Cognitive Science最新文献_第9页

Solving Bongard Problems With a Visual Language and Pragmatic Constraints 用视觉语言和实用限制解决邦加德问题

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13432

Stefan Depeweg, Contantin A. Rothkopf, Frank Jäkel

{"title":"Solving Bongard Problems With a Visual Language and Pragmatic Constraints","authors":"Stefan Depeweg, Contantin A. Rothkopf, Frank Jäkel","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13432","url":null,"abstract":"More than 50 years ago, Bongard introduced 100 visual concept learning problems as a challenge for artificial vision systems. These problems are now known as Bongard problems. Although they are well known in cognitive science and artificial intelligence, only very little progress has been made toward building systems that can solve a substantial subset of them. In the system presented here, visual features are extracted through image processing and then translated into a symbolic visual vocabulary. We introduce a formal language that allows representing compositional visual concepts based on this vocabulary. Using this language and Bayesian inference, concepts can be induced from the examples that are provided in each problem. We find a reasonable agreement between the concepts with high posterior probability and the solutions formulated by Bongard himself for a subset of 35 problems. While this approach is far from solving Bongard problems like humans, it does considerably better than previous approaches. We discuss the issues we encountered while developing this system and their continuing relevance for understanding visual cognition. For instance, contrary to other concept learning problems, the examples are not random in Bongard problems; instead they are carefully chosen to ensure that the concept can be induced, and we found it helpful to take the resulting pragmatic constraints into account.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pupils Dilate More to Harder Vocabulary Words than Easier Ones 瞳孔对较难词汇的放大程度大于较易词汇

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13446

Ishanti Gangopadhyay, Daniel Fulford, Kathleen Corriveau, Jessica Mow, Pearl Han Li, Sudha Arunachalam

{"title":"Pupils Dilate More to Harder Vocabulary Words than Easier Ones","authors":"Ishanti Gangopadhyay, Daniel Fulford, Kathleen Corriveau, Jessica Mow, Pearl Han Li, Sudha Arunachalam","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13446","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding cognitive effort expended during assessments is essential to improving efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility within these assessments. Pupil dilation is commonly used as a psychophysiological measure of cognitive effort, yet research on its relationship with effort expended specifically during language processing is limited. The present study adds to and expands on this literature by investigating the relationships among pupil dilation, trial difficulty, and accuracy during a vocabulary test. Participants (n = 63, Mage = 19.25) completed a subset of trials from the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test while seated at an eye-tracker monitor. During each trial, four colored images were presented on the monitor while a word was presented via audio recording. Participants verbally indicated which image they thought represented the target word. Words were categorized into Easy, Medium, and Hard difficulty. Pupil dilation during the Medium and Hard trials was significantly greater than during the Easy trials, though the Medium and Hard trials did not significantly differ from each other. Pupil dilation in comparison to trial accuracy presented a more complex pattern, with comparisons between accurate and inaccurate trials differing depending on the timing of the stimulus presentation. These results present further evidence that pupil dilation increases with cognitive effort associated with vocabulary tests, providing insights that could help refine vocabulary assessments and other related tests of language processing.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140639506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Raising the Roof: Situating Verbs in Symbolic and Embodied Language Processing 掀起屋顶将动词置于象征性和体现性语言处理中

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13442

John Hollander, Andrew Olney

{"title":"Raising the Roof: Situating Verbs in Symbolic and Embodied Language Processing","authors":"John Hollander, Andrew Olney","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13442","url":null,"abstract":"Recent investigations on how people derive meaning from language have focused on task-dependent shifts between two cognitive systems. The symbolic (amodal) system represents meaning as the statistical relationships between words. The embodied (modal) system represents meaning through neurocognitive simulation of perceptual or sensorimotor systems associated with a word's referent. A primary finding of literature in this field is that the embodied system is only dominant when a task necessitates it, but in certain paradigms, this has only been demonstrated using nouns and adjectives. The purpose of this paper is to study whether similar effects hold with verbs. Experiment 1 evaluated a novel task in which participants rated a selection of verbs on their implied vertical movement. Ratings correlated well with distributional semantic models, establishing convergent validity, though some variance was unexplained by language statistics alone. Experiment 2 replicated previous noun-based location-cue congruency experimental paradigms with verbs and showed that the ratings obtained in Experiment 1 predicted reaction times more strongly than language statistics. Experiment 3 modified the location-cue paradigm by adding movement to create an animated, temporally decoupled, movement-verb judgment task designed to examine the relative influence of symbolic and embodied processing for verbs. Results were generally consistent with linguistic shortcut hypotheses of symbolic-embodied integrated language processing; location-cue congruence elicited processing facilitation in some conditions, and perceptual information accounted for reaction times and accuracy better than language statistics alone. These studies demonstrate novel ways in which embodied and linguistic information can be examined while using verbs as stimuli.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140639505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forming Evaluations of Moral Character: How Are Multiple Pieces of Information Prioritized and Integrated? 形成对道德品质的评价：如何对多种信息进行优先排序和整合？

