Nicolás Alessandroni, Laia Fibla, Miranda Gómez Díaz, Xiaowei Gong, Hilary Killam, Melanie López Pérez, Charlotte Moore, Alexandra Paquette, Andrea Sander-Montant, Krista Byers-Heinlein
{"title":"Expanding the toolbox: 25 years of methodological change in infant research","authors":"Nicolás Alessandroni, Laia Fibla, Miranda Gómez Díaz, Xiaowei Gong, Hilary Killam, Melanie López Pérez, Charlotte Moore, Alexandra Paquette, Andrea Sander-Montant, Krista Byers-Heinlein","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The landscape of infant behavior research has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past quarter-century. In this special issue opinion article, we synthesize these methodological changes and their implications for developmental science. Drawing on a systematic comparative assessment of empirical articles published in <em>Infant Behavior and Development</em> in 2000 and 2024, we critically evaluate five key methodological dimensions: research contexts, sample and cell sizes, coding practices, data analysis techniques and statistical software, and open science practices. Our synthesis reveals how the field has expanded beyond traditional laboratory settings toward more diverse research environments, including remote and archival approaches that enhance ecological validity and sample diversity. We trace how sample sizes have nearly doubled and experimental cell sizes have increased 2.5-fold, strengthening statistical power and replicability. We examine the selective adoption of automated methodologies in domains like eye tracking and speech analysis, alongside the persistent value of manual coding for complex behaviors. We observe a transition from classical statistical methods to more nuanced analytical approaches, increasingly implemented in open source software, reflecting both technological capabilities and theoretical shifts toward capturing developmental complexity. Finally, we document the emergence of open science practices, which now appear in over a third of published studies. Throughout, we highlight how these methodological transformations reflect broader drivers: the replication crisis, technological innovations, and evolving theoretical perspectives. Looking forward, we offer a roadmap for methodological development that builds on these advances while addressing persistent challenges in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144661977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saara J. Salo , Eveliina Mykkänen , Sari Peltonen , Mervi Vänskä
{"title":"A multimethod perspective on mother–infant interaction in free and semi-structured play: Associations with parental reflective functioning","authors":"Saara J. Salo , Eveliina Mykkänen , Sari Peltonen , Mervi Vänskä","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quality of mother–infant interactions may vary across situations and have differential relationships to other parenting variables. The current study focuses on examining the quality of observed interactions between free play and structured play situations with maternal self-assessment of the relationship and relations to maternal reflective functioning among six-month-old infants and their mothers. Sixty-three voluntary mothers from a community sample with their infants were observed in a laboratory setting during structured and free play sessions. Interaction quality was assessed using observer ratings of the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS) and Dyadic Emotional Interaction Style (DEIS) as well as maternal self-ratings (EA-SR). Maternal reflective functioning was assessed using the infant version of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ-I). The results showed that EAS ratings were significantly higher in the free play situation than in structured play for both mothers and infants. Maternal assessment of the infant’s EA had a modest significant association with EAS ratings in the semi-structured situation. Reflective functioning predicted higher observed DEIS quality in the structured situation while higher EAS ratings in the free play situation were predicted by older infant age and lower maternal depression scores. The results suggest clinical relevance of using both free and structured situations and a multimethod perspective to assess mother–infant interaction quality in planning interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The development of inductive reasoning during infancy","authors":"Anna E. Baumann , Susan A. Graham","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Category-based inductive reasoning involves assuming that members of the same category share common properties. This form of reasoning allows individuals to draw upon previous knowledge, enhancing cognitive efficiency. This review paper focuses on the advances made in research on category-based inductive reasoning over the past 25 years, with specific focus on infants between the ages of 12 and 36 months. Three key lines of research are reviewed: studies demonstrating the role of shape similarity in guiding inferences, studies examining the conditions under which infants rely on shared labels to guide their inferencing, and studies examining how generic language statements guide toddlers’ inductive inferences. Finally, directions for future research are discussed, with particular focus on the need to examine the developmental origins of inductive reasoning in infants younger than 12 months.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102099"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Pila , Y. Catherine Han , Hubert Adam , Vitali Ustsinovich , Aaron J. Kaat , Julie Sarama , Douglas H. Clements , Richard C. Gershon
