Cognitive Therapy and Research最新文献

{"title":"Initial Validation of the Self Experiences Questionnaire-2 in People with Chronic Pain","authors":"Lin Yu, Kitty Kioskli, Lance M. McCracken","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10500-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10500-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>The struggle with sense of self has a fundamental impact on health and wellbeing in people with chronic pain. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) particularly includes a process related to sense of self, called self-as-context (SAC). A measure of SAC, called the Self Experiences Questionnaire-8 (SEQ-8) has been developed in people with chronic pain. A brief version of the SEQ can facilitate more efficient assessment in clinical settings, and further research using intensive assessment to produce situation and time-sensitive information on SAC. The aim of the study was to establish a two-item version of the SEQ.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>This study used secondary analyses of data from 453 people with chronic pain.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The newly validated SEQ-2 demonstrated acceptable reliability, Cronbach’s α = 0.77, and performed well in assessing SAC, with 88.6% of the variance in the SEQ-8 explained by the SEQ-2. The construct validity of the SEQ-2 was supported by its associations with other theoretically-specified processes, <i>r</i> = .25-0.51, <i>p</i> &lt; .001. and measures of functioning, |<i>r</i>|=0.18-0.40, <i>p</i> &lt; .001. The incremental validity of the SEQ-2 was relatively limited, |<i>β</i>|=0.08-0.34. Conclusions: The SEQ-2 appears to be an acceptable measure of SAC. The brief version of the SEQ can facilitate the application of individualised research methods and personalised pain treatments, informed by intensive assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motives for Performing Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs): Similarities to and Differences from Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious and Stereotypic Movement Behaviors","authors":"Steffen Moritz, Stella Schmotz, Luca Hoyer, Amitai Abramovitch","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10501-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10501-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>In the DSM-5, body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) are now classified in the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders section. Differential diagnosis is complicated by the overlap of BFRBs with other disorders, especially non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) and stereotypic movement behavior (SMB). The present study examined participants’ motives for performing BFRBs to provide a better understanding of how BFRBs may differ from NSSI and SMB and to determine whether BFRB is best characterized as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A total of 268 individuals with various BFRBs were assessed with respect to their motives for performing BFRBs, comorbid diagnoses, emotions accompanying their BFRBs, and whether they felt an urge to perform the behavior on others as well as themselves.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The main motives for performing BFRBs were release of stress (84.7%), boredom (51.5%), and gratification/pleasure (34.7%). Approximately one third of the sample were unable to provide a clear motive. The majority were ambivalent about their behavior. Participants rarely engaged in cutting; 16.4% performed a BFRB on someone else’s body or wanted to do so. OCD was self-reported by only 7.5% of the participants.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Discussion</h3><p>Ambivalence towards symptoms is high in individuals with BFRBs; the main motive for performing the behavior was emotion regulation, particularly of stress. Limitations of the study are the self-reported assessment and the high attrition during the assessment. Further research is needed to clarify whether BFRBs, NSSI, and SMB should be kept separate or should be combined into one category, perhaps with specifiers. The current classification of BFRBs as an OCD-related disorder should be reconsidered.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"382 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threat-Related Interpretation Biases and Intolerance of Uncertainty in Individuals Exposed to Trauma","authors":"Kimberly A. Arditte Hall, Stephanie J. Arditte","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10511-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10511-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Interpretation biases are a form of cognitive bias in which ambiguous information is resolved in a consistent manner; threat-related interpretation biases are documented across a range of psychiatric disorders. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is the tendency to perceive uncertainty as threatening. Despite the relevance of IU to threat-related interpretation biases, relatively little work has examined the associations between these constructs, particularly in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>This study examined the associations between IU, PTSD, and threat-related interpretation biases among 342 trauma-exposed adults (<i>n</i> = 156; 45.6% with provisional PTSD). Participants completed an online survey, including the Prospective IU and Inhibitory IU subscales of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12), the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and the Interpretation Bias Index for PTSD (IBIP). Responses to the IBIP were summed to capture explicit biases (i.e., the extent to which ambiguous sentences were perceived as threatening). Additionally, timing data were collected and used as an exploratory metric of implicit biases (i.e., the speed with which participants resolved threat-related ambiguity).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>PTSD symptom severity was associated with both explicit and implicit threat biases. Prospective and inhibitory IU were each robustly associated with explicit threat biases, whereas only inhibitory IU was associated with implicit biases toward threat.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Results indicate that PTSD symptoms and IU are each associated with threat-related interpretation biases among trauma-exposed individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141575375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationships Between Metacognitive Beliefs, Executive Functioning, and Psychological Distress in Early Adolescence","authors":"Rebekah G. Belte, Tamara De Regt, Lee Kannis-Dymand, Amanda Boyes, Marcella Parker, Daniel F. Hermens","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10506-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10506-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Increased endorsement of metacognitions and poorer executive functioning have been associated with increased adolescent psychological distress. However, it is unknown whether poorer executive functioning strengthens the metacognitions–psychological distress relationship.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional study investigated unique and interactive contributions of self-reported positive metacognitions (beliefs that repetitive thinking is beneficial), negative metacognitions (beliefs that repetitive thinking is uncontrollable) and an objective test of executive function on self-reported psychological distress in <i>N</i> = 85 Australian adolescents (49% female, 51% male) aged 12–14 years (<i>M</i> = 13.22, <i>SD</i> = 0.45).