Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01497-8
Jeremías D. Tosi, Fernando M. Poó, Carlos M. Díaz Lázaro, Rubén D. Ledesma
{"title":"Implicit and Explicit Sexist Attitudes Towards Women Drivers","authors":"Jeremías D. Tosi, Fernando M. Poó, Carlos M. Díaz Lázaro, Rubén D. Ledesma","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01497-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01497-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although women drivers engage in fewer risky behaviors and have a lower involvement in traffic accidents than men, there is a commonly held stereotype that they are bad drivers. To understand this perception, various psychosocial factors related to sexism have been studied. However, very little is known about sexist attitudes towards women drivers, especially when studied through implicit attitude models. The aim of this study was to understand implicit and explicit sexist attitudes towards women drivers. A sample of <i>N</i> = 104 participants from Mar del Plata, Argentina, completed a stimulus classification task using response times to measure implicit attitudes, and three self-reporting measures of explicit attitudes, ambivalent sexism, and control of prejudices. The results indicated more positive implicit attitudes and low explicit antipathy towards women drivers. No age differences were found, but gender differences were observed (i.e., women showed more positive implicit and explicit attitudes towards their own group). Implicit and explicit attitudes showed a moderate correlation with each other and were not associated with a concern with acting prejudiced scale. Hostile sexism was a predictor of sexist driving attitudes. The results are discussed in the context of previous evidence on sexism in driving and implicit attitude models.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141910461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01495-w
Molly Higgins, Heather Littleton, Aja Zamundu, Michael Dolezal
{"title":"“It Literally Makes Me Feel Harder to Kill”: A Qualitative Study of the Perceived Benefits of Recreational Martial Arts Practice Among Women Sexual Assault Survivors","authors":"Molly Higgins, Heather Littleton, Aja Zamundu, Michael Dolezal","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01495-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01495-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sexual assault is a highly consequential public health issue associated with multiple mental health sequelae. Given the mental health impact of sexual assault, understanding the recovery strategies survivors utilize is critical. A growing body of work suggests that physical activity may represent a powerful recovery tool post-trauma. However, existing work has primarily focused on the benefits of yoga or cardio exercise. Martial arts may provide unique benefits to sexual assault survivors including increased self-defense self-efficacy, empowerment, and corrective experiences with trauma reminders. However, no extant research has examined the perceived benefits of recreational martial arts practice for sexual assault survivors. The current study utilized content analysis of responses to items assessing the perceived recovery benefits of martial arts among a sample of primarily cisgender women martial arts practitioners (<i>n</i> = 50) with sexual assault histories. Survivors described multiple recovery benefits to their practice. Some benefits described were similar to those associated with other forms of physical activity, such as access to social support, improved physical health, and improved well-being. Other benefits identified were martial arts-specific including survivors viewing martial arts practice as a tool to reclaim bodily autonomy, decrease perceived vulnerability to future sexual assault, and manage PTSD symptoms and triggers. Findings support the potential of martial arts as a powerful recovery tool for survivors. Future research should evaluate how martial arts practice can be structured to ensure that it is healing and empowering.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01505-x
David Kretschmer
{"title":"The Gendered Influence of Cross-Gender Friends on the Development of Adolescents’ Gender Role Attitudes","authors":"David Kretschmer","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01505-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01505-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gender role attitudes have important implications at the individual, family, and societal levels, underscoring the importance of understanding their development. Although parents predominate in the socialization of gender role attitudes in childhood, the influence of friends increases during adolescence. In particular, cross-gender friends can provide unique insights and perspectives on another gender group, making them likely to shape gender role attitudes. However, empirical explorations of the link between gender role attitudes and cross-gender friendships have been rare. Furthermore, the few studies conducted have yielded ambiguous results and have struggled to separate the influence of cross-gender friends from a selection of such friendships based on gender role attitudes. This study addresses these limitations by using longitudinal social network models to assess the co-evolution of friendship networks and gender role attitudes among 3,194 youth (<i>M</i><sub><i>age</i></sub> = 15.2, <i>SD</i> = 0.67, 51% female) in German schools. The findings reveal that, after accounting for selection processes, boys with cross-gender friends develop more egalitarian gender role attitudes, while girls’ attitudes are unaffected by cross-gender friendships. These findings suggest that promoting cross-gender friendships among adolescent boys holds the potential to foster egalitarian gender role attitudes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01503-z
Natalie N. Watson-Singleton, Briana N. Spivey, Eden G. Harrison, Tamara Nelson, Jioni A. Lewis