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13443

Justin F. Landy, Alexander D. Perry

{"title":"Forming Evaluations of Moral Character: How Are Multiple Pieces of Information Prioritized and Integrated?","authors":"Justin F. Landy, Alexander D. Perry","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13443","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating other people's moral character is a crucial social cognitive task. However, the cognitive processes by which people seek out, prioritize, and integrate multiple pieces of character-relevant information have not been studied empirically. The first aim of this research was to examine which character traits are considered most important when forming an impression of a person's overall moral character. The second aim was to understand how differing levels of trait expression affect overall character judgments. Four preregistered studies and one supplemental study (total N = 720), using five different measures of importance and sampling undergraduates, online workers, and community members, found that our participants placed the most importance on the traits honest, helpful, compassionate, loyal, and responsible. Also, when integrating the information that they have learned, our participants seemed to engage in a simple averaging process in which all available, relevant information is combined in a linear fashion to form an overall evaluation of moral character. This research provides new insights into the cognitive processes by which evaluations of moral character are formed.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140641980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Action Selection in Everyday Activities: The Opportunistic Planning Model 日常活动中的行动选择：机会规划模型

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13444

Petra Wenzl, Holger Schultheis

{"title":"Action Selection in Everyday Activities: The Opportunistic Planning Model","authors":"Petra Wenzl, Holger Schultheis","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13444","url":null,"abstract":"While action selection strategies in well-defined domains have received considerable attention, little is yet known about how people choose what to do next in ill-defined tasks. In this contribution, we shed light on this issue by considering everyday tasks, which in many cases have a multitude of possible solutions (e.g., it does not matter in which order the items are brought to the table when setting a table) and are thus categorized as ill-defined problems. Even if there are no hard constraints on the ordering of subtasks in everyday activities, our research shows that people exhibit specific preferences. We propose that these preferences arise from bounded rationality, that is, people only have limited knowledge and processing power available, which results in a preference to minimize the overall physical and cognitive effort. In the context of everyday activities, this can be achieved by (a) taking properties of the spatial environment into account to use them to one's advantage, and (b) employing a stepwise-optimal action selection strategy. We present the Opportunistic Planning Model as an explanatory cognitive model, which instantiates these assumptions, and show that the model is able to generalize to new everyday tasks, outperforming machine learning models such as neural networks during generalization.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140641981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bayes Optimal Integration of Social and Endogenous Uncertainty in Numerosity Estimation 数值估计中社会不确定性与内生不确定性的贝叶斯优化整合

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13447

Tutku Öztel, Fuat Balcı

引用次数: 0

Choosing Among Undesirable Options: Children Consider Desirability of Available Choices in Evaluation of Socially Mindful Actions 在不可取的选择中做出选择：儿童在评估有社会意识的行动时考虑现有选择的可取性

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13441

Sixian Li, Xin Zhao

{"title":"Choosing Among Undesirable Options: Children Consider Desirability of Available Choices in Evaluation of Socially Mindful Actions","authors":"Sixian Li, Xin Zhao","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13441","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies show that adults and children evaluate the act of leaving a choice for others as prosocial, and have termed such actions as socially mindful actions. The current study investigates how the desirability of the available options (i.e., whether the available options are desirable or not) may influence adults’ and children's evaluation of socially mindful actions. Children (N = 120, 4- to 6-year-olds) and adults (N = 124) were asked to evaluate characters selecting items for themselves from a set of three items—two identical items and one unique item—in a way that either leaves a choice (two diverse items) or leaves no choice (two identical items) for the next person (i.e., the beneficiary). We manipulated whether the available options were either desirable or undesirable (i.e., damaged). We found that adults’ and 6-year-olds’ evaluation of socially mindful actions is moderated by the desirability of the options. Although they evaluate the act of leaving a choice for others as nicer than the act of leaving no choice both when the choosing options are desirable and when they are undesirable, the discrepancy in the evaluation becomes significantly smaller when the choosing options are undesirable. We also found that inference of the beneficiary's feeling underlies social evaluation of the actor leaving a choice (or not). These findings suggest that children consider both the diversity of options left and the desirability of the available options in understanding and evaluating socially mindful acts.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140633674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comprehensive Examination of Prediction-Based Error as a Mechanism for Syntactic Development: Evidence From Syntactic Priming 将基于预测的错误作为句法发展机制的全面研究：来自句法诱导的证据