{"title":"Development and validation of the NIH Baby Toolbox® Math measures","authors":"Sarah Pila , Y. Catherine Han , Hubert Adam , Vitali Ustsinovich , Aaron J. Kaat , Julie Sarama , Douglas H. Clements , Richard C. Gershon","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The NIH Baby Toolbox® Math measures were designed to assess early mathematical abilities in infants and toddlers, providing a standardized approach to evaluating foundational mathematics competencies among other developmental trajectories. This manuscript describes the development of these measures as well as the reliability and validity of these measures in a diverse sample of children aged 1–42 months. More than 2500 participants were recruited from various socio-economic backgrounds and geographic locations to ensure a representative sample. The validation process involved a multi-method approach, including correlations with age, test-retest reliability, and external validity against two popular developmental assessments. Results from <em>N</em> = 926 participants (714 English-exposed, 212 Spanish-exposed) indicated strong correlation with age for all but one of the measures and good test-retest reliability. Additionally, significant correlations were found between the NIH Baby Toolbox Math measures and established early childhood assessments (ASQ-3 and Bayley-4), confirming known-groups validity. These findings suggest that the Baby Toolbox Math measures are reliable and valid tools for assessing early mathematical skills in infants and toddlers, with potential applications in both research and clinical settings. Future research should explore longitudinal outcomes and the impact of early interventions on mathematical development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Maternal postpartum depression and responsive feeding in the first 2 years: A review","authors":"Sophie Fitzpatrick, Kyly C. Whitfield","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maternal postpartum depression can influence caregiving behaviors, including the ability to practice responsive feeding. Responsive feeding promotes children’s autonomy over their hunger and satiety and can lead to proper growth and development, whereas non-responsive feeding practices such as pressuring or controlling feeding tend to override children’s cues, instilling unfavourable behaviors and increasing the risk of overfeeding and altered growth. Responsive feeding may be especially important during the first two years, a crucial period of learning, growth, and development. This review summarizes current literature exploring the association between maternal postpartum depression and feeding behaviors among children aged 0–24 months. Twelve studies from the USA, Australia, China, India, the UK, and the Caribbean explored this relationship. The prevalence of postpartum depression varied widely, from 10 % to 60 % of participants. In general, maternal postpartum depression symptoms were associated with non-responsive feeding, particularly with pressuring or forceful feeding styles involving high control, but also with actions in contrast with public health recommendations such as adding cereal to bottles. Most studies employed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) to screen for maternal postpartum depression, while there was a lack of consistency in tools used to assess feeding styles, highlighting the need for a more consistent definition and standardized tool in future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaityn Contino , Julie M. Campbell , Emily C. Marcinowski , George F. Michel , Stefany Coxe , Eliza L. Nelson
{"title":"Infant manipulation complexity trajectories as predictors of language outcomes at 2 years of age","authors":"Kaityn Contino , Julie M. Campbell , Emily C. Marcinowski , George F. Michel , Stefany Coxe , Eliza L. Nelson","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motor development during infancy provides opportunities for social interactions in a changing environment, which in turn, has been linked to the emergence of language and communication. Using the theoretical framework of developmental cascades, we examined whether infant motor trajectories, measured as manipulation complexity (MC), could predict later language skills. Ninety typically developing monolingual English infants were assessed for manipulation complexity at six monthly visits from 9 to 14 months of age from a battery of 8 objects. MC was scaled from 1 to 8 based on all possible combination of the following actions: (i) unimanual or bimanual manipulation; (ii) synchronous or asynchronous use of the hands; (iii) dependent or independent finger use; and (iv) whether the hands manipulated one object or multiple objects. Average MC scores from each month were used in analyses. Trained observers administered the Preschool Language Scales 5th edition when children were 2 years old. Latent class growth analysis identified two infant MC classes: high MC and average MC. MC classes predicted 2-year language skills. Children in the high MC class had higher expressive and receptive language scores relative to children in the average MC class. Results have implications for unraveling the mechanisms underlying motor-language cascades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102080"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holly Bradley , Christina M. Vanden Bosch der Nederlanden , Laura K. Cirelli
{"title":"Listening to development: How electroencephalography informs infant language and music research","authors":"Holly Bradley , Christina M. Vanden Bosch der Nederlanden , Laura K. Cirelli","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this review, we discuss how advances in infant electroencephalography (EEG) in the last quarter century have allowed developmental scientists to revisit old questions and ask new ones about early auditory perception. We specifically focus on integrating research on language and music perception given both methodological and theoretical overlaps. We discuss how EEG’s high temporal resolution has provided insights into how infants process subtle changes in language and music, detecting phonemic contrasts, rhythmic patterns, and melodic cues sometimes even before these abilities are observable behaviorally. More recently, advanced methods have uncovered how neural coherence and neural tracking reflect auditory processing and predict future developmental outcomes. Coupling EEG with behavioral measures has enriched our insights into developmental milestones in cognition and perception that traditional methods may miss. Looking forward, we consider how advances in technology such as mobile EEG and hyperscanning can open doors for exploring auditory processing in naturalistic environments, such as during live caregiver interactions. We also discuss pressing challenges in the field, such as the focus on WEIRD populations and a lack of standardized data processing and analysis pipelines. Ultimately, the insights gained from infant language and music EEG research provide a strong foundation for informing parental guidance, and supporting early cognitive and linguistic growth. The continued integration of innovative technologies with rigorous, inclusive methodologies will be crucial in deepening our understanding of how infants perceive and learn language and music, two domains that connect infants to their social and cultural world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S.T. Seese, T. Cohenour, S.K. Seese, A. Gulsrud, C. Kasari
