (i.e., film and television), we show that, although the two settings call on mostly similar techniques, puppeteers on stage ground their claims to expertise in a dialogue with spectators and view expertise as achieving believability; by contrast, puppeteers on screen invoke the need to deliver on cue when dealing with producers, directors, and co-workers and view expertise as achieving task mastery. When moving between stage and screen, puppeteers therefore prioritize the needs of certain audiences over others’ and gradually reshape their own views of expertise. Our findings embed the nature of expertise in experts’ ordering of types of audiences to attend to and provide insights for explaining how expertise can shift and become co-opted by workplaces.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"310 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0003122420987199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47135524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Trajectory Guarding: Managing Unwanted, Ambiguously Sexual Interactions at Work 轨迹保护:管理工作中不受欢迎的、模棱两可的性互动

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0003122421993809

C. Hart

{"title":"Trajectory Guarding: Managing Unwanted, Ambiguously Sexual Interactions at Work","authors":"C. Hart","doi":"10.1177/0003122421993809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122421993809","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual interactions often involve implicit, ambiguous behavior, yet research on unwanted sexual interactions in the workplace largely focuses on interactions that are explicitly sexual. Drawing on 84 interviews with tech industry workers, I show that unwanted, ambiguously sexual interactions are relatively commonplace in their workplaces. Ambiguously sexual interactions can take multiple interactional trajectories, but one possibility is that they will lead toward explicit sexual harassment. When interviewees worry that an ambiguously sexual interaction might veer into sexual harassment, they engage in what I term trajectory guarding, in which they carefully monitor and guide interactions in an attempt to avoid opportunities for harassment to crop up. Interviewees described trajectory guarding as labor-intensive and potentially detrimental to their careers. Because women tended to be most wary of sexual harassment, they disproportionately engaged in trajectory guarding and risked the possible costs of doing so. I focus on the case of trajectory guarding against ambiguously sexual interactions, but I suggest that trajectory guarding is a more general strategy used by marginalized people seeking to avoid potential mistreatment.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"256 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0003122421993809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48623356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

When Religion Hurts: Structural Sexism and Health in Religious Congregations 当宗教伤害:宗教集会中的结构性性别歧视与健康

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0003122421996686

Patricia A Homan, Amy M. Burdette

{"title":"When Religion Hurts: Structural Sexism and Health in Religious Congregations","authors":"Patricia A Homan, Amy M. Burdette","doi":"10.1177/0003122421996686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122421996686","url":null,"abstract":"An emerging line of research has begun to document the relationship between structural sexism and health. This work shows that structural sexism—defined as systematic gender inequality in power and resources—within U.S. state-level institutions and within marriages can shape individuals’ physical health. In the present study, we use a novel dataset created by linking two nationally representative surveys (the General Social Survey and the National Congregations Study) to explore the health consequences of structural sexism within another setting: religious institutions. Although religious participation is generally associated with positive health outcomes, many religious institutions create and reinforce a high degree of structural sexism, which is harmful for health. Prior research has not reconciled these seemingly conflicting patterns. We find that among religious participants, women who attend sexist religious institutions report significantly worse self-rated health than do those who attend more inclusive congregations. Furthermore, only women who attend inclusive religious institutions exhibit a health advantage relative to non-participants. We observe marginal to no statistically significant effects among men. Our results suggest the health benefits of religious participation do not extend to groups that are systematically excluded from power and status within their religious institutions.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"234 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0003122421996686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48614333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14