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13431

Seamus Donnelly, Caroline Rowland, Franklin Chang, Evan Kidd

{"title":"A Comprehensive Examination of Prediction-Based Error as a Mechanism for Syntactic Development: Evidence From Syntactic Priming","authors":"Seamus Donnelly, Caroline Rowland, Franklin Chang, Evan Kidd","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13431","url":null,"abstract":"Prediction-based accounts of language acquisition have the potential to explain several different effects in child language acquisition and adult language processing. However, evidence regarding the developmental predictions of such accounts is mixed. Here, we consider several predictions of these accounts in two large-scale developmental studies of syntactic priming of the English dative alternation. Study 1 was a cross-sectional study (N = 140) of children aged 3−9 years, in which we found strong evidence of abstract priming and the lexical boost, but little evidence that either effect was moderated by age. We found weak evidence for a prime surprisal effect; however, exploratory analyses revealed a protracted developmental trajectory for verb-structure biases, providing an explanation as for why prime surprisal effects are more elusive in developmental populations. In a longitudinal study (N = 102) of children in tightly controlled age bands at 42, 48, and 54 months, we found priming effects emerged on trials with verb overlap early but did not observe clear evidence of priming on trials without verb overlap until 54 months. There was no evidence of a prime surprisal effect at any time point and none of the effects were moderated by age. The results relating to the emergence of the abstract priming and lexical boost effects are consistent with prediction-based models, while the absence of age-related effects appears to reflect the structure-specific challenges the dative presents to English-acquiring children. Overall, our complex pattern of findings demonstrates the value of developmental data sets in testing psycholinguistic theory.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140556341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Valence-Dependent Implicit Action Generalization Among Group Members 小组成员间的内隐行动泛化与情感有关

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13440

Jiecheng Huangliang, Yinfeng Hu, Xutao Zheng, Zikai Xu, Wenying Zhou, Jun Yin

{"title":"Valence-Dependent Implicit Action Generalization Among Group Members","authors":"Jiecheng Huangliang, Yinfeng Hu, Xutao Zheng, Zikai Xu, Wenying Zhou, Jun Yin","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13440","url":null,"abstract":"People implicitly generalize the actions of known individuals in a social group to unknown members. However, actions have social goals and evaluative valences, and the extent to which actions with different valences (helpful and harmful) are implicitly generalized among group members remains unclear. We used computer animations to simulate social group actions, where helping and hindering actions were represented by aiding and obstructing another's climb up a hill. Study 1 found that helpful actions are implicitly expected to be shared among members of the same group but not among members of different groups, but no such effect was found for harmful actions. This suggests that helpful actions are more likely than harmful actions to be implicitly generalized to group members. This finding was replicated in Study 2 by increasing the group size from three to five. Study 3 found that the null effect for generalizing harmful actions among group members is not due to the difficulty of detecting action generalization, as both helpful and harmful actions are similarly generalized within particular individuals. Moreover, Study 4 demonstrated that weakening social group information resulted in the absence of implicit generalization for helpful actions, suggesting the specificity of group membership. Study 5 revealed that the generalization of helping actions occurred when actions were performed by multiple group members rather than being repeated by one group member, showing group-based inductive generalization. Overall, these findings support valence-dependent implicit action generalization among group members. This implies that people may possess different knowledge regarding valenced actions on category-based generalization.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Role of Attention in Category Representation 注意在类别表征中的作用

IF 2.5 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13438

Mengcun Gao, Brandon M. Turner, Vladimir M. Sloutsky

{"title":"The Role of Attention in Category Representation","authors":"Mengcun Gao, Brandon M. Turner, Vladimir M. Sloutsky","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13438","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies have found that selective attention affects category learning. However, previous research did not distinguish between the contribution of focusing and filtering components of selective attention. This study addresses this issue by examining how components of selective attention affect category representation. Participants first learned a rule-plus-similarity category structure, and then were presented with category priming followed by categorization and recognition tests. Additionally, to evaluate the involvement of focusing and filtering, we fit models with different attentional mechanisms to the data. In Experiment 1, participants received rule-based category training, with specific emphasis on a single deterministic feature (D feature). Experiment 2 added a recognition test to examine participants’ memory for features. Both experiments indicated that participants categorized items based solely on the D feature, showed greater memory for the D feature, were primed exclusively by the D feature without interference from probabilistic features (P features), and were better fit by models with focusing and at least one type of filtering mechanism. The results indicated that selective attention distorted category representation by highlighting the D feature and attenuating P features. To examine whether the distorted representation was specific to rule-based training, Experiment 3 introduced training, emphasizing all features. Under such training, participants were no longer primed by the D feature, they remembered all features well, and they were better fit by the model assuming only focusing but no filtering process. The results coupled with modeling provide novel evidence that while both focusing and filtering contribute to category representation, filtering can also result in representational distortion.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0