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The Real Possibility of Physical Killing: A Feminist Critique of Carl Schmitt 肉体杀戮的真实可能性:卡尔·施密特的女权主义批判
IF 4.2 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12803
Robyn Marasco
{"title":"The Real Possibility of Physical Killing: A Feminist Critique of Carl Schmitt","authors":"Robyn Marasco","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12803","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12803","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article offers a feminist critique of Carl Schmitt, with a particular focus on <i>Political Theology</i> and <i>The Concept of the Political</i>. It addresses a pathos of masculinity that pervades Schmitt's rhetoric and helps to explain the hold that his ideas have on so many thinkers across the political spectrum. It argues as well for the surprising insights that feminists can draw from Schmitt's abstract political concepts. In decentering the infamous friend—enemy distinction and developing instead the existentialist claim about “the real possibility of physical killing,” we can see Schmitt's pathos more clearly, but we can also theorize the political in ways that Schmitt could not. Schmittian existentialism permits us to see the family as a primary political institution, sex and gender as forms of political power, and femicide as a real political problem. This article concludes with a discussion of Andrea Dworkin, in some ways more Schmittian than Schmitt himself, who pursues this principle of political existentialism—“the real possibility of physical killing”—in a radically feminist direction.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"67 4","pages":"1067-1079"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49067410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effect of Sustained Transparency on Electoral Accountability 持续透明度对选举问责制的影响
IF 5 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12787
Guy Grossman, Kristin Michelitch, Carlo Prato
{"title":"The Effect of Sustained Transparency on Electoral Accountability","authors":"Guy Grossman,&nbsp;Kristin Michelitch,&nbsp;Carlo Prato","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12787","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12787","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transparency is expected to strengthen electoral accountability. Yet, initiatives disseminating politician performance information directly prior to elections have reported mixed results. We argue that to be effective, transparency needs to be sustained: The dissemination of politician performance information needs to occur early, regularly, and predictably throughout the term. Using a formal model of electoral accountability under nonprogrammatic and uneven party competition, we study how sustained transparency affects a string of decisions by various actors in advance of elections: incumbents' running choices, parties' nomination strategies, and potential challengers' entry decisions. We show how these effects shape the candidate slate and ultimately electoral outcomes, conditional on incumbent performance and the incumbent party's relative strength. We test our theory using a field experiment involving 354 subnational constituencies in Uganda, and find robust support for the idea that sustained transparency can improve electoral accountability even in weakly institutionalized electoral settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 3","pages":"1022-1040"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49604506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
(The Impossibility of) Deliberation-Consistent Social Choice （不可能）深思熟虑——一致的社会选择
IF 5 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12792
Tsuyoshi Adachi, Hun Chung, Takashi Kurihara
{"title":"(The Impossibility of) Deliberation-Consistent Social Choice","authors":"Tsuyoshi Adachi,&nbsp;Hun Chung,&nbsp;Takashi Kurihara","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12792","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12792","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is now a growing consensus among democratic theorists that we should incorporate both “democratic deliberation” and “aggregative voting” into our democratic processes. But how should the two democratic mechanisms of deliberation and voting interact? In this article, we introduce a new axiom, which we call “Nonnegative Response toward Successful Deliberation” (NNRD). The basic idea is that if some individuals change their preferences toward other individuals’ preferences through democratic deliberation, then the social choice rule should not make everybody who has successfully persuaded others through reasoned deliberation worse off than what they would have achieved without deliberation. We prove an impossibility theorem that shows that there exists no aggregation rule that can simultaneously satisfy NNRD along with other mild axioms that reflect deliberative democracy's core commitment to unanimous consensus and political equality. We offer potential escape routes; however, each escape route can succeed only by compromising some core value of deliberative democracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 3","pages":"1075-1088"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajps.12792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42858646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Institutional Quality Causes Generalized Trust: Experimental Evidence on Trusting under the Shadow of Doubt 制度质量导致普遍信任:怀疑阴影下信任的实验证据
IF 5 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-04-30 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12780
Andrea F.M. Martinangeli, Marina Povitkina, Sverker Jagers, Bo Rothstein
