Sex Roles最新文献

{"title":"Inequality Within the Family: A Comparative Analysis of Gendered Working Time Preferences Among Dual-Earner Couples","authors":"Ronit Waismel-Manor, Asaf Levanon","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01481-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01481-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The preference for reduced work hours is well-known to be associated with various social ramifications, but research on the determinants of workers’ preference is generally limited to investigating individual and job characteristics. Building on the paradigm of the social construction of gender, the life-course perspective, and scholarship on welfare policy, we examine the relationships between heterosexual dual-earner couples’ work hour arrangements and men’s and women’s own preferences for reduced work hours, as well as their desire for their spouses’ reduced work hours in 19 countries. This study contributes to the literature on gendered work hour preferences by theorizing and analyzing two gendered family-centered contexts: couples' adaptive strategies and work-family policy regimes as two main theoretical frameworks. Thus, our approach allows examining which couple-level strategies and policies can combat hours’ mismatch, given the gendered structure of work opportunities and gender norms. Second, we offer the first examination of the role that defamilization policies play in shaping preferences for reduced hours at the couple level. Using the 2010 European Social Survey, this study documents a pervasive preference for reduced work hours for men and women in dual-earner couples. Multilevel models indicate that, regardless of dual-earner couples’ work hour arrangements, individuals generally report preferences for working hours for themselves and their spouses that conform to a modified male breadwinner-female homemaker model. Moreover, individuals in dual-earner couples in countries with less developed work-family policies feel more pressed for time.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141183014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sisters in Arms: Lowering Rape Myth Acceptance in a Hypermasculine Environment","authors":"Lynne Chandler Garcia, Stacy Ulbig, Kimberly Dickman","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01479-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01479-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While scholars have extensively studied rape myth acceptance, less is known about these myths within hypermasculine environments and among women within these environments. One hypermasculine environment in which rape myth acceptance remains understudied is the United States Air Force Academy, which is characterized by the hypermasculinity that is often found in military environments and is an academic institution prone to high levels of sexual assault like most college campuses. Indeed, a top priority at the Air Force Academy is lowering sexual assault rates. This paper analyzes the hypermasculine environment found at the Air Force Academy and examines rape myth acceptance among female cadets. Specifically, this study investigates the impact of the Enhanced Access, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) Sexual Assault Resistance training program in reducing acceptance of rape myths by female cadets. Using survey data from the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale and the Perceived Causes of Rape Scale, we find that the program was effective in reducing rape myth adherence overall, which is consistent with other studies measuring the effectiveness of the EAAA program. Further, a more granular examination of the surveys revealed changes to specific rape myth beliefs within the unique context of the military academy’s hypermasculine environment. Implications for sexual assault prevention programs in hypermasculine environments such as military settings are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141177624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Same Place, Different Worlds: An Emergent Fit Analysis of the Experiences of Iranian Trans Women and Trans Men","authors":"Mahsa Yaghoubirad, Parviz Azadfallah, Catherine Ann Cameron","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01454-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01454-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Iran's cultural, social, and historical characteristics contribute to different experiences for Iranian trans women and trans men compared with their peers in other countries where gender diversity and trans rights are acknowledged. We conducted an emergent fit analysis based on past grounded theory studies of Iranian trans women's and men's identity development to explore and compare the diverse gender developmental milestones of these groups and the underlying causes and mechanisms associated with any observed differences. In this study, emergent fit analysis revealed that trans women's and trans men's experiences are comparable across several general categories, but markedly diverge in many specific emergent details, including different child-parent relationships, school years experiences, peer and romantic relationships, social policy implications, gender taboos during different developmental stages, their experiences after transition/surgery, and legal and social status. Policymakers, academics, clinical associates, and medical professionals not specifically trained in working with gender-diverse populations and those who may not be familiar with Iran’s cultural context can use these findings to enhance their professional knowledge and, as a result, implement policies and practices that acknowledge and support the diverse gendered experiences of trans people.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141177542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gendering Narcissism: Different Roots and Different Routes to Intimate Partner Violence","authors":"Ava Green, Claire M. Hart, Nicholas Day, Rory MacLean, Kathy Charles","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01471-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01471-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research has only recently begun to explore narcissism in women using gender-inclusive assessments that move beyond traditional male-centric frameworks associated with grandiosity. Such work indicates gender differences in the onset and expression of narcissism, and risk factors of partner violence perpetration. The pathways to offending in narcissism may therefore be gendered but have yet to be tested. In this study, we investigated the mediating role of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in the association between childhood exposure to maltreatment and later partner violence perpetration in adulthood, and the moderating role of gender in