Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01492-z
Christine R. Starr, Alan Meca
{"title":"pSTEM Implicit Stereotypes and pSTEM Motivation Among Black and Latina Undergraduate Women: The Role of Gender and Ethnic/Racial Typicality","authors":"Christine R. Starr, Alan Meca","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01492-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01492-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Implicitly stereotyping pSTEM (physical sciences, technology, engineering, and math) with Asian and White men can demotivate Black and Latina women in pSTEM. However, theory suggests that stereotypes might not affect all members of a group in the same way. In a sample of 345 undergraduate Black and Latina women, we tested gender typicality and ethnic/racial typicality as moderators of the relation between implicit stereotypes and pSTEM motivation. We found that stronger endorsement of implicit stereotypes associating pSTEM with men or Asian/White people was negatively related to expectancy beliefs and value beliefs among Black and Latina women. However, interaction effects revealed that the lower value beliefs in relation to pSTEM implicit stereotypes were strongest for women who identified <i>most</i> with other women, and the lower expectancy beliefs in relation to pSTEM implicit stereotypes were strongest for Black and Latina women who identified <i>least</i> with other Black and Latinx people. Thus, for Black and Latina women, seeing oneself as typical of one’s ethnic/racial group may buffer the impact of stereotypes, whereas seeing oneself as a typical woman may further lower pSTEM motivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01491-0
Erin O’Callaghan, Katherine Lorenz
{"title":"“I Think I Just like Having Sex”: A Qualitative Study of Sexual Assault Survivors and Their Sexual Pleasure","authors":"Erin O’Callaghan, Katherine Lorenz","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01491-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01491-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sexual assaults’ effects on survivors’ sexual pleasure have been well-documented in the literature. However, much of this research is quantitative in nature and focuses on the negative effects of assault on sexual satisfaction. The present study seeks to address a gap in the literature that has failed to ask survivors what they enjoy about having sex and the pleasure they derive from sex. Through a qualitative interview study of a diverse, community sample of sexual assault survivors, we identified several themes around survivors’ sexual pleasure. Prior to the assault, survivors mentioned limited pleasure due to men not being interested in giving them sexual pleasure, but they also enjoyed the emotional connections felt during sex. Some survivors mentioned impacts on their ability to enjoy sex, but this was not universal in the sample. Finally, queer survivors mentioned feeling more sexual pleasure with women, and survivors found empowerment in exploring what they liked about having sex and sexual pleasure with current partners who supported them emotionally. We discuss the importance of a focus on the sexual pleasure of survivors from a sex-positive, rather than a “high risk”, framework in future research, along with suggestions to improve sexual health interventions with survivors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01482-1
Sara B. Chadwick, Daniel Shuchat, Eun Ju Son, Sari M. van Anders
{"title":"Gendered Failures and Achievements in Women’s Experiences of Men’s Orgasms","authors":"Sara B. Chadwick, Daniel Shuchat, Eun Ju Son, Sari M. van Anders","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01482-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01482-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous research has shown that women’s orgasms function as a masculinity achievement for men. Less clear is whether men’s orgasms function as a gendered achievement for women. In the present study, we explored this question via an experimental design by randomly assigning 440 women (<i>M</i> age = 32.29, <i>SD</i> age = 11.91) to read a vignette in which they imagined that an attractive man either did or did not orgasm during a sexual encounter with them. The women then rated their feelings of achievement, failure, femininity, and masculinity in response to the scenario along with how much they would attribute the situation to themselves or to the man partner. Results showed that women experienced men’s orgasm presence as a femininity achievement and men’s orgasm absence as a femininity failure. There were lesser impacts on women’s feelings of masculinity. Feelings of achievement and failure were stronger for women who attributed the scenario more strongly to themselves. Further, greater sexual assertiveness in general predicted stronger feelings of achievement in response to men’s orgasm presence and greater feminine gender role stress predicted stronger feelings of failure in response to men’s orgasm absence. Together, findings highlight that men’s orgasm seems to function as an achievement for women; however, the connection to femininity (which is less valued and prescribed differently compared to masculinity) denotes that men’s orgasms for women are a different gendered experience with different stakes compared to women’s orgasms for men.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01490-1
Chloe Howard, Nickola C. Overall, Danny Osborne, Chris G. Sibley
{"title":"Women’s Experiences of Sexual Harassment and Reductions in Well-Being and System Justification","authors":"Chloe Howard, Nickola C. Overall, Danny Osborne, Chris G. Sibley","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01490-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01490-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the impact of personally experiencing sexual harassment on women’s subjective well-being and perceptions of gender relations and society. We draw upon large-scale national probability panel data and utilize propensity score matching to identify (1) women who reported sexual harassment in the past year and (2) a matched control group of women who were comparable in outcome and demographic variables in the previous year but did not report sexual harassment (<i>N</i><sub>matched pairs</sub> = 609). We then compare pre- and post-event levels of well-being and system justification across groups, including the perceived fairness of gender relations and society in general. Women who reported sexual harassment experienced significant pre-to-post declines in well-being (lower life satisfaction, higher psychological distress) and reductions in perceptions that gender relations, and broader society, are fair. Critically, these changes were significantly different than matched controls who did not show the same pre-post changes in well-being or system justification. These results provide robust evidence that sexual harassment has detrimental effects on well-being and document the previously unexamined effect of sexual harassment on women’s reduced support for the (gendered) status quo, which has important implications for social change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01486-x
