International Journal of Drug Policy最新文献

{"title":"Intersecting stigmas: How racial attitudes shape support for treatment and harm reduction for people who inject drugs","authors":"Katharine Galbraith ,&nbsp;Esthelle Ewusi Boisvert,&nbsp;Laura Fenton","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>People who inject drugs (PWID) face barriers to treatment due to drug use stigma. Reduced treatment access might be exacerbated if PWID’s other social identities (e.g., race), are part of another historically marginalized group regarding healthcare access. Research suggests harm reduction strategies are efficacious for PWID, yet they remain under-supported at the policy level in the U.S. The current study examines associations between racial attitudes, motivation to act nonprejudiced, attitudes toward PWID and harm reduction policies, and whether these vary by race of PWID.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants (<em>N</em> = 198) recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk were randomized to one of two vignettes describing a young adult male (White or Black) who regularly injects heroin. Participants completed questionnaires about support for punishment vs. treatment for the PWID, racial attitudes, motivation to act nonprejudiced, and attitudes about harm reduction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants’ attitudes did not vary depending on PWID race. Higher levels of internal motivation to act non prejudiced were associated with stronger belief that the PWID should receive treatment. Participants with stronger pro-Black attitudes were more likely to support harm reduction policies, and less likely to believe the PWID was a social threat. Participants with negative outcome expectancies about interracial interactions were more likely to view the PWID as a social threat.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This is the first study to investigate relationships between racial attitudes and attitudes toward PWID and harm reduction policies. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed. Findings have implications for equitable, evidence-based drug policy reform.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104944"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabis growers as gardeners: results from a survey among Italian and British small-scale growers","authors":"Davide Fortin ,&nbsp;Vincent Di Beo ,&nbsp;Michala Kowalski ,&nbsp;Eric L. Sevigny ,&nbsp;Jodie Grigg ,&nbsp;Camelia Protopopescu ,&nbsp;Gary R. Potter","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The horticultural nature of growing cannabis is often overlooked in the study of cannabis production, and subsequent policies. Little is known about whether growers' horticultural expertise influences cannabis cultivation methods, the growing of other psychoactive plants, substance use behaviors, or interactions with the criminal justice system. The trajectory of cultivation, in terms of whether cannabis is a gateway to more general gardening, or vice versa, is also unexplored. Studying individuals who combine cannabis cultivation with other gardening activities is valuable because it provides insights into the motivations and practices of cannabis growers as illegal drug market participants.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from 1302 small-scale cannabis growers in Italy and the UK was collected through an online survey from 2020 to 2021. We ran two regressions to compare (1) those who only grow cannabis with those who also grow other plants and; (2) those who started growing cannabis and then grew other plants and vice versa.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Most people in our sample grew cannabis and other plants (General Gardeners; 82 %). In comparison with the Only-cannabis group (OCG), General Gardeners (GG) tended to be older, more educated, and more likely to be in a relationship. GG grew more cannabis crops outdoors, and the purposes for growing were more related to ecological or medical reasons rather than selling cannabis. The OCG group had higher odds of using stimulant drugs and meeting cannabis use dependence criteria compared to GG. Among GG, the majority (71 %) started growing other plants and later moved to cannabis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Gardening other plants is common among cannabis growers and precedes cultivating cannabis far more than the reverse pathway. As general gardeners appear focused on cannabis alone, concerns about spillover to growing other psychoactive plants or fungi may be overstated. Given the lower expected harms associated with general gardening, it could serve as a proxy for reduced supply involvement in legal assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 104959"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutral attitude toward the utilization of psychedelic therapy for depression in the United Kingdom population","authors":"Liam O. Jarvis ,&nbsp;Alexander H. Jack ,&nbsp;Niall Galbraith ,&nbsp;W Keith Campbell ,&nbsp;Brandon Weiss","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The global prevalence of depression is high, and there are concerns about the therapeutic effectiveness of current treatments. Research over the past two decades has led to a new class of alternative treatments termed ‘psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT).’ This study aimed to investigate the attitudes toward the application and use of psychedelic-assisted therapies in the United Kingdom population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional design was employed to examine attitudes towards PAT for depression. Nine hundred and fifty-one participants (age range 18–87: male = 47.3 %, female = 51.9 %) were recruited as part of a representative UK sample; 393 of these were placed into a subsample based on their reported history with low mood requiring mental health treatment. Socio-demographics, previous drug use, subjective knowledge of psychedelics, previous experiences of treatment for depression, and personality were measured as possible predictors of attitudes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The average attitude toward PAT in the UK population was neutral with a slightly negative tendency. Previous drug experience and subjective knowledge of psychedelics showed weak but significant positive associations with attitudes. Participants who were young, male, and possessed a history of recreational drug use and higher subjective knowledge were more likely to hold positive attitudes towards PAT. A history of depression did not influence attitudes or moderate associations between individual characteristics and attitudes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The UK public’s attitude toward PAT is neither strongly favourable nor unfavourable on average at the present time, potentially emanating from low domain knowledge and/or concern about the safety, efficacy, and social desirability of PAT. The neutrality of the UK’s attitudes underscores the importance of scientific research and medical communication to inform the public’s understanding of the risks and benefits of this novel class of mental health therapeutic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104949"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained effects of a community-based intervention targeting illicit drugs in nightlife: A 20-year cross-sectional follow-up of ‘Clubs against Drugs’","authors":"Nina-Katri J. Gustafsson,&nbsp;Kristin Feltmann,&nbsp;Tobias H. Elgán,&nbsp;Johanna Gripenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Swedish law states that any handling or use of narcotics, including cannabis, is illegal. Nightlife is known to have high concentrations of illicit drug use and related problems. ‘Clubs against Drugs’ was implemented in 2003 and is a community-based, multi-component prevention program targeting illicit drug use and problems in licensed premises. Previous studies of the program have demonstrated improvements in staff interventions over time.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>The study evaluated the long-term effects of the program on staff intervention frequency rates of dealing with obviously drug intoxicated patrons.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional data was collected in 2023 and compared to earlier assessments conducted in 2003, 2004, and 2008. Three teams, each consisting of two actors and three observers, visited licensed premises with doormen and open until 1 am or later in Stockholm city, Sweden on weekends. Professional male actors (pseudo-patrons) were trained by an expert panel to enact three standardized scenes of intoxication by stimulant drugs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In 2023, a total of 137 visits were made. The results reveal an intervention rate of 56.9 % [CI 0.49—0.65] which is considerably higher than the 7.5 % [CI -0.01—0.16] at baseline (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). However, the rate was lower than that at the 2008 follow-up (65.5 % [CI 0.53—0.78]), although the difference was not statistically significant (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.28).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The effects of the ‘Clubs against Drugs’ program has been sustained for over 20 years indicated by the high level of staff interventions targeting obviously drug-intoxicated patrons, suggesting consistency in the work with different components of the preventive program.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104937"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social media nicotine markets: Criminogenic affordances and market displacements","authors":"K. Aagesen,&nbsp;A. Moretti,&nbsp;J. Demant","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Illicit drug markets continuously evolve in response to legal regulations, and digitalmarkets similarly adapt, balancing the convenience of online contact with the security of offline transactions. The regulation of nicotine products follows a similar trajectory. In Denmark, efforts to curb youth nicotine consumption have led to legislation targetingsingle-use flavoured vape products, in turn leading to the emergence of illicit social media-based nicotine markets. This criminological paper investigates the dynamics of these markets on Snapchat, Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, focusing on the interplay between platform affordances and seller behaviours.Data: This study draws on ethnographic observations of Danish online nicotine markets onsocial media over a period of 12 months, complemented by 12 qualitative interviews with sellers within these markets.Findings: Grey markets for nicotine products flourish on surface-level social media and displacement occurs within social media markets and seller practices. Further we document how platform features facilitate opportunities for buyers to drift towards markets for illicit drugs and other illegal products and services. Sellers describe