{"title":"Experience matters: Caregiver interactions with later-born toddlers with autism","authors":"S.T. Seese, T. Cohenour, S.K. Seese, A. Gulsrud, C. Kasari","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Caregiver-child interactions are critical for supporting early social communication in toddlers showing signs of autism. This study examined whether prior experience parenting an autistic toddler influences how caregivers interact with younger siblings. During a free play interaction, caregivers were rated on the developmental appropriateness and quality of strategies such as: caregiver support for toddler’s dyadic social engagement (e.g., engagement/regulation and use of environmental strategies), imitation and modeling (e.g., turn-taking), and play support (e.g., modulating play to toddler’s level). Additionally, we coded caregiver responsiveness to the toddler’s nonverbal and verbal communication. Specifically, we explored whether caregiver strategy use and responsiveness to toddler communication differed between caregivers who already had an older child with autism and those who did not. Participants were 115 caregiver-toddler dyads (M age = 20 months) showing features of autism, grouped by sibling status: older autistic sibling (EL-Sibs, n = 23), a non-autistic sibling (LL-Sibs, n = 34), or were first-borns (FB, n = 58). Binary logistic regressions examined strategy use and responsiveness, controlling for toddler age, developmental level, toddler ADOS scores, and family annual household income. Sibling status significantly predicted play-related strategies but not dyadic social engagement or imitation/modeling strategies. Caregiver responsiveness was not associated with sibling status; however, child age, developmental level, and higher family income were associated with higher quality responsiveness. Findings suggest that prior autism-related parenting experience may positively shape certain caregiving behaviors with later-born siblings, specifically within play-based interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neural correlates of false belief understanding in 33- to 36-month-old infants","authors":"Shuting Li, Jörg Meinhardt, Beate Sodian","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Very little research has addressed the neural correlates of false belief understanding in young children. Following up on a previous event-related potential (ERP) study examining false belief understanding in 4- to 6-year-old children, the present study grouped infants (<em>N</em> = 45, 33–36 months old) into passers and failers according to their behavioral performance on a low-demands false belief task. Their ERP responses to false belief and true belief conditions were examined in a novel ERP paradigm. The study found that a late positive waveform over the occipital electrode sites distinguished between the false belief and true belief conditions only in infants who passed the low-demands behavioral false belief task. In contrast, a late negative waveform over the frontocentral electrode sites consistently distinguished between the false belief and true belief conditions regardless of low-demands behavioral false belief task performance. These findings raise the possibility that a sensitive neural system supporting false belief understanding may emerge early in development. Specifically, the late positive waveform observed over the occipital electrode sites appears to be a potential neural marker for false belief understanding in infants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human infants’ perception and understanding of others’ actions","authors":"Bennett I. Bertenthal , Ty W. Boyer","doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The perception and understanding of others’ actions is foundational to how we communicate and learn about the social and physical world. During the past 25 years a good deal of research has focused on how the links between the observation and execution of actions could underly infants’ understanding and prediction of others’ behaviors. In this article, we critically review the empirical evidence suggesting that the development of action understanding is related to motor experience. This research is focused on infants’ perceptions and predictions of others’ goals, but actions involve more than goals which is why infants’ coding of the movements of an action are also reviewed. One critical issue that remains unresolved in the literature is whether the processes responsible for mapping the observation and execution of actions are limited to human actions or whether they generalize to non-human actions as well. Although much of the evidence suggests a difference, we identify methodological problems and alternative interpretations that have not been fully addressed. One reason for these problems is that action understanding has been studied largely through the lens of motor development. In the last section, we suggest that this field of inquiry has become somewhat stagnant and needs to adapt a developmental systems perspective: Action understanding should be studied as a dynamical system in which its development changes as a function of not only motor experience, but also as part of a larger system of developing behaviors that interact in complex and nonlinear ways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48222,"journal":{"name":"Infant Behavior & Development","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102098"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}