Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"The influence of acute life stressors on mass shooter outcomes","authors":"Alex O. Widdowson,&nbsp;Katelyn M. McMahon,&nbsp;Holly M. Kratzwald","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Existing studies indicate that acute life stressors often precede mass shootings and may contribute to the shooter's motivation or exacerbate underlying mental health issues. However, it remains unclear whether these stressors influence mass shooter outcomes—that is, whether the shooter is apprehended, dies by suicide, or is killed by law enforcement or citizens. This study advances the literature by examining the associations between five acute life stressors and mass shooter outcomes and whether these associations vary across different incident types.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using data on 539 lone mass shooters in the United States from 1980 to 2018, we employed logistic regression to predict mass shooter outcomes (suicide/killed vs. detained) from measures of recent financial strain, job loss, romantic breakup, interpersonal conflict, and other life stressors. Multiplicative interactions assessed whether these associations vary across incident type.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our analyses revealed that mass shooters who experienced a recent financial strain and job loss had higher odds of suicide/being killed. In contrast, interpersonal conflict was associated with lower odds of suicide/being killed. Moreover, associations were statistically invariant across family, felony, and public mass shootings.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings provide new insights about the predictors of mass shooter outcomes and have implications for prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The limits of digital liberation: The social locations of gang-affiliated girls and women in the digital streets","authors":"John Leverso ,&nbsp;Kate K. O'Neill ,&nbsp;Alex Knorre ,&nbsp;George Mohler","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the social network structure of an online gang forum, focusing on the social location of gang-affiliated girls and women in the “digital streets.” Existing studies highlight how gang members use social media for masculine posturing and promoting violent identities, but there is a significant gap in understanding the digital engagement of girls and women in gangs. Specifically, few studies have directly examined the network positionality of girls and women through social network analysis of digital data. Our research addresses this gap by analyzing user-to-user interactions on a public Facebook page popular among Chicago-area gang members, circa 2015–2016 (4231 positive and negative interactions across 37,403 comments from 6829 user profiles). Digital platforms could offer a space where girls and women who claim gang affiliation can be liberated from analog constraints in establishing gang centrality. Findings indicate, however, that girls and women remain in peripheral network positions, undermining the liberation hypothesis. Our findings challenge optimistic narratives about the liberating potential of social media, underscore the persistence of misogyny in gang culture, and contribute to understanding how digitalization affects gang dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gang injunction, What's your function? Investigating the relationship between civil gang injunctions and gang associates' patterns of association","authors":"Matthew Valasik","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The current study examines the influence of civil gang injunctions (CGIs) on the patterns of association among gang associates at the individual- and group-levels in East Los Angeles.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The analysis is divided into two parts examining Field Investigation (FI) stops conducted by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). First, how do CGIs influence an individual gang associate's patterns of association is investigated with individual- and event-level data. Next, a case-study approach employing social network analysis is used to examine if CGIs produce observable and consistent changes to the publicly observed social structure of an enjoined gang.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings suggest that CGIs are able to influence the associating patterns of gang associates at the individual-level. That is, enjoined gang associates are less likely to loiter in public, hang out in their gang's known set space, associate with fellow members, and are less visible to police. At the group-level an enjoined gang's group structure either becomes disrupted by the presence of a CGI or conversely fosters an increased connectedness among associates.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>It appears that CGIs inhibit the public loitering of individual gang associates. At the group-level, divergent findings illustrate the complexity of gang associates' patterns of association and the challenges when attempting to alter them through suppression strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effects on capital punishment sentencing of aggravating and mitigating factors that are not accepted","authors":"M. Dwayne Smith ,&nbsp;Beth Bjerregaard ,&nbsp;Julie M. Krupa ,&nbsp;John K. Cochran ,&nbsp;Sondra J. Fogel","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Murder trials in which the death penalty is sought involves the jury's consideration of aggravating factors (circumstances necessary for the crime to be death penalty eligible) and mitigating factors (considerations submitted by the defense intended to dissuade a death sentence). Using data from capital murder trials in North Carolina from 1990 to 2023, this study examines the relationship of