A’zure Latimer, Alexandria Chidera Onuoha, Deja Key, Seanna Leath
{"title":"Piecing Together Respectability: Black Women’s Reflections on Familial Socialization Messages","authors":"A’zure Latimer, Alexandria Chidera Onuoha, Deja Key, Seanna Leath","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01486-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01486-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The politics of respectability continues to inform the messages that Black women receive from family members across a range of experiences, from comments on their hair and body to expectations around dating and marriage. In the current study, we explored Black college women’s perspectives on the types of respectability messages they received in familial contexts from girlhood through emerging adulthood. We used Black feminist theory and consensual qualitative research methods to analyze semi-structured interview data from 48 Black college women (18–24 years old) attending predominantly White institutions. We identified four themes of respectability socialization: (a) perpetuating gendered racialized scripts, (b) policing appropriate appearance, (c) protecting virtue in a patriarchal society, and (d) promoting a “lifting as we climb’’ mentality. Our findings indicate that family members try to prepare Black women for gendered racial stereotypes and oppression by tasking them with behavior modification starting in girlhood. We consider gendered racial socialization practices in Black families that can simultaneously disrupt the pressure to reinforce respectability politics and support Black girls’ identity development, even amidst the anti-Black and misogynoiristic realities of the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141461995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01474-1
Anna M. Stertz, Bettina S. Wiese
{"title":"Dual-Earner Couples’ Gender Role Attitudes and Their Parental Leave Decisions: A Longitudinal Study of Partner Influences","authors":"Anna M. Stertz, Bettina S. Wiese","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01474-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01474-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines how men and women in heterosexual partnerships influence each other’s parental leave decisions through their gender role attitudes. We differentiate between attitudes toward women’s parental role, women’s worker role, men’s parental role, and men’s worker role, and consider the role of traditional gender ideology denoting an attitude of negatively evaluating mothers’ employment when children are young. We investigated communal traits as a potential moderator to better understand partner effects, i.e., one partner’s role attitudes affecting the other partner’s leave decision. We analyzed longitudinal data from <i>N</i> = 365 heterosexual, mainly German dual-earner couples, collected between pregnancy and about 18 months after the birth of their first child, using the actor-partner interdependence model. We examined mothers’ and fathers’ attitudes toward all five types of gender roles and found that both mothers and fathers were influenced in their leave decisions by their partners’ attitudes toward early maternal employment. Mothers whose partners were more traditional in this regard took longer leaves; fathers whose partners were more traditional took shorter leaves. Fathers’ leave length was also influenced by their partners’ attitudes toward men’s worker role, with more traditional attitudes resulting in shorter leaves. The latter relationship was moderated by fathers’ communal traits, such that more communal fathers were more strongly influenced by their female partners’ attitudes. Overall, this research extends the understanding of mutual influences and decision-making dynamics in dual-earner couples in the early family phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141448412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01480-3
M. Dolores Sánchez-Hernández, M. Carmen Herrera, Francisca Expósito
{"title":"Is Online Disinhibition Related to Cyberdating Abuse Perpetration through Moral Disengagement? The Moderating Role of Gender, Sexism, and Cybervictimization","authors":"M. Dolores Sánchez-Hernández, M. Carmen Herrera, Francisca Expósito","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01480-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01480-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Evidence suggests that online disinhibition enhances the likelihood of perpetrating cyberbullying by increasing moral disengagement; however, these psychological mechanisms have not been examined in the context of cyberdating abuse. In the current study (<i>N</i> = 362), we examined whether online disinhibition would predict more frequent direct cyberaggression toward a partner through greater moral disengagement, and explored the moderating role of gender, sexism, and past experiences of cyberdating abuse victimization. The results indicated that online disinhibition was positively correlated with moral disengagement, which in turn predicted more frequent direct cyberaggression toward partners. In addition, participants' gender and past experiences of cyberdating abuse victimization moderated this relationship: (a) more online disinhibition was associated with greater moral disengagement in men (vs. women), which in turn predicted more direct cyberaggression toward partners and (b) more online disinhibition was linked to greater moral disengagement, which in turn predicted more direct cyberaggression perpetration toward partners among individuals with frequent past victimization experiences (vs. low past victimization experiences). These findings highlight online disinhibition and moral disengagement as potential risk factors that may heighten direct cyberaggression against partners, as well as enhance our understanding of the circumstances determining its occurrence. Scholars and practitioners may use this work to develop and test psychoeducational programs to prevent cyberdating abuse through mitigating the occurrence of these disinhibiting factors in romantic.