{"title":"Institutional Quality Causes Generalized Trust: Experimental Evidence on Trusting under the Shadow of Doubt","authors":"Andrea F.M. Martinangeli,&nbsp;Marina Povitkina,&nbsp;Sverker Jagers,&nbsp;Bo Rothstein","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12780","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12780","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Generalized trust is essential for collective action, which is at the heart of many societal problems. Institutional quality has been proposed as a driver of generalized trust, but while the correlation between the two is strong and robust, the evidence on the causal link is scant. We show that this relationship is causal. We first experimentally expose individuals to institutions of different quality, operationalized as their ability to prevent corrupt behavior. We then measure generalized trust using a trust game. The results show that institutional quality drives generalized trust and that this effect is generated by the mere doubt that corrupt behaviors might succeed, even without knowledge of occurrence or success of such behaviors. Cross-country comparisons with novel data support our results. Our contributions are the first causal experimental evidence on the link between institutional quality and trust and a novel experimental design for modeling institutional quality in laboratory settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 3","pages":"972-987"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajps.12780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43505443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethnonationalist Gender Norms: How Parties Shape Voter Attitudes toward Female Candidates in India 非民族主义性别规范：政党如何塑造印度选民对女性候选人的态度
IF 5 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12788
Anjali Thomas, Sayan Banerjee, Charles Hankla, Arindam Banerjee
{"title":"Ethnonationalist Gender Norms: How Parties Shape Voter Attitudes toward Female Candidates in India","authors":"Anjali Thomas,&nbsp;Sayan Banerjee,&nbsp;Charles Hankla,&nbsp;Arindam Banerjee","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12788","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12788","url":null,"abstract":"<p>How do parties in multiethnic societies shape voter attitudes toward female candidates? We address this question, focusing on parties with ideologies that contain ethnonationalist gender norms—patriarchal norms applied to women from an ethnonationalist party's core ethnic constituency. We argue that, while these norms appeal to an ethnonationalist party's base, they also provide informational cues to the party's “non-core” voters that undermine their support for the party's “core” female candidates. Evidence from an original conjoint survey experiment in the Indian state of Bihar supports our argument; upper-caste female candidates suffer a support penalty when they are affiliated with the national ruling party, whose ideology prescribes ethnonationalist gender norms targeting its core Hindu upper-caste constituency. This penalty, we show, is driven by the party's non-core voters. Our results, which we further bolster using real-world electoral data, illuminate when and how ethnonationalist gender norms disadvantage elite female candidates.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 3","pages":"1057-1074"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49596960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Detecting and Deterring Information Search in Online Surveys 在线调查中信息搜索的检测与阻止
IF 5 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12786
Matthew H. Graham
{"title":"Detecting and Deterring Information Search in Online Surveys","authors":"Matthew H. Graham","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12786","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12786","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article introduces a framework for evaluating methods of combatting information search in online surveys. Three empirical studies based on the framework suggest that search is a serious but manageable problem. Search frequency varies substantially according to question content, ranging from 2% to 30% in batteries of general political knowledge questions. Deterrence works: a pledge not to cheat reduces search by half. Detection also works: web browser paradata identify 70% to 85% of search, while 60% to 85% of search on knowledge questions is undertaken by respondents who correctly answer “catch” questions about obscure Supreme Court cases. Detection and deterrence are complementary: deterrence reduces search <i>ex ante</i>, while detection quantifies success and provides <i>ex post</i> options for dealing with undeterred search. In combination, the three methods tested (pledge, paradata, and catch) deter or detect more than 90% of search, leaving search to affect about 0.5% of the remaining observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 4","pages":"1315-1334"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46183531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Aid, Attitudes, and Insurgency: Evidence from Development Projects in Northern Afghanistan 援助、态度和叛乱:来自阿富汗北部发展项目的证据
IF 5 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12778
Renard Sexton, Christoph Zürcher
{"title":"Aid, Attitudes, and Insurgency: Evidence from Development Projects in Northern Afghanistan","authors":"Renard Sexton,&nbsp;Christoph Zürcher","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12778","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12778","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Prevalent counterinsurgency theories posit that small development aid projects can help stabilize regions in conflict. A widely assumed mechanism runs through citizen attitudes, often called “winning hearts and minds,” where aid brings economic benefits and sways public perceptions, leading to more cooperation and, eventually, less violence. Following a preregistered research design, we test this claim using difference-in-differences, leveraging original survey data, and new geocoded information about infrastructure projects in northern Afghanistan. We find that aid improves perceived economic conditions but erodes attitudes toward government and improves perceptions of insurgents. These attitudinal effects do not translate into changes in violence or territorial control. Testing mechanisms, we find projects with robust local consultation have fewer negative attitudinal effects, as do health and education projects. These findings challenge the “hearts and minds” theory but complement the wider literature on legitimacy, suggesting that foreign aid can improve human development but rarely meaningfully brings political stabilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 3","pages":"1168-1182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46070419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
