Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Development of the scrupulosity inventory: A factor analysis and construct validity study","authors":"Chris H. Miller ,&nbsp;Dawson W. Hedges ,&nbsp;Bruce Brown ,&nbsp;Joseph Olsen ,&nbsp;Elijah C. Baughan","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Scrupulosity, despite its considerable prevalence and morbidity, remains under-investigated. The present study develops and examines the psychometric properties of a comprehensive assessment tool, the <em>Scrupulosity Inventory</em> (<em>SI</em>).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The <em>SI</em>, along with other measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and perfectionism, were administered to a sample (N = 150) of college undergraduates similar in size to other scale development studies of related measures. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the <em>SI</em>, examined its convergent and divergent validity, and assessed its ability to predict categorical diagnoses of scrupulosity using a receiver operator characteristic analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found a well-fitting confirmatory bifactor model (RMSEA = 0.049) with a strong general <em>Scrupulosity</em> factor (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.907</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>) and specific factors for <em>Personal Violations</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.212</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>, Ritualized Behavior</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.505</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>, Interference with Life</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.254</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>,</em> and <em>Problem Pervasiveness</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.430</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>). As predicted, we also found the strongest convergence (r = 0.63) between the <em>SI</em> and the <em>Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS),</em> intermediate convergence (r = 0.54) between the SI and <em>Perfectionism Inventory (PI),</em> and weaker convergence (r = 0.47) between the <em>SI</em> and <em>YBOCS</em>. Finally, we found that a categorical diagnosis of scrupulosity was highly predicted by the <em>SI</em> (AUC = 0.84), less well-predicted by the <em>PIOS</em> (AUC = 0.75) and less well predicted by the <em>YBOCS</em> (AUC = 0.69).</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This study was conducted among a sample of undergraduates at a religiously affiliated university.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These results suggest utility in using the <em>SI</em> to measure the severity of scrupulosity symptoms and that scrupulosity and OCD may present significantly different clinical features.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101926"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000939/pdfft?md5=f702e99880c6014a18c947c4ae34b155&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000939-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the influence of self-referential thinking on aberrant salience and jumping to conclusions bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders","authors":"Shreya Jagtap ,&nbsp;Michael W. Best","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Cognitive processes such as aberrant salience and the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias are implicated in the development of delusions. Self-referential thinking is implicated in this process; however, it is unknown how it may interact with aberrant salience and JTC bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs). This study examined associations of self-referential thinking with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity, and whether self-referential stimuli led to an increase in aberrant salience and JTC bias in SSDs (n = 20) relative to psychiatrically healthy controls (n = 20).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>To assess aberrant salience and JTC bias, participants were asked to complete both self-referential and neutral versions of the Salience Attribution Test (SAT) and the Beads Task, as well as self-report measures of aberrant salience and JTC bias.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Self-referential task condition interacted with clinical group to predict JTC beads task scores, such that participants with SSDs exhibited greater levels of JTC bias than psychiatrically healthy controls during the neutral task condition, when controlling for levels of motivation, cognitive insight, and functioning. Self-referential thinking was significantly associated with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This experiment examined trait-level relationships between variables, so does not provide information about state-level interrelationships and would benefit from replication using more dynamic methods such as ecological momentary assessment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings highlight the interrelationships between self-referential thinking, JTC bias, aberrant salience, and delusion severity, in individuals with SSDs, and support the interactive role of self-referential thinking in predicting JTC bias.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138501970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit aggressive self-concept in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from an approach-avoidance task","authors":"Josefine Gehlenborg,&nbsp;Franziska Miegel,&nbsp;Steffen Moritz,&nbsp;Jakob Scheunemann,&nbsp;Amir-Hosseyn Yassari,&nbsp;Lena Jelinek","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have reported higher anger and aggression than healthy individuals in previous studies using explicit measures. However, studies using implicit measures have demonstrated mixed results. The aim of the present study was to investigate implicit aggressiveness in OCD using an approach-avoidance task (AAT).