American Sociological Review最新文献_第10页

Associative Diffusion and the Pitfalls of Structural Reductionism 联想扩散和结构还原论的陷阱

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-11-19 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211057150

Amir Goldberg

引用次数: 0

Does Schooling Decrease Socioeconomic Inequality in Early Achievement? A Differential Exposure Approach 学校教育能减少早期成就的社会经济不平等吗?差分曝光法

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211049188

Giampiero Passaretta, J. Skopek

{"title":"Does Schooling Decrease Socioeconomic Inequality in Early Achievement? A Differential Exposure Approach","authors":"Giampiero Passaretta, J. Skopek","doi":"10.1177/00031224211049188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211049188","url":null,"abstract":"Does schooling affect socioeconomic inequality in educational achievement? Earlier studies based on seasonal comparisons suggest schooling can equalize social gaps in learning. Yet recent replication studies have given rise to skepticism about the validity of older findings. We shed new light on the debate by estimating the causal effect of 1st-grade schooling on achievement inequality by socioeconomic family background in Germany. We elaborate a differential exposure approach that estimates the effect of exposure to 1st-grade schooling by exploiting (conditionally) random variation in test dates and birth dates for children who entered school on the same calendar day. We use recent data from the German NEPS to test school-exposure effects for a series of learning domains. Findings clearly indicate that 1st-grade schooling increases children’s learning in all domains. However, we do not find any evidence that these schooling effects differ by children’s socioeconomic background. We conclude that, although all children gain from schooling, schooling has no consequences for social inequality in learning. We discuss the relevance of our findings for sociological knowledge on the role of schooling in the process of stratification and highlight how our approach complements seasonal comparison studies.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41467752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Relative to Whom? Comment on “Relative Education and the Advantage of a College Degree” 相对于谁？评“相对教育与大学学历优势”

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211042326

Jane Furey

{"title":"Relative to Whom? Comment on “Relative Education and the Advantage of a College Degree”","authors":"Jane Furey","doi":"10.1177/00031224211042326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211042326","url":null,"abstract":"To understand the relative advantage of a bachelor’s degree, we must consider the question: relative to whom? Using the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Horowitz (2018) argues that educational expansion between 1971 and 2010 decreased college graduates’ skill usage and eroded their advantages relative to individuals without a postsecondary degree. However, the comparison group—individuals without a postsecondary degree—is inconsistently defined over time due to a change to the CPS in 1992; this group also includes individuals without a high school degree, high school graduates, and people with some college but no degree—three groups that have heterogeneous labor market experiences. I replicate Horowitz’s analysis and repeat it using two alternative education categorization schemes that address these limitations. I show that college graduates’ absolute and relative advantages in skill usage depend substantially on how we measure education. Notably, I find that college graduates maintain persistent relative advantages in skill usage when compared to high school graduates and individuals with some college, even as education expands. Although no classification system perfectly accounts for the full variation of the population, my findings demonstrate that researchers must carefully define key variables and comparison groups, especially when considering relative effects.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"1000 - 1010"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45883096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Racial Discrimination in Housing: How Landlords Use Algorithms and Home Visits to Screen Tenants 住房中的种族歧视:房东如何使用算法和家访来筛选租户

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211029618

Eva Rosen, Philip M. E. Garboden, Jennifer E. Cossyleon

{"title":"Racial Discrimination in Housing: How Landlords Use Algorithms and Home Visits to Screen Tenants","authors":"Eva Rosen, Philip M. E. Garboden, Jennifer E. Cossyleon","doi":"10.1177/00031224211029618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211029618","url":null,"abstract":"An extensive literature documents racial discrimination in housing, focusing on its prevalence and effect on non-White populations. This article studies how such discrimination operates, and the intermediaries who engage in it: landlords. A fundamental assumption of racial discrimination research is that gatekeepers such as landlords are confronted with a racially heterogeneous applicant pool. The reality of urban housing markets, however, is that historical patterns of residential segregation intersect with other structural barriers to drive selection into the applicant pool, such that landlords are more often selecting between same-race applicants. Using interviews and observations with 157 landlords in four cities, we ask: how do landlords construct their tenants’ race within racially segmented housing markets, and how does this factor into their screening processes? We find that landlords distinguish between tenants based on the degree to which their behavior conforms to insidious cultural narratives at the intersection of race, gender, and class. Landlords with large portfolios rely on screening algorithms, whereas mom-and-pop landlords make decisions based on informal mechanisms such as “gut feelings,” home visits, and the presentation of children. Landlords may put aside certain racial prejudices when they have the right financial incentives, but only when the tenant also defies stereotypes. In this way, landlords’ intersectional construction of race—even within a predominantly Black or Latino tenant pool—limits residential options for low-income, subsidized tenants of color, burdening their search process. These findings have implications for how we understand racial discrimination within racially homogenous social spheres. Examining landlords’ screening practices offers insight into the role housing plays in how racism continues to shape life outcomes—both explicitly through overt racial bias, and increasingly more covertly, through algorithmic automation and digital technologies.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"787 - 822"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44758748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41