themarket as open, with low barriers of entry. Nicotine vapes are also perceived as a preferable product to sell with low punitive measures and enforcement priority, while being less harmful than cigarettes and drugs.Conclusion: Illicit nicotine vape markets are available on every social media platform. They mimic the structures of illicit drug markets, and share to a degree the same online spaces asalgorithms push users from one site to the next. Platform algorithms, coupled with features like enhanced user reach and anonymity, create an environment that seller sperceive as low-risk and highly profitable. The combination of these factors is ultimately very damaging for those buying and consuming the products, who are for the most partyoung people. Efforts must also address the unintended negative consequences of current regulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104943"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building standards of psychedelic care: Qualitative examination of expert perspectives on safety, inclusion, and accountability.","authors":"Christina Chwyl, Adrianne R Wilson-Poe, Kim A Hoffman, Alissa Bazinet, Kellie Pertl, Jason B Luoma, Don des Jarlais, Sarann Bielavitz, P Todd Korthuis","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There remain significant gaps in knowledge about best practices for facilitated psychedelic care and psychedelic-assisted therapy. To inform the development of service models that support safe and beneficial experiences, this qualitative study explored expert perspectives on current and ideal standards of care, including key practices (e.g., screening, adapting care to diverse contexts) and regulatory and research challenges that influence service delivery. Online focus groups (n = 8) were conducted with a purposive U.S. sample of people with psychedelic content knowledge expertise, including providers (psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, addiction medicine experts, and licensed/unlicensed practitioners) and harm reduction specialists. Transcripts were analyzed through Thematic Analysis team-based coding using a combined inductive-deductive approach within a semantic framework. Participants (N = 38, mean age 47 (SD = 10) years, 53 % women, 84 % white) had an average of 10 years of psychedelic service experience (SD = 11) across diverse settings, including festivals/events, service centers, and clinical, research, ceremonial, community and 'underground' contexts. Five key themes emerged: (1) 'Strengthening Safety through Credibility and Accountability'; (2) 'Advancing Culturally Responsive and Inclusive Psychedelic Care'; (3) 'Healing in Community: The Crucial Role of Ongoing Support and Integration'; (4) 'Ensuring Safe Psychedelic Use: Preparation, Screening, Vulnerability, and Medication Management'; and (5) 'Providing Informed Guidance and Navigating Legal and Informational Gray Areas.' Overall, results underscore the need for stronger provider accountability structures, culturally inclusive practices, accessible and integrated community support, robust safety and screening protocols, and clearer guidelines to help providers navigate legal complexities, ensure safety, and optimize outcomes across diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":" ","pages":"104938"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144849407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monstrous substance: ‘Tuci’, pharmacopolitical assemblages and spectral materialities","authors":"Mauricio Sepúlveda Galeas ,&nbsp;Ernesto Escobar ,&nbsp;Sebastían Ubiergo Scheel ,&nbsp;Camilo Obregón Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article critically examines the <em>‘</em>Tuci’ (or \"pink cocaine\") phenomenon as an epistemic, cultural, and pharmacopolitical object, proposing its conceptualization as a monstrous substance. Two common assumptions in institutional and media discourses are problematized: that <em>‘</em>Tuci’ is a counterfeit of 2C-B and that its identity is defined by the presence of ketamine. Using an approach that articulates Foucauldian poststructuralism, neomaterialisms, and decolonial studies, the authors dismantle these premises and propose a dense performative, speculative, and ontopolitical reading of the phenomenon. The article proposes a reading that describes how <em>‘</em>Tuci’ not only acts on the body, but also produces it as an effect of material and discursive assemblages. It shows how this substance does not refer to an original nor can it be fixed in a stable composition, but is defined by its affective operativity, its contextual modulation and its performative adoption in liminal youth niches. Through two key concepts, monstrosity and decolonial critique, the essay proposes new grammar for understanding what <em>‘</em>Tuci’ is and does. It concludes that this substance demands an epistemological shift towards a politics of drugs that recognises the mutability, relationality and power of the unclassifiable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104942"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Not your normal drug dealing guy”: How people who sell drugs construct positive narrative identities","authors":"Natalie Carroll,&nbsp;Timothy Dickinson","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores how persons who sell drugs construct positive narrative identities and thereby reject identities as “drug dealers” We inform our study with data collected via interviews with a group of 33 people actively involved in selling illicit drugs from St. Louis, Missouri, USA. We find that these participants create narratives wherein then frame their involvement in drug selling as a means to be “friends”, “entrepreneurs”, and “risk-managers”. We discuss implications of these findings for criminological theories of neutralizations and restrictive deterrence. We also discuss implications for understanding of why people who sell drugs may or may not respond to heightened sanctions for selling drugs such as fentanyl.