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141436046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Growing Up Intersex: A Thematic Analysis of Intersex Emerging Adults’ Key Socialization Experiences in Childhood and Adolescence","authors":"Shelby Astle, Katrina Pariera, Kristin M. Anders, Bria Brown-King, Marissa Adams","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01489-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01489-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Socialization experiences around having an intersex variation have lasting impacts on intersex individuals’ well-being. Understanding commonalities in socialization experiences of intersex children and adolescents can inform influential figures in the lives of intersex individuals on how to provide improved support and positive socialization. Guided by a critical intersex perspective, we interviewed 28 emerging adults (18–29 years old) who identified as intersex and/or had a variation in sex characteristics about their socialization experiences in childhood and adolescence. Consultants from interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth advised throughout all stages of this project. Using reflexive thematic analysis, the coding team identified six themes throughout the interviews of key socialization experiences that contributed to these intersex emerging adults’ meaning-making around having an intersex variation growing up: (a) <i>We Don’t Talk About This</i>, (b) <i>We’re All In The Dark</i>, (c) <i>We Could Use Some Help</i>, (d) <i>I Should Be Less Me</i>, (e) <i>My Body Isn’t Mine</i>, and (f) <i>I Feel Supported and Empowered</i>. These findings highlight commonalities and intersectionality across intersex experiences as well as the need for change at multiple levels to improve the socialization experiences of intersex young people and increase support.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01484-z
Joyce J. Endendijk, Chiara Antoniucci, Faye Chadwick-Brown, May Ling D. Halim, Christel M. Portengen
{"title":"Gender-Typical Appearance in Early Childhood: Role of Parental Gender-Typical Appearance and Children’s Gender Similarity","authors":"Joyce J. Endendijk, Chiara Antoniucci, Faye Chadwick-Brown, May Ling D. Halim, Christel M. Portengen","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01484-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01484-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The emergence of gender-typical appearance in childhood appears to have important implications not only for child and adolescent social-emotional functioning but also for later working life. In the current study, we examined how parents’ gender-typical appearance and children’s gender similarity (to same- and other-gender peers) were related to young children’s gender-typical appearance. We also explored differences in these associations between boys, girls, mothers, and fathers. Home visits were conducted with 74 Dutch two-parent (mother, father) families with both a son and daughter between the ages 3–6 years (96.6% White, 2.0% Asian, 1.4% other ethnicity). The gender-typical appearance of all four family members was assessed by trained and reliable coders in the videotaped observations from the home visits. As a measure of children’s gender similarity, both parents reported on the similarity of their son and daughter to same-gender and other-gender peers. Generalized estimating equations showed that more gender-typical appearance of parents was associated with more gender-typical appearance of girls, but not of boys. No differences were found between mothers and fathers for the association between parent and child appearance. Moreover, children’s gender similarity, evident in parents’ perceived similarity of their child to peers of the same gender and dissimilarity to peers of the other gender, was associated with more gender-typical appearance in children. To conclude, both children’s gender similarity and parents’ gender-typical appearance appear to play a role in the gender-typical appearance of young children.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141425466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01488-9
Shay Xuejing Yao, Joomi Lee, Reed M. Reynolds
{"title":"Underrepresented Rather than Misrepresented? A Content Analysis of Female Characters’ (non)Sexualization in Virtual Reality (VR) Games","authors":"Shay Xuejing Yao, Joomi Lee, Reed M. Reynolds","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01488-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01488-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the increasing popularity and availability of virtual reality (VR) video games, the representation of women within these immersive environments becomes crucial to explore. Although the sexualization of female characters in traditional video games has been widely studied, the sensory-rich nature of VR may introduce changes in character representations and emergent adverse outcomes. In the present study we content analyzed female characters in popular VR video games to investigate the potential underrepresentation and misrepresentation of female characters. Results demonstrated that male characters were represented four times more frequently than female characters. The underrepresentation of female characters was more severe in competitive VR games than casual VR games, however there was no significant difference in the underrepresentation of women between game genres or ESRB ratings. In addition, female characters were presented in a sexualized manner in 30% of cases. The sexualization of female characters was associated with their portrayal as physically capable, violent, or a victim. We also found that sexualization of female characters did not differ based on the type of game (casual vs. competitive), game genres, or ESRB ratings. We discussed these findings in immersive VR video games in comparison with those in traditional 2-D screen media video games.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141319948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}