these associations. Participants (<i>N</i> = 328) completed scales of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, perceived parenting styles, and physical/sexual and psychological abuse perpetration. Results indicated gender differences in grandiose (men higher) and vulnerable (women higher) narcissism. Retrospective reports of having mothers who were caring was negatively related to grandiose narcissism for men and vulnerable narcissism for women. Father overprotectiveness was positively related to grandiose narcissism in men. Self-reported vulnerable narcissism was related to greater perpetration of physical/sexual and psychological IPV in women, whereas grandiose narcissism was associated with greater perpetration of psychological IPV in men. For women, but not men, mother care was associated with reduced psychological IPV via lower vulnerable narcissism levels. These findings inform gendered risk markers of narcissism and perpetration of violence for intervention efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trans Across Generations: Shifts in Narratives of Gender, Transphobic Violence, and Community Support","authors":"Yalda Farokhi, Vanessa Mendoza, Ella Ben Hagai, Em Sanders, Tamar Antin, Paulina Ortega","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01476-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01476-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increased visibility, legal protections, and the affirmative paradigm of care have changed the living conditions of transgender people in liberal areas in the United States. Grounding our investigation in an intersectional framework (Ben Hagai et al., 2020), we ask how transgender people of different generations describe their gender identity, experience of oppression, and engage with community support. An in-depth analysis of 28 interviews with racially diverse, predominantly low-income, transgender participants living in the San Francisco Bay Area indicates a shifting understanding of trans identity across generations. Transgender participants who are part of the Baby Boomer generation described their gender as a journey that begins with gender dissonance and ends with an expression of one’s true gendered self. The participants of the Millennial generation used a narrative in which their gender was a space to be explored without a particular desired endpoint. Participants of both generations reported transphobic abuse, but those of the older generation experienced more violence and felt less agency combating family abuse; older participants tended to engage with the LGBTQ + community more than younger participants who relied on peer support. These findings can assist therapists, doctors, and educators in better serving trans people by providing inclusive care that affirms different ways of being trans across generational cohorts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141159412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Wars and TERF Wars: The Divisiveness of Who is Included in Feminism","authors":"Thekla Morgenroth, Teri A. Kirby, Miriam K. Zehnter, Michelle K. Ryan","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01473-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01473-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An increasing number of people identify as feminists, but there is disagreement about whom and what feminism should be fighting for. Using a multi-method approach, across three studies (total <i>N</i> = 3,387), we examine (1) disagreements in today’s feminist movement and how these disagreements come together to form different ideological groups as well as (2) psychological variables associated with different feminist beliefs and ideologies. In doing so we establish a nuanced picture of contemporary feminism in the UK and the US. Study 1 used open-response data to identify topics on which today’s feminists disagree. Study 2 used exploratory factor analyses to examine how views on these topics hang together, resulting in eight feminist beliefs scales. Finally, Study 3 used cluster analysis to determine what ideological groups of feminists exist in quasi-representative samples from the US and the UK and explored the associations of these beliefs with relevant psychological constructs. Transgender issues, sex work, and the importance of marginalized perspectives were the most polarizing issues across studies, highlighting that feminists are more divided on the issue of <i>who</i> feminism should fight for, than <i>what</i> feminism should fight for. These studies show the heterogeneity of feminist ideologies and the continued barriers to a truly inclusive and intersectional feminist movement.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141156644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mean Girls in Disguise? Associations Between Vulnerable Narcissism and Perpetration of Bullying Among Women","authors":"Ava Green, Claire M. Hart","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01477-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01477-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The literature on bullying perpetration is underpinned by gendered undertones, commonly portraying men as bullies given men’s greater tendency to exhibit stereotypically masculine and overtly grandiose features of narcissism. Due to the lack of gender-sensitive inventories employed, the association between narcissism and bullying perpetration among women remains understudied. Using an all-women sample (<i>N</i> = 314), the current study explored grandiose narcissism (overtly immodest and domineering) <i>and</i> vulnerable narcissism (hypersensitive and neurotic), the latter being more prevalent among women, in relation to bullying peers. Correlation analyses showed that vulnerable narcissism was positively associated with verbal, physical, and indirect bullying. At the subscale level, contingent self-esteem, devaluing, and entitlement rage were positively associated with all three types of bullying. Grandiose narcissism was positively associated with physical and verbal bullying, as was grandiose fantasy at the subscale level, and exploitativeness was positively associated with all three types of bullying. When grandiose and vulnerable narcissism were simultaneously entered into a regression model, only vulnerable narcissism emerged as a positive predictor of physical and verbal bullying. At the subscale level, devaluing positively predicted verbal and indirect bullying, whereas hiding the self negatively predicted indirect bullying. Expressions of vulnerable narcissism, more so than grandiose narcissism, may be relevant for bullying perpetration among women. Implications for anti-bullying interventions are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141156669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relating Profiles of Ethnocultural Gender Roles to Mental