{"title":"Double-Edged Sword or Outright Harmful?: Associations Between Strong Black Woman Schema and Resilience, Self-Efficacy, and Flourishing","authors":"Natalie N. Watson-Singleton, Briana N. Spivey, Eden G. Harrison, Tamara Nelson, Jioni A. Lewis","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01503-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01503-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Black women embody self-determination and strength to overcome intersecting racism and sexism. This notion of strength has been operationalized as the Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema, and growing research on this schema has been mixed. Quantitative findings have largely connected this schema to negative health outcomes whereas qualitative work has revealed positive benefits of this schema. To further understand the complexity of this schema, we drew from a positive psychology framework to examine how this schema related to resilience, self-efficacy, and flourishing. Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed with data from 178 young adult Black women (<i>M</i><sub><i>age</i></sub> = 20.48, <i>SD</i> = 1.38) who were recruited from a Historically Black College in the Southeastern region of the United States. Regression findings revealed that some characteristics (e.g., obligation to manifest strength, intense motivation to succeed) were positively associated with resilience, self-efficacy, and flourishing whereas others (e.g., extraordinary caregiving, emotional suppression) were negatively associated with these outcomes. Our results further complicate the role of the SBW schema in the lives of Black women and support the need for continued research on this topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01506-w
Mariela Bustos-Ortega, Mónica Romero-Sánchez, Jesús L. Megías, Hugo Carretero-Dios
{"title":"Gaming with a Feminist: Sexism and Perception of Sexist Incidents in Online Video Games","authors":"Mariela Bustos-Ortega, Mónica Romero-Sánchez, Jesús L. Megías, Hugo Carretero-Dios","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01506-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01506-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Video games remain a male-dominated environment where sexism persists. Although women make up almost half of the gamer community, they encounter gender discrimination, anti-feminist themes, and sexist attitudes within the community, especially when participating in online games. As a result, both sexism against women within online video games and how women’s participation is perceived by other gamers have become relevant for investigation. We conducted two experiments to examine how a woman gamer’s ostensible adherence to a feminist identity and the type of collective action for gender equality she participates in would influence perceptions of a sexist incident in an online video game. In Study 1 (145 women and 146 men), we randomly assigned participants to read a vignette about a woman gamer described as feminist or a regular gamer. In both vignettes the woman was subjected to sexist comments and we measured the extent to which participants blamed the woman for these comments. In Study 2 (168 women and 232 men), we manipulated the type of collective action for gender equality (normative vs. non normative vs. control) performed by a woman gamer who was described as a feminist and measured victim blame. In both studies we measured participants’ level of sexism toward women gamers. Results showed that participants who more strongly endorsed sexist attitudes against women gamers attributed more blame to the feminist woman gamer who was a victim of a sexist incident (vs. the regular woman gamer) and to a woman gamer who performed non–normative collective actions (vs. control). Both studies confirm the relevance of the interaction between sexist attitudes and gender-relevant characteristics of women gamers for victim blaming in sexist incidents. These findings are an important step towards understanding and addressing sexist experiences for women in online gaming.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01499-6
Samira Sunderji, Ross M. Murray, Catherine M. Sabiston
{"title":"Gender Differences in the Implicit and Explicit Perceptions of Sport","authors":"Samira Sunderji, Ross M. Murray, Catherine M. Sabiston","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01499-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01499-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most sports are constitutive of the masculine identity, and these explicit gender perceptions influence sport participation. Less is known about implicit gender perceptions in sport, which may be instrumental in redefining the narrative of gender stereotypes and sport participation. This study explored gender differences in the implicit and explicit perceptions of sport. A total of 187 adults (45.45% female; <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 32.62 years, <i>SD</i><sub>age</sub> = 13.07 years) completed an implicit association task by sorting sport words from the Canadian Women and Sport ‘She’s Got It All’ campaign into gendered categories. Participants self-reported their explicit attitudes towards 10 campaign posters. Using independent sample <i>t</i>-tests, a moderate effect was observed for gender differences in implicit attitudes for sport. Men demonstrated significantly stronger implicit attitudes linking sport to masculine characteristics compared to women. Men reported significantly lower explicit positive attitudes for liking the posters, feeling motivated by them, and perceived relevance. Men and women did not differ on levels of uneasiness and self-consciousness. Results suggest that men maintain implicit gendered attitudes towards sport and report lower positive explicit attitudes to intentional gender equity media. Understanding the counterproductive role that men can play when enforcing stereotypical gendered sport beliefs is vital for advancing girls’ and women’s engagement in sport. </p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01498-7
Tanja Samardzic, Olivia Barclay, Paula C. Barata
{"title":"“They Want a Porn Star that Has Never Watched Porn”: Double Binds and Standards in Young Women’s Talk about Heterosex","authors":"Tanja Samardzic, Olivia Barclay, Paula C. Barata","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01498-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01498-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Amid changes in the North American socio-cultural/political and dating landscape, there exist questions about whether the sexual double standard and the inequality (e.g., of pleasure) in sex still exist for young women today. In this study, we explored the discourses that shape young women’s navigation of and talk about heterosexuality, or heterosex. Young, heterosexual women of diverse demographic and relationship backgrounds aged 18–24 (<i>N</i> = 28) attended one of five online focus groups. Informed by feminist post-structuralism and discursive psychology, we analyzed women’s talk about doing heterosex. Many participants mobilized a discourse of expectations of compulsory heterosex practices in casual and committed contexts. Within that discourse, young women were positioned as both constrained and regulated in their sexual lives and as needing to comply with unwanted sex. Risks of non-compliance included the risk of being perceived as being defective and/or “bad.” Participants’ talk also linked coercion, assault, and other male-perpetrated violence against women with how heterosex is done in today’s context. Our findings suggest that despite #MeToo and other exposés of rape culture, young women remain constrained by heterosexual norms. However, their language, ability, and willingness to challenge the current situation concerning heterosex is more sophisticated than previously observed. These advancements are promising, as they suggest the importance of continued research and activism in this area and carry several practical implications, including for sex education programming and counselling and support services in sessions with young women.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01500-2