College and the "Culture War": Assessing Higher Education's Influence on Moral Attitudes. 大学与 "文化战争"：评估高等教育对道德态度的影响》。

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-18 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211041094

Miloš Broćić, Andrew Miles

引用次数: 0

Next Steps for the Relative Education Hypothesis 相对教育假说的下一步

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211042329

Jonathan Horowitz

引用次数: 1

What’s in an Occupation? Investigating Within-Occupation Variation and Gender Segregation Using Job Titles and Task Descriptions 什么是职业？利用职务和任务描述调查职业差异和性别隔离

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-09-19 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211042053

Ananda Martin-Caughey

{"title":"What’s in an Occupation? Investigating Within-Occupation Variation and Gender Segregation Using Job Titles and Task Descriptions","authors":"Ananda Martin-Caughey","doi":"10.1177/00031224211042053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211042053","url":null,"abstract":"Occupations have long been central to the study of inequality and mobility. However, the occupational categories typical in most U.S. survey data conceal potentially important patterns within occupations. This project uses a novel data source that has not previously been released for analysis: the verbatim text responses provided by respondents to the General Social Survey from 1972 to 2018 when asked about their occupation. These text data allow for an investigation of variation within occupations, in terms of job titles and task descriptions, and the occupation-level factors associated with this variation. I construct an index of occupational similarity based on the average pairwise cosine similarity between job titles and between task descriptions within occupations. Findings indicate substantial variation in the level of similarity across occupations. Occupational prestige, education, and income are associated with less heterogeneity in terms of job titles but slightly more heterogeneity in terms of task descriptions. Gender diversity is associated with more internal heterogeneity in terms of both job titles and task descriptions. In addition, I use the case of gender segregation to demonstrate how occupational categories can conceal the depth and form of stratification.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"960 - 999"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48317684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Categorical Distinctions and Claims-Making: Opportunity, Agency, and Returns from Wage Negotiations 分类差异与索赔：机会、代理和工资谈判的回报

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211038507

C. Sauer, P. Valet, Safi Shams, Donald Tomaskovic-Devey

{"title":"Categorical Distinctions and Claims-Making: Opportunity, Agency, and Returns from Wage Negotiations","authors":"C. Sauer, P. Valet, Safi Shams, Donald Tomaskovic-Devey","doi":"10.1177/00031224211038507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211038507","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we examine wage negotiations as a specific instance of claims-making, predicting that the capacity to make a claim is first a function of the position, rather than the person, and that lower-status actors—women, migrants, fixed-term, part-time, and unskilled workers—are all more likely to be in positions where negotiation is not possible. At the same time, subordinate-status actors may be less likely to make claims even where negotiation is possible, and when they do make wage claims they may receive lower or no returns to negotiation. Analyses of wage negotiations by more than 2,400 German employees largely confirm these theoretical expectations, although the patterns of opportunity, agency, and economic returns vary by categorical status. All low-status actors are more likely to be in jobs where negotiation is not possible. Women, people in lower-class jobs, and people with temporary contracts are less likely to negotiate even when given the opportunity. Regarding returns, agency in wage claims does not seem to improve the wages of women, migrants, or working-class individuals. The advice to “lean-in” will not substantially lower wage inequalities for everyone, although men who lean in do benefit relative to men who do not.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"934 - 959"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47052244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Discipline and Empower: The State Governance of Migrant Domestic Workers 规训与赋权:移徙家庭佣工的国家治理

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211032906

R. Parreñas

引用次数: 15

The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 through 2018 种族和性别态度的交集，1977年至2018年

IF 9.1 1区社会学

American Sociological Review Pub Date : 2021-08-16 DOI: 10.1177/00031224211033582

William J. Scarborough, Joanna R. Pepin, Danny L. Lambouths, Ronald Kwon, Ronaldo Monasterio

{"title":"The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 through 2018","authors":"William J. Scarborough, Joanna R. Pepin, Danny L. Lambouths, Ronald Kwon, Ronaldo Monasterio","doi":"10.1177/00031224211033582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211033582","url":null,"abstract":"Intersectionality scholars have long identified dynamic configurations of race and gender ideologies. Yet, survey research on racial and gender attitudes tends to treat these components as independent. We apply latent class analysis to a set of racial and gender attitude items from the General Social Survey (1977 to 2018) to identify four configurations of individuals’ simultaneous views on race and gender. Two of these configurations hold unified progressive or regressive racial and gender attitudes. The other two formations have discordant racial and gender attitudes, where progressive views on one aspect combine with regressive views on the other. In the majority of survey years, the most commonly held configuration endorsed gender equality but espoused new racialist views that attributed racial disparities to cultural deficiencies. This perspective has become increasingly common since 1977 and is most prevalent among White women and White men, likely due to racial-group interest. Black women and Black men, in contrast, are more likely to embrace progressive racial and gender attitudes. We argue that White men’s gender egalitarianism may be rooted in self-interest, aimed at acquiring resources through intimate relationships. In contrast, Black men adopt progressive racial and gender attitudes to form a necessary coalition with Black women to challenge racism.","PeriodicalId":48461,"journal":{"name":"American Sociological Review","volume":"86 1","pages":"823 - 855"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49253303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12