No Entry in a Pandemic: Public Support for Border Closures 疫情期间禁止入境：公众支持关闭边境
IF 4.2 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12790
Yoshiharu Kobayashi, Menevis Cilizoglu, Tobias Heinrich, William Christiansen
{"title":"No Entry in a Pandemic: Public Support for Border Closures","authors":"Yoshiharu Kobayashi,&nbsp;Menevis Cilizoglu,&nbsp;Tobias Heinrich,&nbsp;William Christiansen","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12790","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12790","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Effective response to and rapid and reliable detection of infectious disease outbreaks require successful coordination of countries’ border policies early on. As threats from diseases are highly salient to the public, researchers agree that a better understanding of domestic politics is crucial. This article investigates a key piece of this question: public demands for border closures. Our experiments in the United Kingdom and the United States show that a greater pandemic threat mildly increases support for border closures, but the World Health Organization's (WHO) guidance against border closures and reminders about international legal obligations to follow the guidance substantially weaken support for border closures. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries flouted WHO's recommendations and restricted their borders. Examining media attention suggests people's lack of knowledge of the WHO guidance as a crucial reason for those border closures. Our study produces insights into the design of effective global health governance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 2","pages":"372-389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajps.12790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44100289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Border Anxiety in International Discourse 国际话语中的边界焦虑
IF 4.2 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12791
Beth A. Simmons, Robert Shaffer
{"title":"Border Anxiety in International Discourse","authors":"Beth A. Simmons,&nbsp;Robert Shaffer","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12791","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12791","url":null,"abstract":"<p>International borders have become a growing security concern in many parts of the world. Porous borders have raised concerns about a host of external threats—real and imagined—that in turn potentially inform policy decisions about border security. We examine global official discourse and show that border discourse has become more frequent, localized, non-state-centric, and negative over time. However, negative rhetoric is not convincingly linked with objective measures of globalization is only partially explained by political violence between and within states, and influences border-hardening policies. This raises the possibility that the border fortification trend noted in the international relations literature has not only a material basis but is also fueled by negative emotive rhetoric that may be deployed strategically for domestic purposes. We call for a research agenda that incorporates border discourse more centrally into international and comparative politics.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 2","pages":"661-677"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48351581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Costly Commitment: Populism, Economic Performance, and the Quality of Bureaucracy 代价高昂的承诺:民粹主义、经济表现和官僚作风的质量
IF 4.2 1区 社会学
American Journal of Political Science Pub Date : 2023-04-02 DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12782
Luca Bellodi, Massimo Morelli, Matia Vannoni
{"title":"A Costly Commitment: Populism, Economic Performance, and the Quality of Bureaucracy","authors":"Luca Bellodi,&nbsp;Massimo Morelli,&nbsp;Matia Vannoni","doi":"10.1111/ajps.12782","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ajps.12782","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We study the consequences of populism for economic performance and the quality of bureaucracy. When voters lose trust in representative democracy, populists strategically supply unconditional policy commitments that are easier to monitor for voters. When in power, populists try to implement their policy commitments regardless of financial constraints and expert assessment of the feasibility of their policies, worsening government economic performance and dismantling resistance from expert bureaucrats. With novel data on more than 8,000 Italian municipalities covering more than 20 years, we estimate the effect of electing a populist mayor with a close-election regression discontinuity design. We find that the election of a populist mayor leads to smaller repayments of debts, a larger share of procurement contracts with cost overruns, higher turnover among top bureaucrats—driven by forced rather than voluntary departures—and a sharp decrease in the percentage of postgraduate bureaucrats.</p>","PeriodicalId":48447,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Political Science","volume":"68 1","pages":"193-209"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajps.12782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42727231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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