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Prevention Strategies for Policing Gun Violence 枪支暴力的预防策略
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231164481
A. Braga, P. Cook, Stephen Douglas
{"title":"Prevention Strategies for Policing Gun Violence","authors":"A. Braga, P. Cook, Stephen Douglas","doi":"10.1177/00027162231164481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162231164481","url":null,"abstract":"The police have the unique capacity to preempt and deter violence and to reduce the use of firearms in violent encounters. But overly aggressive policing tactics have contributed to a fraught relationship with low-income minority communities in which gun violence is heavily concentrated. Increased resources should be devoted to policing gun violence, but efforts of this sort must be targeted and disciplined. Effective policing requires a focus on the places and people that are at greatest risk; and there is a strong case for police agencies to increase the resources devoted to investigations of all criminal shootings, not just homicides. Successful policing of gun violence requires a productive working relationship with victims and their neighbors, which can be facilitated through observing community policing principles and respect for residents’ interests.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"704 1","pages":"158 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46178776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Gun Culture 2.0: The Evolution and Contours of Defensive Gun Ownership in America 枪支文化2.0:美国防御性枪支所有权的演变和轮廓
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231156292
David Yamane
{"title":"Gun Culture 2.0: The Evolution and Contours of Defensive Gun Ownership in America","authors":"David Yamane","doi":"10.1177/00027162231156292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162231156292","url":null,"abstract":"I trace the evolution of gun culture in the U.S., starting with the prehistorical normality and significance of projectile weaponry among Homo sapiens, then turning to the largely practical use of firearms as tools in the Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early Republic eras (ca. 1607–1850). I highlight the emergence of Gun Culture 1.0, which centered on sport hunting, recreation, and collecting and was the core of American gun culture from approximately 1850 to 2010. I then show the roots of Gun Culture 2.0, which began in the 1960s and 1970s and centered on self-defense. I use various indicators to document that, by 2010, armed self-defense had become the core of American gun culture. In the penultimate section of the article, I use the great gun-buying spree of 2020+ to show the diversity that exists within Gun Culture 2.0, a theme that carries over to the conclusion, where I consider possible future directions of gun culture.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"704 1","pages":"20 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48579726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Effects of Opioid Use during Pregnancy on Infant Health and Well-Being. 妊娠期使用阿片类药物对婴儿健康和幸福的影响。
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231154338
Jessica Pac, Christine Durrance, Lawrence Berger, Deb Ehrenthal
{"title":"The Effects of Opioid Use during Pregnancy on Infant Health and Well-Being.","authors":"Jessica Pac, Christine Durrance, Lawrence Berger, Deb Ehrenthal","doi":"10.1177/00027162231154338","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00027162231154338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we estimate the first causal effects of in utero opioid exposure on infant health at birth and child protective services reports. We employ maternal fixed-effects models using linked administrative data capturing 259,723 infants born to 176,224 mothers enrolled in Medicaid between 2010 and 2019. Our preferred specifications suggest that neonatal abstinence syndrome and NICU admission bear strong associations with prenatal opioid exposure, concentrated on illicit and medication assisted treatment (MAT) exposure in the first and third trimesters. We find that prenatal opioid exposure is associated with increased CPS reports, low birth weight, preterm birth, and small for gestational age, though these measures are less sensitive with respect to the timing of exposure. While we detect relatively smaller effects of non-MAT prescription opioid exposure on NAS, NICU admission, low birthweight, these effects are not trivial, suggesting that medical professionals should consider balancing the potential for adverse side effects of infants with the benefits of pain management for pregnant women.</p>","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"703 1","pages":"106-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10552918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41173589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Loss of Life and Labor Productivity: The Canadian Opioid Crisis 生命损失和劳动生产率:加拿大阿片类药物危机
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231155040
Alexander Cheung, Joseph T. Marchand, P. Mark
{"title":"Loss of Life and Labor Productivity: The Canadian Opioid Crisis","authors":"Alexander Cheung, Joseph T. Marchand, P. Mark","doi":"10.1177/00027162231155040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162231155040","url":null,"abstract":"Opioids were declared a public health emergency in British Columbia, Canada, in 2016, and from that year through 2021, 29,894 Canadians lost their lives to opioid overdoses. More than two-thirds of those victims were employed in the five years prior to their deaths, and this study aims to quantify their lost productivity to the Canadian economy. We apply two human capital model variants in our analysis, projecting forward the future economic output of individuals who died from opioids, from their deaths to what would have been their eventual retirements, based on the industries in which they were employed. The total estimated productivity loss to Canada is at least $8.8 billion, with the equivalent “value of statistical life” calculations an order of magnitude higher; these are based on estimates of the amount of money that individuals would pay to avoid death. Our results challenge the notion that the opioid crisis predominantly affects unproductive members of society.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"703 1","pages":"303 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46073452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Effects of Opioid Treatment Programs on Child Well-Being 阿片类药物治疗方案对儿童幸福感的影响
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221142644
L. Bullinger, V. Wang, K. Feder
{"title":"Effects of Opioid Treatment Programs on Child Well-Being","authors":"L. Bullinger, V. Wang, K. Feder","doi":"10.1177/00027162221142644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221142644","url":null,"abstract":"Children exposed to parental opioid use disorder are at an elevated risk of maltreatment. We study whether parents’ access to medication-assisted opioid treatment programs (OTPs) affects the well-being of their children. An administrative decision to lift a moratorium on access to these programs in Indiana created the opportunity for this study. We show that after a county opened an OTP, methadone dispensing increased and emergency department visits related to opioid overdose decreased there, offering evidence of the success of these programs. We also show that the opening of these OTPs did not have significant effects on reports of child maltreatment, but that out-of-home foster care placements were reduced by 22 percent. Our findings are consistent with past research showing that child welfare cases involving parental substance use tend to be complex and tend to have longer times to parent/child reunification than child welfare cases in which substance use is not present. We argue that expanding access to opioid treatment programs may help reduce foster care placements.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"703 1","pages":"79 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46624911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Food Insecurity and the Opioid Crisis 粮食不安全和阿片类药物危机