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104951"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From environmental disasters to emerging drugs; a framework to understand, map and assess drug-related early warning systems","authors":"J. Freestone ,&nbsp;K.J. Siefried ,&nbsp;A. Peacock ,&nbsp;K. Fletcher ,&nbsp;M.J. Barratt ,&nbsp;R. Sutherland ,&nbsp;N. Ezard ,&nbsp;J. Doumany ,&nbsp;H. MacDonald ,&nbsp;S. Kypri ,&nbsp;L. Acheson ,&nbsp;B. Clifford","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unregulated drug markets are fast expanding and increasingly mediated through digital technologies. In a context of drug prohibition, the composition, potency and effects of substances are not guaranteed which can expose people to potentially fatal risks. There are pronounced concerns about the harms posed by substances such as synthetic opioids like fentanyl and nitazenes. The coordinated activities of stakeholders who attempt to identify, prepare for and mitigate rapidly emerging drug-related harms are often collectively described as early warning systems (EWSs). EWSs are not exclusive to the drugs field. The conceptual underpinnings and implementation strategies associated with EWSs are thoroughly documented in international guidelines surrounding environmental disaster risk reduction. These guidelines suggest that EWSs incorporate four interconnected subcomponents, [1] risk knowledge, [2] detection monitoring and forecasting, [3] response capability and [4] warning communication. In this commentary we outline the data sources, processes, stakeholders, and outputs involved in the operation of modern drug-related EWSs and consider the extent to which practices align with these four components. In doing so, we consider the ways in which routine drug monitoring and horizon scanning may bolster drug-related EWSs and outline the imperative to meaningfully involve people who use drugs within data collection, interpretation and response processes. Our proposed framework, which outlines the components of drug-related EWSs, is designed to support efforts to devise, describe, evaluate and locally tailor EWSs across diverse jurisdictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104946"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building connection: overdose survivors' and professional service providers' perspectives on immediate post-overdose care.","authors":"Ranjani K Paradise, Simeon D Kimmel, Alykhan Nurani, Jeff Desmarais, Shannon O'Malley, Alexander Y Walley, Andres Hoyos-Cespedes, Jaylen Clarke, Sunday Taylor, Daniel Dooley, Angela R Bazzi","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nonfatal overdose is a risk factor for future fatal overdose and represents a critical touchpoint for engaging survivors and making connections to treatment and harm reduction resources. The aim of this study was to understand survivors' experiences and preferences in the immediate post-overdose period, and to elucidate survivors' and professionals' perspectives on improving care provision at this interaction point.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 2020-2021, we conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with opioid overdose survivors (n = 59) and professionals (n = 28) who respond to overdoses or interact with survivors in Boston, MA. When reviewing coded data early in the analytical process, we identified a strong emphasis on the importance of immediate post-overdose experiences in influencing engagement in care. Subsequent in-depth analysis then identified common experiences and factors related to service engagement in this acute time period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 59 overdose survivors, most identified as Black or Latinx (70 %) due to purposive sampling. Most were also unhoused (75 %) and reported at least three past-year overdoses (69 %). Many participants described intense physical pain and/or emotional distress immediately following overdose reversal, which reduced their desire and ability to engage with service providers. Several experienced disrespect and stigma from overdose responders, which negatively impacted their experience. However, some participants expressed wanting to be offered services immediately post-overdose, stating that providers should always \"extend the branch\". Professionals reinforced survivors' perspectives, explaining how trauma and stigma reduce survivors' willingness to accept service information and referrals; they also highlighted systemic challenges in standard overdose response processes that impede effective engagement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To better engage survivors, overdose response processes should prioritize survivors' physical and emotional comfort and seek to build trust by utilizing person-centered, trauma-informed, and non-stigmatizing approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"104948"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144817970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}