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Seventy-eight patients with OCD and 37 healthy controls underwent structured clinical interviews and measures of anger, OCD, and depressive symptoms as well as a computerized AAT that included aggressive, peaceful, negative, and positive stimuli.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>In line with previous studies, patients with OCD reported higher scores on explicit anger. With respect to the implicit measure, repeated measures ANOVAs did not show any differences in mean reaction times for pushing compared to pulling aggressive versus peaceful and negative versus positive words. However, analyses of specific </span>OCD symptom dimensions demonstrated significantly faster reaction times for pulling compared to pushing aggressive words for patients with high scores in the OCD symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Eighty percent of patients with OCD showed psychiatric comorbidities and all were seeking treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study supports previous studies reporting the absence of higher aggressiveness in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls using implicit measures. However, in contrast to previous studies, we found an implicit approach bias towards aggressive self-statements for OCD patients scoring high in the symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding compared to healthy controls. Future studies should further elucidate putative functional relationships between different OCD symptom dimensions and implicit aggressiveness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101927"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit beliefs and automatic associations in smoking","authors":"Helen Tibboel ,&nbsp;Bram Van Bockstaele ,&nbsp;Adriaan Spruyt ,&nbsp;Ingmar Franken","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Dual process models of addiction suggest that controlled, goal-directed processes prevent drug-use, whereas impulsive, stimulus-driven processes promote drug-use. The most frequently used measure of automatic smoking-related processes, the implicit association test (IAT), has yielded mixed results. We examine the validity of two alternative implicit measures: 1) the affect misattribution procedure (AMP), a measure of automatic evaluations, and 2) the relational responding task (RRT), a measure of implicit beliefs.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Smokers and non-smokers performed smoking-related versions of the AMP and the RRT and filled in questionnaires for smoking dependence. Smokers participated in two sessions: once after they just smoked, and once after being deprived for 10 h. Smokers also kept a smoking diary for a week after the second session.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found significant differences between smokers and non-smokers on the RRT, <em>t</em> (86) = 2.86, <em>p</em> = .007, <em>d</em> = 0.61, and on the AMP, <em>F</em> (1, 85) = 6.22, <em>p</em> = .015, _<em>p</em><em>ƞ</em>^<em>2</em> = 0.07. Neither the AMP nor the RRT were affected by the deprivation manipulation. Smoking dependence predicted smoking behavior in the following week; the AMP and RRT did not explain additional variance.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Possibly, our manipulation was not strong enough to affect the motivational state of participants in a way that it changed their implicit cognitions. Future research should examine the sensitivity of implicit measures to (motivational) context.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We found limited evidence for the validity of the smoking-AMP and the smoking-RRT, highlighting the need for a critical view on implicit measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101925"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000927/pdfft?md5=47f20c0d55f1961fecc4c5c1f7861ddf&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000927-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135715569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary investigation of the causal role of social media use in eating disorder symptoms","authors":"Laura Dondzilo ,&nbsp;Tamsin Mahalingham ,&nbsp;Patrick J.F. Clarke","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Research has consistently shown that greater social media use is associated with elevated eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Importantly, however, the investigation of this relationship has largely relied upon the use of self-report measures of social media use in the context of correlational designs. Given that correlational studies do not permit inferences regarding causation, and recent findings questioning the validity of self-report social media use, it is critical to corroborate past findings using experimental designs and objective measures. The current study sought to experimentally determine the potential causal impact of social media use in ED symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants completed an initial testing session to assess objective smartphone social media use and ED symptoms, following which they were randomly assigned to either suspend social media use for one week or use social media as usual. One week later, participants completed a second testing session to again assess social media use and ED symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results revealed that the manipulation exerted an impact on ED symptoms, such that participants who successfully reduced social media use exhibited a significant reduction in ED symptoms, and these symptoms were significantly attenuated as compared to participants in the control condition.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The current study did not employ an active control condition and almost a quarter of participants were excluded due to dropout or non-compliance.