Ana M. Contreras-Merino, Naima Z. Farhane-Medina, Rosario Castillo-Mayén
{"title":"Unmasking Street Harassment in Spain: Prevalence, Psychological Impact, and the Role of Sexism in Women’s Experiences","authors":"Ana M. Contreras-Merino, Naima Z. Farhane-Medina, Rosario Castillo-Mayén","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01500-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01500-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Street harassment is a widespread problem that affects women from all backgrounds, often leading to negative psychological consequences such as anxiety, depression, and reduced self-worth. Despite the pioneering development of laws protecting women’s rights, Spanish culture often normalizes this type of violence against women, and research on this context remains limited. To address this gap, we conducted a cross-sectional study with 245 women in Spain to investigate the occurrence and impact of street harassment on psychological well-being. We used the Street Harassment Assessment Scale, a self-report measure designed to evaluate the prevalence and frequency of street harassment, and explored its association with anxiety, fear of rape, avoidance behavior, self-esteem, and adherence to sexist beliefs. The results showed that 98% of women experienced street harassment, with 80% reporting monthly occurrences. The frequency of street harassment was correlated with increased anxiety, fear of rape and avoidance behavior, and lower self-esteem. Additionally, the results supported the link between the endorsement of sexist ideology and lower identification of events. Collectively, the results underscore the negative impact of street harassment on women’s well-being and freedom, highlighting its role as a patriarchal tool that perpetuates female objectification and subordination. An integrative feminist perspective involving various fields, including psychology, public policy, and education, among others, is necessary to create safer environments for women.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01493-y
Christine K. Shenouda, Khushboo S. Patel, Judith H. Danovitch
{"title":"Who Can Do STEM?: Children’s Gendered Beliefs about STEM and Non-STEM Competence and Learning","authors":"Christine K. Shenouda, Khushboo S. Patel, Judith H. Danovitch","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01493-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01493-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although boys and girls start out performing similarly on STEM-related school subjects, the gap between them widens as they mature, leading to the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields at the college level and in the workforce. The current study examines the development of children’s beliefs about men’s and women’s competence and other boys’ and girls’ learning ability for STEM and non-STEM topics. Children ages 5 through 9 (<i>N</i> = 134) judged adults to be less competent at professions they perceived as more difficult. Boys gave higher competence ratings to men than women in STEM and non-STEM fields, but girls only gave higher ratings to women than men in non-STEM fields. Children also viewed girls as less capable of learning about STEM subjects compared to non-STEM subjects, but they perceived boys as similarly capable of learning both STEM and non-STEM subjects. However, children’s own school subject preferences and career aspirations (STEM or non-STEM) were not related to their judgments of adults or other children. The results point to the detrimental effects of gender stereotypes on children’s beliefs about women’s and girls’ abilities in STEM. Practice implications for caregivers and educators to close the gender gap in STEM are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"354 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141625048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex RolesPub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1007/s11199-024-01494-x
Christy Greenleaf, Caitlyn Hauff
{"title":"“When It Fits Wrong, I’m So Self-Conscious I Want to Die!”: Women’s Experiences Wearing Plus-Size Exercise Clothing","authors":"Christy Greenleaf, Caitlyn Hauff","doi":"10.1007/s11199-024-01494-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01494-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Women with larger bodies experience a range of psychological, affective, and behavioral factors that may influence their physical activity (PA) experiences. This study explored women’s satisfaction with plus-size exercise apparel, affective experiences related to their bodies and activity, experiences of body surveillance, social physique anxiety, and motivation to avoid PA. A total of 130 women, <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 40.46 (<i>SD</i> = 10.55) who engaged in PA at least two days a week and wore US size 14 or larger clothing completed an online survey with items related to exercise clothing satisfaction and affective experiences, body surveillance, social physique anxiety, exercise avoidance motivation, and two open-ended items about how exercise clothing influences their PA engagement and experience. Clothing satisfaction, body surveillance, and social physique anxiety were significant predictors of women’s motivation to avoid exercise. Responses to open-ended items supported the quantitative results and revealed complexities in women’s experiences. Primarily, women perceived a contingent impact of exercise clothing such that when satisfaction is high, women experience greater body confidence and less concerns regarding their appearance; however, when women are dissatisfied with various aspects of their plus-size exercise clothing, they have negative experiences and feel a desire to avoid activity. Clothing may play a role in women’s experiences during exercise and their motivation to avoid exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}