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Results of the hierarchical regression revealed both positive and negative metacognitions significantly, positively, and strongly predicted psychological distress. Furthermore, poorer executive functioning significantly strengthened the negative metacognitions–psychological distress relationship. These findings indicate that adolescents who endorse beliefs that their repetitive thinking is uncontrollable, dangerous, or helpful are more likely to be psychologically distressed. Furthermore, findings indicate adolescents with poorer inhibition were particularly vulnerable to the impact of negative metacognitions (e.g., repetitive thinking is uncontrollable) on psychological distress. This vulnerability is likely because negative metacognitions are highly intrusive, rendering their activation difficult to ignore.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Overall, findings support the self-regulatory executive function model, indicating metacognitions and executive functioning influence adolescent psychological distress. These findings have practical implications for clinical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141575376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expectativas Oscuras: On the Added Burden of Concomitant Negative Problem Orientation and Pessimism in Predicting Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Behaviors in Latinx Young Adults","authors":"Edward C. Chang","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10509-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10509-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Optimism and social problem solving were examined as predictors of depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors in Latinx adults.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A total of 572 (424 female and 148 male) Latinx college students participated in the present study.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Regression analyses, controlling for sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, sex, immigration status) and past suicide attempts, indicated that optimism accounted for a significant amount of the variance in depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors. Moreover, the inclusion of social problem solving was found to further augment the prediction model by accounting for additional unique variance in depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors. Within the social problem-solving set, negative problem orientation was consistently found to be the only significant unique predictor. Finally, an examination for an Optimism × Social Problem Solving interaction effect resulted in identifying a significant Pessimism × Negative Problem Orientation effect in predicting depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors. Importantly, negative problem orientation was associated with both greater depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors among those with less than high levels of optimism.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>These findings point to the additive and interactive role of negative expectancies, namely, pessimism and negative problem orientation, in accounting for greater depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors in Latinx adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Individual Differences in Motivational Readiness at Entry to Treatment and Treatment Attendance and Outcome in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: A Systematic Review","authors":"Catherine Crane, Matthew Hotton, Lucas Shelemy, Rebecca Knowles-Bevis","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10504-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10504-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>There is considerable interest in identifying factors that predict outcome from psychological treatment. This review examines the relationship between readiness / stage of change at entry to CBT treatment and treatment attendance or outcome in people with mental health problems other than addiction.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Four databases: PsycINFO; MEDLINE; Embase and CINAHL were searched to identify relevant studies published in English from 1st January 1980 onwards. Following title and abstract screening, and full text review of potentially eligible studies, a total of 22 eligible studies were identified, of which 21 were included in the narrative synthesis. The review was registered on PROSPERO REF: CRD42020209173.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Nineteen studies explored the relationship between readiness and symptom outcome, with a majority (<i>n</i> = 13) identifying at least one statistically significant relationship between variables, either directly or in interaction with another measure. A number of these also tested other associations which were non-significant. In contrast, five studies explored the association between readiness and treatment attendance, and findings were inconclusive.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The systematic review found some evidence suggesting that readiness is linked to symptom outcome in CBT, regardless of the type of clinical problem or readiness measure used. The studies adopting an RCT design identified no evidence of differences in the relationship between readiness and outcome when comparing CBT to other psychotherapeutic interventions. Study quality was variable, and a range of methodological limitations and potential avenues for future work are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141511003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretation Bias Modification Affects Autobiographical Memory","authors":"Daniel Mandelbaum, Eyal Kalanthroff","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10505-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10505-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background and Objectives</h3><p>Autobiographical memories have been found to be related to one’s current psychological state. Biases in autobiographical memories in terms of valence, content, and specificity are thought to be related to one’s well-being and mental health. Previous studies have shown that by using cognitive bias modification techniques that aim to alter one’s interpretation bias, memory valence bias could also be altered. The goal of the current study was to investigate if these techniques can also alter overgenerality of autobiographical memory, a phenomenon strongly associated with different psychopathologies. We hypothesized that creating a positive interpretation would decrease overgenerality of autobiographical memories while a negative interpretation bias would increase overgenerality.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Sixty participants were recruited and divided into two groups, positive vs. negative imagery Cognitive Bias Modification (i-CBM). Both groups completed an Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) before and after undergoing one i-CBM session (positive or negative).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>positive i-CBM reduced overgenerality of autobiographical memories, while negative i-CBM increased it.