Health and Help-Seeking Attitudes among Latina Women","authors":"Martinque K. Jones, Melissa Briones-Zamora, Autumn Underwood","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01470-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01470-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Latina women report higher levels of psychological distress relative to Latino men (Fortuna et al. in J Clin Psychiatry 68(4):572–581, 2007; Wassertheil-Smoller et al. in Ann Epidemiol 24(11):822–830, 2014). Despite the prevalence and chronicity of mental health concerns among Latina women, rates of help-seeking are relatively low (Division of Diversity &amp; Health Equity in Mental health disparities: Hispanics and Latinos [Fact sheet]. American Psychiatric Association, 2017). In the current study, we drew from the cultural influences on mental health model (Hwang et al. in Clin Psychol Rev 28(2):211–227, 2008) to explore the extent to which Latina women’s perceptions of their ethnocultural gender role relates to their mental health and help-seeking attitudes. To achieve this objective, we first conducted a latent profile analysis to examine the potential for an empirically supported taxonomy of Latina women’s ethnocultural gender role based upon their reported endorsement of traditional ethnic values and mainstream gender role attitudes. Then, we explored how profiles of Latina women’s ethnocultural gender role, as revealed by the taxonomy, may be associated with women’s mental health and help-seeking attitudes. Results revealed four profiles of Latina women’s ethnocultural gender role (i.e., Integrationist, Separationist, Assimilationist, and Marginalist) that were associated with women’s help-seeking attitudes, but not their mental health. Women in the Integrationist and Assimilationist profiles reported more positive help-seeking attitudes compared to women in the other two profiles. The implications of this study include advancing our understanding of Latina women’s cultural identity, mental health, and help-seeking attitudes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141079210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Men’s Perception of Women’s Passive Sexual Responses Impacts Their Decision-Making During Simulated Hookups","authors":"Samantha L. Anduze, Michael T. Shaw, Bridget N. Jules, Emily R. Ives, Allison M. McKinnon, Richard E. Mattson","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01468-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01468-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A woman’s passive response to a sexual advance can be misconstrued by men as signaling consent when it does not. Characterological factors and situational variances may further shape how men perceive a woman’s passive response and impact their sexual decisions during hookups, leading to unwanted sexual experiences for the partner. A sample of men (<i>n</i> = 357) completed first-person factorial vignettes depicting a sexual hookup in which a woman reacts to their partner’s sexual advance passively, either with or without signs of tension. Men were asked to rate their perceptions of consent and their hypothetical likelihood of engaging in different sexual behaviors, and completed assessments that were used to extract hostile masculinity and impersonal sexual orientation factors. Consent perceptions had strong effects on men’s sexual decision-making and mediated situational influences (e.g., passive response type), impersonal sexual orientation, and, to some extent, hostile masculinity; and hostile masculinity had strong direct effects on sexual decision-making irrespective of consent perceptions. Men can discriminate between passive responses and appear to calibrate their decision-making according to their perceptions of consent. Some men, however, are prone to perceive consent in passive responding irrespective of the situation, with others inclined to continue or advance intimacy without considering the woman’s level of consent.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140895760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Precarity of Progress: Implications of a Shifting Gendered Division of Labor for Relationships and Well-Being as a Function of Country-Level Gender Equality","authors":"Alexandra N. Fisher, Michelle K. Ryan, Yuan-Hsi Liao, Gosia Mikołajczak, Larisa Riedijk, N. Pontus Leander, Georgios Abakoumkin, Jamilah Hanum Abdul Khaiyom, Vjollca Ahmedi, Maximilian Agostini, Moshin Atta, Sabahat Cigdem Bagci, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Edona Berisha Kida, Allan B. I. Bernardo, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Hoon-Seok Choi, Mioara Cristea, Kaja Damnjanovic, Ivan Danyliuk, Daniela Di Santo, Karen M. Douglas, Violeta Enea, Gavan J. Fitzsimons, Ángel Gómez, Ben Gützkow, Ali Hamaidia, Mai Helmy, Joevarian Hudiyana, Veljko Jovanović, Veljko Jovanović, Anna Kende, Shian-Ling Keng, Tra Thi Thanh Kieu, Yasin Koc, Jannis Kreienkamp, Anton Kurapov, Nóra Anna Lantos, Edward P. Lemay, Adrian Lueders, Najma Iqbal Malik, Kira O. McCabe, Jasmina Mehulić, Erica Molinario, Manuel Moyano, Hayat Muhammad, Hamdi Muluk, Claudia F. Nisa, Boglárka Nyúl, Paul A. O’Keefe, Jose Javier Olivias Osuna, Evgeny Osin, Joonha Park, Gennaro Pica, Antonio Pierro, Jonas Rees, Anne Margit Reitsema, Mari..","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01453-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01453-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic saw a shift toward a more traditional division of labor–one where women took greater responsibility for household tasks and childcare than men. We tested whether this regressive shift was more acutely perceived and experienced by women in countries with greater gender equality. Cross-cultural longitudinal survey data for women and men (<i>N</i> = 10,238) was collected weekly during the first few months of the pandemic. Multilevel modelling analyses, based on seven waves of data collection, indicated that a regressive shift was broadly perceived but not uniformly felt. Women and men alike perceived a shift toward a more traditional division of household labor during the first few weeks of the pandemic. However, this perception only undermined women’s satisfaction with their personal relationships and subjective mental health if they lived in countries with higher levels of economic gender equality. Among women in countries with lower levels of economic gender equality, the perceived shift predicted higher relationship satisfaction and mental health. There were no such effects among men. Taken together, our results suggest that subjective perceptions of disempowerment, and the gender role norms that underpin them, should be considered when examining the gendered impact of global crisis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140895751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}