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221149287
C. Heflin, Xiaohan Sun
{"title":"Food Insecurity and the Opioid Crisis","authors":"C. Heflin, Xiaohan Sun","doi":"10.1177/00027162221149287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221149287","url":null,"abstract":"The opioid epidemic has increased adult mortality, disrupted families, and changed labor supply—all factors that are independently associated with poverty and food insecurity. We explore the relationship between the opioid crisis and food insecurity at the state level, first by examining the relationship of drug-related mortalities to food insecurity, and then by exploiting cross-state variations in OxyContin misuse prior to reformulation of the drug to investigate whether food insecurity increased as individuals with opioid use disorder transitioned from prescription to street drugs such as heroin. Results provide further evidence of the presence and size of the social consequences of the opioid crises and the negative consequences associated with drug reformulation for food security.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"703 1","pages":"262 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43109578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Opioid Epidemic and Children's Living Arrangements in the United States, 2000-2018. 2000-2018年美国阿片类药物流行与儿童生活安排
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221142648
Mónica L Caudillo, Andrés Villarreal, Philip N Cohen
{"title":"The Opioid Epidemic and Children's Living Arrangements in the United States, 2000-2018.","authors":"Mónica L Caudillo, Andrés Villarreal, Philip N Cohen","doi":"10.1177/00027162221142648","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00027162221142648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the detrimental effects of the opioid epidemic on health and wellbeing have been well documented, we know little about how it has affected the family contexts in which children live. Using data from the 2000 Census, the 2005-2018 American Community Survey (ACS) and restricted Vital Statistics, we assess how the opioid epidemic, as measured by a rise in the opioid overdose death rate, affected the rates of children living in different family arrangements: two married parents, two cohabiting parents, single mother, single father, or another configuration. According to local fixed-effects models, a higher opioid overdose death rate is associated with fewer children living with two married parents and an increase in children living in family structures that tend to be less stable, such as those led by cohabiting parents or a single father. These changes in family arrangements have potential long-term implications for the wellbeing of future generations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"703 1","pages":"162-187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11259247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46787150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Social and Community Consequences of the Opioid Epidemic 阿片类药物流行的社会和社区后果
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231157569
R. Darolia, C. Heflin
{"title":"The Social and Community Consequences of the Opioid Epidemic","authors":"R. Darolia, C. Heflin","doi":"10.1177/00027162231157569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162231157569","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a brief orientation to the articles that comprise this volume, which is an effort to understand the consequences of the opioid epidemic in a variety of societal and community domains. These domains include child welfare, living arrangements, education, food insecurity, housing, and public budgets, and they are often paid scant attention compared to research that focuses on the direct effects of opioid use. We give an overview of the articles that comprise this volume and discuss the ways in which they contribute new empirical insights on the consequences of the opioid crisis in the U.S. and Canada. We conclude with thoughts on the challenges inherent in this work, insights about how this volume of research might help us understand the broader reach of the epidemic, and how it helps in the development of prosocial public policies.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"703 1","pages":"7 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46583790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Opioid Crisis and Educational Performance 阿片类药物危机与教育绩效
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231151523
R. Darolia, Samuel J. Owens, J-P Tyler
{"title":"The Opioid Crisis and Educational Performance","authors":"R. Darolia, Samuel J. Owens, J-P Tyler","doi":"10.1177/00027162231151523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162231151523","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a simple model of how opioids in a community can impact the educational outcomes of children based on both the extent of exposure to opioids in the community and on the child’s vulnerability to any given level of exposure. We then use national data to document where and how the opioid crisis has intersected with students’ performance on standardized test scores in the U.S., focusing particularly on rural communities. Finally, we estimate the extent to which variation in one measure of the opioid crisis, drug-related mortality, is related to variation in test scores. We find strong relationships between the two, as well as evidence that the relationship is particularly salient for third-grade students in rural communities.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"703 1","pages":"188 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43384094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Has the Opioid Crisis Affected Student Learning? A National Analysis of Growth Rates 阿片类药物危机影响了学生的学习吗？全国增长率分析
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231151524
J. Drescher, Lily Steyer, Carrie Townley-Flores, K. Humphreys
{"title":"Has the Opioid Crisis Affected Student Learning? A National Analysis of Growth Rates","authors":"J. Drescher, Lily Steyer, Carrie Townley-Flores, K. Humphreys","doi":"10.1177/00027162231151524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162231151524","url":null,"abstract":"The potential spillover effects of the United States’ opioid epidemic on children’s educational outcomes have received surprisingly little attention from researchers. Accordingly, this study leverages national datasets of county-level opioid prescription rates and public school students’ third- to eighth-grade academic achievement to provide the first analysis of associations between community opioid prevalence and children’s learning rates. We find that students in counties with higher community opioid presence learn more slowly than peers in counties with low community opioid presence, both in aggregate and across different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups of students. Moreover, within states we observe a small significant negative association between community opioid presence and student learning rates. This association is similar in rural and nonrural communities. These findings underscore the urgency of conceptualizing the opioid epidemic as a community-level crisis, with potentially long-lasting implications for children’s future educational attainment and life outcomes.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"703 1","pages":"234 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42188573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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