accepted and the heretofore unexplored impact of rejected aggravating, statutory mitigating, and non-mitigating factors on jury sentencing decisions while controlling for a host of other relevant variables. As expected, accepted aggravating factors statistically increased the odds of a death sentence while accepted statutory mitigating factors decreased those odds. However, in a finding not considered in previous the literature, we also determined that aggravating factors submitted but not accepted by the jury decreased the odds of a death sentence while mitigating factors (both statutory and non-statutory) submitted but not accepted increased the odds. A complex analysis of individual aggravators and mitigators revealed considerable variation in these impacts. The implications for the processing of capital punishment cases are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The developmental sequences of events underlying persistence in criminal convictions during adulthood","authors":"Miguel Basto-Pereira ,&nbsp;Darrick Jolliffe ,&nbsp;David P. Farrington","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The relationship between multiple vulnerabilities experienced and accumulated during development, and later life-course persistent offending trajectories is well-established. However, no studies have yet systematically examined how the sequences in which these vulnerabilities are experienced may influence the persistence of criminal behaviour into adulthood. Therefore, this work investigated how the sequences in which risk factors were experienced may contribute to accruing adult criminal convictions among males with justice involvement during adolescence. To this end, we employed the rich and detailed Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a longitudinal study that followed 411 boys from South London from age 8 to age 61. Using an innovative methodological approach, the sequences of risk factors experienced at ages 8–10, 12–14, and 16–18 were mapped and analysed as predictors of adult convictions. Childhood vulnerabilities such as parenting-related problems, low attainment, and risk-taking behaviour at ages 8–10 emerged as key starting points for the developmental sequences leading to adult convictions. At ages 12–14, hyperactivity and low IQ were identified as significant risk factors, followed by school failure and sexual promiscuity at ages 16–18. A very small number of prevalent sequences of risk factors appeared to promote the continuity of convictions from adolescence into adulthood. Our findings suggest that enhancing parenting strategies and fostering school success may prevent the cascade of risk factors promoting life-course persistent offending trajectories. At the transition to adulthood, the most common risk factors and crime-predictive sequences seem to undermine key opportunities for earlier crime desistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Will regular COVID-19 control measures impact the spatial distribution of two-wheeled vehicle theft?: A case study of NH city, China","authors":"Ziwan Zheng ,&nbsp;Shuqi Huang ,&nbsp;Yueqiao Ning ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Mao ,&nbsp;Can Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted daily routines and crime dynamics. While a substantial body of research has examined the effects of pandemic-related restrictions on crime, the impact of regular COVID-19 control measures on the occurrence and spatial distribution of criminal incidents in areas unaffected by large-scale COVID-19 outbreaks remains unexplored. Focusing on NH city, China, the present study applies spatial point pattern test (SPPT) and multinomial logistic regression to investigate changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of two-wheeled vehicle thefts, including e-bikes, normal bikes, and motorcycles, as well as the environmental factors leading to these changes. <strong>The findings are as follows</strong>: (1) Two-wheeled vehicle thefts fall drastically at the onset of COVID-19 and then maintain at a low level with slight fluctuations throughout the period of restriction orders. Monthly speaking, the spatial patterns of two-wheeled vehicle theft show periodicity in both pre-pandemic and pandemic contexts. Furthermore, on the daily basis, the spatial patterns of two-wheeled vehicle theft align closely with commuting behaviors in both periods. (2) SPPT results indicate that a significant alteration in the spatial patterns of overall two-wheeled vehicle theft and e-bike theft during the pandemic. Although the entire study area witnesses a notable decrease in both types of thefts, certain spatial units experience a marked increase. (3) The present study further compares the spatial factors influencing two-wheeled vehicle thefts across the two periods. During the pandemic, areas with social organizations, government agencies, parks and squares witness a significant reduction in two-wheeled vehicle thefts, whereas areas with dense tutoring institutions and residential areas with a high density of male residents aged 20–49 experience a significant uptick in theft incidents. The present study provides insights into the impacts of regular COVID-19 control measures, an approach to social management, on the spatial patterns of crime. The findings may inform strategies for optimizing crime prevention efforts and the allocation of local police resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invite only: The prevalence of subgroups within a police department","authors":"Sadaf Hashimi ,&nbsp;Marie Ouellet","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>There has been growing interest from legislators and civil rights groups to identify subgroups within law enforcement agencies. Yet, few studies have examined the attributes and behaviors of officers recruited to join. This study adopts a network approach to understanding the scope and social position of officers invited to join departmental subgroups.