Cognitive Therapy and Research最新文献

{"title":"Development and Validation of an Abbreviated Form of the Cognitive Style Questionnaire.","authors":"Ivan Vargas, Olivia Wier, Abigail H Vance, Gerald J Haeffel","doi":"10.1007/s10608-025-10587-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10608-025-10587-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>According to the Hopelessness Theory of Depression, a negative cognitive style increases an individual's vulnerability to depression during stressful life events. The Cognitive Style Questionnaire (CSQ) is a widely used self-report measure to assess negative cognitive style or cognitive vulnerability. A limitation of the CSQ is its length, limiting its use in larger-scale research and applied settings. This research aims to validate a brief version of the CSQ.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted two studies to develop and validate the CSQ-brief form (CSQ-BF) by (1) empirically determining which scenarios from the CSQ should be included and (2) validating the CSQ-BF. In study one, 207 university students completed the full-scale CSQ, and the six best-fitting items were selected for the CSQ-BF. In study two, 321 university students completed several self-report measures of depressive symptoms, stressor exposure, affect, and the CSQ-BF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A factor analysis supported that the full-scale CSQ is comprised of a single factor structure. Six items were selected for the CSQ-BF based on factor loadings and item categories (to maximize content validity). Results from study two confirmed that the CSQ-BF had strong psychometric properties and could be completed in less time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CSQ-BF offers a more convenient tool for measuring cognitive vulnerability to depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"49 5","pages":"1070-1082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12449400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Who</i> Cares What Other People Think? A Longitudinal Investigation of the Role of Autonomy-Connectedness in Self-Esteem Change Trajectories and Instability.","authors":"Laura E Kunst, Marcel A L M van Assen, Felix J Clouth, Caroline Hunt, Maree J Abbott, Joyce Maas, Marrie H J Bekker","doi":"10.1007/s10608-025-10604-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10608-025-10604-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While low self-esteem is an established risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders, psychological underpinnings of unstable self-esteem remain understudied. We investigated the role of autonomy-connectedness, the psychological capacity for self-governance, in self-esteem and its change trajectories and instability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data spanning 12 years of the Longitudinal Internet studies for the Social Sciences [LISS] panel, a large, nationally representative population sample (<i>N</i> = 5367, ages 16-91), were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mixed model analyses revealed that autonomy-connectedness was positively associated with self-esteem. Autonomy-connectedness component Sensitivity to others predicted less deterioration of self-esteem over time. Latent growth mixture modeling exploring individual differences revealed seven latent classes differing in slope and self-esteem instability over time. Individuals with healthy autonomy were more likely to belong to classes with above average self-esteem, but not necessarily more stable self-esteem trajectories. A subgroup (11%) displayed alarming autonomy deficits, which corresponded with low, stable self-esteem, as well as high levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Autonomous individuals have higher self-esteem and better mental health, but autonomy deficits were not necessarily associated with <i>unstable</i> self-esteem trajectories. Being sensitive to others buffers against declining self-esteem in older age. Results are discussed in light of depression and anxiety vulnerability.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-025-10604-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"49 6","pages":"1246-1263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12638343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145589297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'If I am Reminded of my Trauma, I will …': Assessing Threat Expectancies for Being Confronted with Trauma Reminders.","authors":"Marike Jolien Kooistra, Agnes van Minnen, Danielle Oprel, Maartje Schoorl, Willem van der Does, Rianne de Kleine","doi":"10.1007/s10608-025-10582-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10608-025-10582-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Dysfunctional threat appraisal plays a key role in both the development and treatment of PTSD. It is unclear how these appraisals can best be measured. This study aimed to explore the specific negative outcome predictions held by patients with PTSD and to develop and validate the Threat Appraisal in PTSD Scale (TAPS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data from a non-clinical (<i>N</i> = 309) and clinical sample (<i>N</i> = 125) to assess the psychometric properties of the TAPS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The TAPS had excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminative validity were adequate. The TAPS showed to be sensitive to change following treatment. The TAPS demonstrated incremental validity beyond general cognitions in predicting PTSD symptoms in the combined sample, but not in the patient sample. An exploratory factor analysis suggested three factors: 'losing control', 'externalizing reactions', and 'physical reactions', and patients seemed most concerned about outcomes related to 'losing control'.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings imply that the TAPS could be clinically beneficial, enabling patients and therapists to recognize dysfunctional expectancies and tailor therapeutic interventions accordingly.