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Findings are consistent with the causal impact of social media use in ED symptoms and suggest that a brief social media ‘holiday’ may reduce ED symptoms in undergraduate students.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101923"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000903/pdfft?md5=f496170a4bce8711f9c07ffc04ef232c&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000903-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72211287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using experience sampling methodology (ESM) to improve our understanding of day-to-day intrusion frequency and related distress in survivors of trauma","authors":"Alexandra R. Canty ,&nbsp;Tim D. Windsor ,&nbsp;Reginald D.V. Nixon","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that appraisals of traumatic sequelae and subsequent distress drive the development and maintenance of PTSD. Posttraumatic research has relied heavily on macro-longitudinal designs, with weeks or months between assessments of trauma-related cognitions and symptoms. The present study uses experience sampling methodology (ESM) better understand the day-to-day experiences of trauma exposed individuals.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One-hundred trauma exposed adults reported their posttraumatic symptoms, interpretations, and behaviours four times a day over a 10-day ESM period.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>As anticipated, within-person fluctuations in negative appraisals of intrusions and maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., thought suppression) were significantly positively associated with intrusion frequency and related distress. In all cases, the associations for negative appraisals and maladaptive coping were stronger with intrusion related distress than intrusion frequency.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The observed contemporaneous associations only demonstrate that variables reliably fluctuated together and cannot indicate causality.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings demonstrate that day-to-day fluctuations in trauma related perceptions and sequelae are significant and should be explored alongside broader individual differences to advance our understanding of the development, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000885/pdfft?md5=57e82f1e4dec95d1a9cb841b2725953e&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000885-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72015648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beliefs about losing control and other OCD-related cognitions: An experimental investigation","authors":"Andrea Sandstrom,&nbsp;Adam S. Radomsky","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Cognitive theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggest that dysfunctional beliefs influence symptoms. However, well-established belief domains do not fully explain OCD symptomatology, suggesting other cognitive mechanisms may be involved. An additional belief domain which may play a role in OCD is beliefs about losing control. Indeed, these beliefs have been found to be associated with OCD symptoms. However, the relationships between beliefs about losing control and other OCD phenomena, including other relevant dysfunctional beliefs, is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between beliefs about losing control and appraisals hypothesized to be relevant to OCD.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 163 participants completed the experimental protocol, wherein they received false (positive or negative) feedback regarding the likelihood they may lose control and completed a vignette task asking them to read hypothetical scenarios relevant to OCD concerns (checking, and aggressive thoughts). Vignettes were followed by questions and prompts used to measure OCD-relevant appraisals.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Based on MANOVAs, beliefs about losing control had a significant impact on appraisals in the checking, <em>F</em> (151) = 5.55, <em>p</em> = .001, and aggressive thoughts, <em>F</em> (151) = 2.898, <em>p</em> = .037, vignettes. However, planned comparison indicated that in the aggressive thoughts vignettes, this effect was in the opposite direction than was hypothesized.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The losing control induction may have inadvertently influenced participants’ beliefs about the utility of thought control.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings provide preliminary evidence for an association between beliefs about losing control and OCD-relevant appraisals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101919"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72211288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of two novel approaches to prevent intrusions: A pilot study comparing Tetris_dualtask and imagery rescripting to control","authors":"Joost Asselbergs ,&nbsp;Heleen Riper ,&nbsp;Iris M. Engelhard ,&nbsp;Fancy Mannes ,&nbsp;Marit Sijbrandij","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a global health problem. Although effective treatments for it exist, early interventions that prevent PTSD from developing are lacking. The aim of this pilot analogue trauma study was to compare the effects of two potential early intervention strategies, namely Tetris_dualtask and imagery rescripting (IR) to a no-intervention control group on intrusion frequency and the vividness and emotionality of aversive film memory.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Sixty healthy students were subjected to the trauma film paradigm and randomly allocated to either: Tetris_dualtask, IR or no-intervention. Main outcomes were the number of film-related intrusions at one week and vividness and emotionality ratings of the most aversive film memory. Secondary outcomes were PTSD-like symptoms, intrusion intensity, and explicit film memory.