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We surveyed 1352 officers in one large department to examine the attributes, workplace behaviors, and networks of officers invited to join subgroups. Specifically, we used network analytic techniques to identify whether officers invited to join held more influential structural positions than their non-invited peers in the department.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nine percent of officers were invited to join a subgroup. One-third received an invitation within the past year, and over half noted that these subgroups had an online presence. While results found no significant differences in the attributes and behaviors of invited and non-invited officers, officers invited to join were likely to be embedded in more cohesive friendship networks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Regardless of their primary purpose, subgroup membership may pose operational and organizational challenges in police departments. Our study provides insight into the implications of entry and the role of peers in fostering these opportunities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rape by any other name… Comparing sexual assault cases labeled “suspicious circumstances” to those labeled sex crimes","authors":"Jessica Duncan ,&nbsp;Emma C. Lathan ,&nbsp;Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling ,&nbsp;James Tres Stefurak","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In sexual assault cases, the presence of victim- and case-level factors that align with rape myth beliefs are thought to influence law enforcement perceptions of victim credibility, which in turn, can predict case progression. This study examined the case narratives and investigative outcomes of 200 randomly sampled cases attached to unsubmitted sexual assault kits (SAKs) to compare the frequency of factors found to negatively influence officers' perceptions of victim credibility in cases originally labeled “suspicious circumstances” versus sex crimes. SAKs were submitted for forensic testing, and outcomes were compared between groups. Compared to cases labeled sex crimes, “suspicious circumstances” case narratives were 1.5 times more likely to contain statements indicative of a negative view of the victim's credibility (Exp(B) = 1.490; 95 %CI = 1.267–1.752; <em>p</em> = .000) (i.e., the victim engaged in risky behavior, provided inconsistent statements, was unable to provide details in their report of the crime, and had a criminal record, a history of promiscuity, or low intellectual ability). Yet, case label was not predictive of receiving a forensic DNA match (Exp(B) = 1.017; 95 %CI = 0.753–1.374; <em>p</em> = .91). Findings support policy and procedure changes, including routinely testing all SAKs and eliminating the “suspicious circumstances” label, to prevent victim credibility biases from influencing sexual assault case decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence as a tool for detecting deception in 911 homicide calls","authors":"Patrick M. Markey,&nbsp;Samantha Goldman,&nbsp;Jennie Dapice,&nbsp;Sofia Saj,&nbsp;Saadet Ceynek,&nbsp;Tia Nicolas,&nbsp;Lila Trollip","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically the use of a Large Language Model (ChatGPT), in analyzing 911 calls to identify deceptive reports of homicides. The study sampled an equal number of False Allegation Callers (FACs) and True Report Callers (TRCs), categorized through judicial outcomes. Calls were processed using ChatGPT, which assessed 86 behavioral cues from 142 callers. Using a random forest model with k-fold cross-validation and repeated sampling, the analysis achieved an accuracy rate of 70.68 %, with sensitivity and specificity rates at 71.44 % and 69.92 %, respectively. The study revealed distinct behavioral patterns that differentiate FACs and TRCs. AI characterized FACs as somewhat unhelpful and emotional, displaying behaviors such as awkwardness, unintelligibility, moodiness, uncertainty, making situations more complicated, expressing regret, and self-dramatizing. In contrast, AI identified TRCs as helpful and composed, marked by responsiveness, cooperativeness, a focus on relevant issues, consistency, plausibility in their messages, and candidness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102337"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global comparison of long prison sentences","authors":"Lila Kazemian ,&nbsp;Sebastián Galleguillos","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While it is widely known that American criminal justice policies are generally more punitive than those of peer industrialized nations, there is limited comparative research on the prevalence of long sentences (i.e., 10 or more years) across different countries. This study fills this gap by drawing on publicly available sentencing data from various U.S. states and countries across the globe. On average, U.S. prisoners convicted of homicide are sentenced to longer terms in prison compared to their counterparts in other countries. Despite having lower homicide rates, U.S. states generally incarcerate more people, and for longer periods of time, when compared with many Latin American countries. The average sentence length imposed in the U.S. is more aligned with the criminal justice policies of the Global South than with those of peer industrialized nations. Our analyses also draw attention to the importance of considering homicide rates in comparative analyses of punitiveness. We highlight the unique features of the U.S. system that may contribute to more punitive sentencing practices, such as the decentralized structure of the political and criminal legal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}