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-025-10582-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"49 4","pages":"769-779"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12287127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining Unguided Web-Based Attentional Bias Modification and Affective Working Memory Training to Decrease Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"M D Nuijs, H Larsen, A M Klein, R P P P Grasman, R W Wiers, E L de Voogd, E Salemink","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10565-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10608-024-10565-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety can partly be explained by an interplay of attentional biases and control processes. This suggests that when aiming to reduce anxiety, simultaneously reducing an attentional bias for threat and strengthening control processes would be the optimal approach. We investigated whether a combined web-based Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) with affective Working Memory Training (WMT) was effective in reducing trait anxiety relative to control conditions and whether state anxiety moderated ABM effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this pre-registered randomized controlled trial, adults with heightened trait anxiety (<i>n</i> = 433) received either an active or control visual search ABM combined with an active or control emotional chessboard WMT training (2 × 2 design). Trait anxiety (primary outcome) was assessed at pre- (T1), mid- (T2), and post-training (T3), and at 1, 2, and 3-months follow-up. Attentional Bias (AB) and Working Memory (WM) capacity were assessed at T1, T2, T3, and FU3. State anxiety was measured prior to each training session.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Irrespective of the training conditions, participants showed a decrease in trait anxiety over time. The ABM training was associated with stronger reductions in AB. The WMT training was not associated with more improvements in WM capacity relative to the control condition. No moderating effects of state anxiety, baseline AB or WM capacity were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggested that the current type of ABM combined with WMT in a web-based format, without therapist support, was not effective in reducing trait anxiety beyond control conditions.The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR-NL4525, https://www.onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/23135).</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-024-10565-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"49 4","pages":"685-701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12287166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Relationships between Psychological Flexibility and Comorbidity of Depression and Anxiety: A Network Analysis in a Non-Clinical Community Sample","authors":"Duckhyun Jo, Yeji Yang, Eunjoo Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10534-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10534-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Although depression and anxiety often co-occur, the relationship between their symptoms has not been explored in non-clinical populations. Moreover, the relationship between these affective symptoms and psychological flexibility (PF) requires further investigation to improve intervention sensitivity. This study used a network approach to examine the comorbidities of depression and anxiety, and their relationship with PF.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The study sample included 1,059 Korean community participants. Two separate networks were established using items that assess depression, anxiety, and PF. Bridge strength centrality was calculated to identify the components that acted as bridges between different clusters in the network.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results indicated that the major symptoms related to depression and anxiety symptom clusters were depressed mood, restlessness, and irritability. Additionally, the PF value process was positively associated with combined symptom clusters.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>These findings provide a nuanced understanding of how symptoms and protective processes interact with and influence each other. Clinical implications and future research directions have been discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training to Increase Processing of Positive Content Paradoxically Decreases Positive Memory Bias in High Levels of Depression","authors":"Nour Kardosh, Nilly Mor","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10532-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10532-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Depressive symptoms are associated with reduced processing of and memory for positive content. These cognitive biases maintain depressive states, and are presumed to be interrelated. This study examined the effect of a single-session training to process (or inhibit) positive stimuli, on memory of new emotional content.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Participants (N = 138) were randomly assigned to conditions designed to increase or inhibit processing of positive content. Then, they made self-referential judgments concerning positive, negative and neutral words. Lastly, they free-recalled the words and completed a depression questionnaire.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Training was effective in directing participants’ processing efforts. However, the effect of the training on self-referential judgment and memory for new positive content was only significant when contingent on depression levels. Positive endorsement and recall biases were negatively affected by the positive training among participants with higher depression scores.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>These findings shed light on possible adverse effects of extensive exposure to positive content in depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"290 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lay Theories for Social Anxiety: Examining the Impact of Viewing Social Anxiety as Malleable Due to Personal Effort versus Fixed in Nature in a Non-clinical Sample","authors":"Isabella Roberto, Michael A. Busseri","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10531-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10531-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>In a pre-registered study, we evaluated the impact of viewing social anxiety as malleable through personal effort (incremental lay theory) or fixed in nature (entity lay theory) in a non-clinical sample.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>An online community sample of 586 American participants (<i>M</i> age = 40.38 years, 57% female) were randomly assigned to either an incremental, entity, or control condition, and completed various self-report measures.