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The Tetris_dualtask group reported significant fewer intrusions compared to the no-intervention group; whereas the IR group did not. No effect was found on vividness and emotionality ratings, PTSD-like symptoms, intrusion intensity, and explicit memory.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The sample size was small, and analogue trauma in healthy individuals was examined, thus generalizability may be limited. Also, to increase comparability between interventions, the duration of Tetris_dualtask and IR was standardized. As a result, the IR intervention was shorter compared to other studies, which might have decreased its efficacy.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results of this pilot study suggest that playing Tetris during retrieval of traumatic images, might hold potential as an early intervention strategy to reduce intrusions in the early aftermath of trauma and adversity. However, future large-scale replication research is needed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101920"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000873/pdfft?md5=2e91945a49355340e51e824ecb91ed3b&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000873-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135370243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation of the potential clinical utility of critical slowing down as an early warning sign for recurrence of depression","authors":"Natasha A. Tonge ,&nbsp;J. Philip Miller ,&nbsp;Evan D. Kharasch ,&nbsp;Eric J. Lenze ,&nbsp;Thomas L. Rodebaugh","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Much of the burden of depressive illness is due to relapses that occur after treatment into remission. Prediction of an individual's imminent depressive relapse could lead to just-in-time interventions to prevent relapse, reducing depression's substantial burden of disability, costs, and suicide risk. Increasingly strong relationships in the form of autocorrelations between depressive symptoms, a signal of a phenomenon described as <em>critical slowing down</em> (CSD), have been proposed as a means of predicting relapse.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In the current study, four participants in remission from depression, one of whom relapsed, responded to daily smartphone surveys with depression symptoms. We used p-technique factor analysis to identify depression factors from over 100 survey responses. We then tested for the presence of CSD using time-varying vector autoregression and detrended fluctuation analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found evidence that CSD provided an early warning sign for depression in the participant who relapsed, but we also detected false positive indications of CSD in participants who did not relapse. Results from time-varying vector autoregression and detrended fluctuation analysis were not in agreement.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Limitations include use of secondary data and a small number of participants with daily responding to a subset of depression symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>CSD provides a compelling framework for predicting depressive relapse and future research should focus on improving detection of early warning signs reliably. Improving early detection methods for depression is clinically significant, as it would allow for the development of just-in-time interventions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101922"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91963759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability (or lack thereof) of smartphone ecological momentary assessment of visual dot probe attention bias toward threat indices","authors":"Nur Hani Zainal ,&nbsp;Nicholas C. Jacobson","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p><span><span>Cognitive bias theories posit that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and </span>social anxiety disorder (SAD) are entwined with attention bias toward threats, commonly indexed by faster response time (RT) on threat-congruent (vs. threat-incongruent) trials on the visual dot probe. Moreover, although smartphone </span>ecological momentary assessment<span> (EMA) of the visual dot probe has been developed, their psychometric properties are understudied. This study thus aimed to assess the reliability of 8 smartphone-delivered visual dot probe attention bias and related indices in persons with and without GAD and SAD.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Community-dwelling adults (<em>n</em> = 819; GAD: 64%; SAD: 49%; Mixed GAD and SAD: 37%; Non-GAD/SAD Controls: 24%) completed a five-trial smartphone-delivered visual dot probe for a median of 60 trials (12 sessions x 5 trials/session) and an average of 100 trials (20 sessions x 5 trials/session).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>As hypothesized, Global Attention Bias Index, Disengagement Effect, and Facilitation Bias had low-reliability estimates. However, retest-reliability and internal reliability were good for Trial-Level Bias Scores (TLBS) (Bias Toward Treat: intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) = 0.626–0.644; split-half <em>r</em> = 0.640–0.670; Attention Bias Variability: ICCs = 0.507–0.567; split-half <em>r</em> = 0.520–0.580) and (In)congruent RTs. Poor retest-reliability and internal reliability estimates were consistently observed for all traditional attention bias and related indices but not TLBS.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Our visual dot probe EMA should have administered ≥320 trials to match best-practice guidelines based on similar laboratory studies.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Future research should strive to examine attention bias paradigms beyond the dot-probe task that evidenced meaningful test-retest reliability properties in laboratory and real-world naturalistic settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101918"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71428011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}