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>These results suggest that changing one’s cognitive interpretation bias also changes one’s memory bias. Thus, the same task that reduces negative bias from autobiographical memories also reduces overgenerality of autobiographical memories. In addition, the results strengthen the suggestion that the use of imagery and the ability to generate specific autobiographical memories are related. These findings hold great potential for our understanding of the interconnection between the different cognitive memory biases that lay at the base of several psychopathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141530236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Major Problems in Clinical Psychological Science and How to Address them. Introducing a Multimodal Dynamical Network Approach","authors":"Marlon Westhoff, Max Berg, Andreas Reif, Winfried Rief, Stefan G. Hofmann","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10487-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10487-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Despite impressive dissemination programs of best-practice therapies, clinical psychology faces obstacles in developing more efficacious treatments for mental disorders. In contrast to other medical disciplines, psychotherapy has made only slow progress in improving treatment outcomes. Improvements in the classification of mental disorders could enhance the tailoring of treatments to improve effectiveness. We introduce a multimodal dynamical network approach, to address some of the challenges faced by clinical research. These challenges include the absence of a comprehensive meta-theory, comorbidity, substantial diagnostic heterogeneity, violations of ergodicity assumptions, and a limited understanding of causal processes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Through the application of multimodal dynamical network analysis, we describe how to advance clinical research by addressing central problems in the field. By utilizing dynamic network analysis techniques (e.g., Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation, multivariate Granger causality), multimodal measurements (i.e., psychological, psychopathological, and neurobiological data), intensive longitudinal data collection (e.g., Ecological Momentary Assessment), and causal inference methods (e.g., GIMME), our approach could improve the comprehension and treatment of mental disorders. Under the umbrella of the systems approach and utilizing e.g., graph theory and control theory, we aim to integrate data from longitudinal, multimodal measurements.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The multimodal dynamical network approach enables a comprehensive understanding of mental disorders as dynamic networks of interconnected symptoms. It dismantles artificial diagnostic boundaries, facilitating a transdiagnostic view of psychopathology. The integration of longitudinal data and causal inference techniques enhances our ability to identify influential nodes, prioritize interventions, and predict the impact of therapeutic strategies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The proposed approach could improve psychological treatment by providing individualized models of psychopathology and by suggesting individual treatment angles.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141511020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Emotion Malleability Beliefs and Suicidal Ideation or Behaviors","authors":"Kailyn Fan, Chloe Hudson, Hans Schroder, Elizabeth Kneeland, Courtney Beard, Thröstur Björgvinsson","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10498-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10498-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Research has identified risk factors for suicide, but resilience factors remain unexplored. Our study examined whether stronger emotion malleability beliefs may protect against suicidal ideation (SI) and/or behaviors. We also examined whether emotion malleability beliefs moderates the relation between SI and suicidal behaviors.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>Participants (<i>n</i> = 514 partial hospital patients) completed the Theories of Emotion Scale that assessed emotion malleability beliefs and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale interview to measure SI severity and presence of suicidal behaviors.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Consistent with hypotheses, stronger emotion malleability beliefs was associated with lower levels of past-month SI (β = – .12, <i>p</i> = .009) and lower odds of past-month suicidal behaviors (Exp[<i>B</i>] = 1.06, <i>p</i> = .009). However, these effects were no longer significant when controlling for depressive symptoms (β = – .05, <i>p</i> = .29; Exp[<i>B</i>] = 0.85, <i>p</i> = .11). Unexpectedly, past-month SI was a stronger predictor of past-month suicidal behavior at stronger emotion malleability beliefs (<i>b</i> = .87, <i>p</i> &lt; .001) relative to more moderate (<i>b</i> = .65, <i>p</i> &lt; .001) or weaker beliefs (<i>b</i> = .51, <i>p</i> &lt; .001).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Emotion malleability beliefs does not predict suicidality beyond depressive symptoms, but paradoxically may increase risk of suicidal thoughts progressing into suicidal behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141511021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occasional Reinforced Extinction as a Method for Relapse Prevention: A Critical Systematic Review and Future Directions","authors":"María J. Quintero, Francisco J. López, Miguel A. Vadillo, Joaquín Morís","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10497-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10497-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Introduction</h3><p>Extinction is more vulnerable than the original acquisition memory, as relapse phenomena have systematically shown in the literature with different species and procedures. One strategy potentially useful to mitigate relapse is occasional reinforced extinction (ORE). In contrast to a standard extinction procedure, this strategy consists of the inclusion of a gradual and sparse number of conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus pairings within the extinction phase. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on ORE.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>We conducted a literature search using three databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycInfo) in July 2022, with an additional citation search. We collected data on different variables of interest, like the relapse phenomena being studied, the outcome measures, or the specific effects obtained.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>A total of 350 studies were identified from the main database search, including 10 in the review. Five additional studies from the citation search were also included. The final sample consisted of 15 empirical reports. The observed procedural variability makes it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of ORE to reduce different forms of relapse as the strategy has not consistently shown a general advantage over standard extinction.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The current evidence assessing the effectiveness of ORE does not appear to be consistent, although there are plenty theoretical studies recommending and discussing the potential effectiveness of such technique. Moreover, the lack of conclusive laboratory evidence calls into question how general the potential benefits of its use in clinical settings would be.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}