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Participants in the incremental (vs. entity) condition viewed social anxiety as more malleable, perceived greater control over their social anxiety (greater onset responsibility and offset efficacy), reported greater self-compassion and stronger intentions to engage in social behaviours, and yet greater self-blame. Greater baseline social anxiety predicted less perceived control, lower self-compassion, and weaker social behavior intentions, but did not moderate the effects of the lay theory manipulation. Correlational results based on individual differences in lay theories for social anxiety were consistent with findings based on comparisons among experimental conditions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>An incremental mindset concerning social anxiety could be advantageous in helping individuals with various levels of social anxiety manage their fears concerning social evaluation and social interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Self-Criticism, Basic Psychological Needs Frustration, and Self-Damaging Behaviors: An Application of Self-Determination Theory","authors":"Christina L. Robillard, Andrew C. Switzer, Nicole K. Legg, Emily L. Spargo, Brianna J. Turner","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10533-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10533-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Self-determination theory suggests that the associations between self-criticism and self-damaging behaviors (SDBs; e.g., nonsuicidal self-injury [NSSI], disordered eating [i.e., binge eating, purging, restrictive eating], and alcohol or drug misuse) are mediated by basic psychological needs frustration (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness frustration). However, limited research has tested this hypothesis, precluding our understanding of <i>why</i> or <i>how</i> self-criticism is associated with SDBs.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We addressed this research gap among 1018 adults with a recent history of SDBs (54.6% male, 83.6% White, <i>M</i>_age = 35.41). Participants were recruited on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and completed an online survey assessing self-criticism, basic psychological needs frustration, and engagement in SDBs. Structural equation modeling investigated the direct and indirect effects between these variables.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Self-criticism was positively associated with NSSI, purging, alcohol misuse, and drug misuse. Autonomy frustration indirectly linked self-criticism to NSSI. Competence frustration indirectly linked self-criticism to NSSI, binge eating, restrictive eating, and drug misuse. Relatedness frustration indirectly linked self-criticism to alcohol misuse, drug misuse, binge eating, and restrictive eating, but the direction of these associations differed across SDBs. Specifically, self-criticism was associated with higher relatedness frustration, which in turn was associated with more severe substance misuse and less frequent disordered eating.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Overall, results support the applicability of self-determination theory to understanding how self-criticism is associated with a variety of distinct SDBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distress Tolerance Among Firefighters: Examining Main and Interactive Effects of Resilience and Mindful Attention","authors":"Shelby J. McGrew, Maya Zegel, Antoine Lebeaut, Rebecca M. Schwartz, Adam Gonzalez, Anka A. Vujanovic","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10526-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10526-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Firefighting is an intrinsically stressful occupation, and firefighters are routinely confronted with potentially traumatic experiences. Abilities to tolerate distress and to recover from stressful experiences (i.e., resilience) are pertinent to firefighting. Various facets of distress tolerance (DT), defined as the ability to withstand negative emotional and/or physical states, are thus of relevance to fire culture. Emotional distress tolerance (EDT) is the perceived ability to tolerate negative emotional states; distress intolerance (DI) is the perceived <i>inability</i> to tolerate such states; and distress overtolerance (DO) is the tendency to persist through distress despite negative consequences. Resilience may be related to DT among firefighters. Mindful attention, defined as present-focused awareness, may attenuate or moderate that association.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The present investigation examined the association of resilience and mindful attention with three distinct DT constructs, including perceived EDT, DI, and DO, among a sample of firefighters (<i>N</i> = 106; 93.4% male; 84.9% White; <i>M</i>_age = 42.6, <i>SD</i> = 1.1).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The associations between resilience and (1) EDT; (2) DI; and (3) DO varied across levels of mindful attention. Findings were significant above and beyond the effects of theoretically-relevant covariates.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The present study extends prior research on risk and resilience variables among firefighters. By focusing on psychological mechanisms that are clinically malleable, this work has the potential to inform specialized interventions for firefighter mental wellness.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specificity of Emotion Regulation Processes in Depression: A Network Analysis","authors":"Jente Depoorter, Rudi De Raedt, Matthias Berking, Kristof Hoorelbeke","doi":"10.1007/s10608-024-10530-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10530-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p><i>Maladaptive</i> emotion regulation has received a lot of attention as a potential mechanism underlying major depressive disorder (MDD). However, less is known about the role of <i>adaptive</i> emotion regulation skills and its specificity for MDD. The Adaptive Coping with Emotions model provides a framework for this, distinguishing early (Awareness, Sensations, Clarity, Understanding) and later processes (Modification, Acceptance, Tolerance, Readiness to confront and Effective Self-Support) relevant for emotion regulation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The current study (<i>N</i> = 291) applied Network Analysis with Fused Graphical Lasso to jointly estimate emotion regulation networks in MDD (<i>N</i> = 160) and a control sample (<i>N</i> = 131). Within the two obtained network models, we investigated how different aspects of emotion regulation cluster together. In addition, level of centrality and unique associations between constructs were modeled. Permutation tests were applied to identify significant differences between both networks.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Two communities were detected, with one including variables related to preparatory processes in emotion regulation and the other including variables related to regulation processes. Additionally, ‘Identifying and Labeling’ was ranked among the most central nodes. Furthermore, our results suggest similar pathways connecting emotion regulation skills in MDD and controls.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The results highlight the existence of different processes in emotion regulation and provide further evidence for emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":48316,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Therapy and Research","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}