Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"The impact of mood-induction on maladaptive thinking in the vulnerability for depression","authors":"Marlijn E. Besten ,&nbsp;Marie-José van Tol ,&nbsp;Jacolien van Rij ,&nbsp;Marieke K. van Vugt","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Mind-wandering, and specifically the frequency and content of mind-wandering, plays an important role in the psychological well-being of individuals. Repetitive negative thinking has been associated with a high risk to develop and maintain Major Depressive Disorder. We here combined paradigms and techniques from cognitive sciences and experimental clinical psychology to study the transdiagnostic psychiatric phenomenon of repetitive negative thinking. This allowed us to investigate the adjustability of the content and characteristics of mind-wandering in individuals varying in their susceptibility to negative affect.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants high (n = 42) or low (n = 40) on their vulnerability for negative affect and depression performed a Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) after a single session of positive fantasizing and a single session of stress induction in a cross-over design. Affective states were measured before and after the interventions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>After stress, negative affect increased, while after fantasizing both positive affect increased and negative affect decreased. Thoughts were less off-task, past-related and negative after fantasizing compared to after stress. Individuals more susceptible to negative affect showed more off-task thinking after stress than after fantasizing compared to individuals low on this.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>In this cross-over design, no baseline measurement was included, limiting comparison to ‘uninduced’ mind-wandering. Inclusion of self-related concerns in the SART could have led to negative priming.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Stress-induced negative thinking underlying vulnerability for depression could be partially countered by fantasizing in a non-clinical sample, which may inform the development of treatments for depression and other disorders characterized by maladaptive thinking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 101888"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10100999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of repeated retrieval of positive and neutral memories on posttrauma health: An investigative pilot study","authors":"Ateka A. Contractor ,&nbsp;Brett Messman ,&nbsp;Preston Gould ,&nbsp;Danica C. Slavish ,&nbsp;Nicole H. Weiss","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p><span>Evidence indicates that positive memory processes play a role in the etiology and maintenance of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and related posttrauma </span>health indicators<span>. To extend this research, the current pilot study examined if repeated retrieval of positive vs. neutral memories was associated with (1) less PTSS and depression severity; and (2) improved affect and cognitions (fewer posttrauma cognitions, more positively-valenced affect, less negatively-valenced affect, less negative affect interference, less anhedonia, retrieval of more positive specific memories, retrieval of fewer negative specific memories).</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Twenty-five trauma-exposed participants were randomly assigned to a positive or neutral memory task condition. They participated in four weekly experimental sessions facilitated by an experimenter virtually; each consecutive session was separated by 6–8 days. We conducted mixed between-within subjects ANOVAs to examine study hypotheses.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>No interaction effects were significant. There were significant main effects of time on PTSS and depression severity, posttrauma cognitions, positively-valenced and negatively-valenced affect, and negative affect interference.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>We used self-report measures, small and non-clinical sample with limited demographic diversity, and virtual format; did not record memory narratives; and did not have a trauma memory condition.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Based on pilot data, our findings suggest that individuals who retrieve positive or neutral memories repeatedly may report less PTSS and depression severity, fewer posttrauma cognitions, and improved affect. Results provide an impetus to examine impacts of and mechanisms underlying memory interventions (beyond a sole focus on negatively-valenced memories) in trauma work.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 101887"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10100986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring intrusions without awareness: A preliminary study of the characteristics and influences of meta-awareness failures","authors":"Yu-Tung J. Sun ,&nbsp;Melanie K.T. Takarangi ,&nbsp;Reginald D.V. Nixon","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Objectives</h3><p>Research shows that people can lack meta-awareness (i.e., being explicitly aware) of their trauma-related thoughts, which impacts our understanding of re-experiencing symptoms, a key symptom type in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), assessed through self-report. This preliminarily study explored differences between (meta-)aware and unaware intrusion characteristics to understand why some intrusions are not immediately apparent to individuals.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Trauma-exposed participants (<em>N</em> = 78) were recruited from online crowd-sourcing platforms to complete an online meta-awareness task. During a reading task, participants were intermittently probed to index the occurrence of unreported (i.e., unaware) trauma-related intrusions. Once participants indicated trauma-related intrusions were present, they then completed a questionnaire that indexed intrusion characteristics.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Although unaware intrusions did occur in a subset of the sample, there were no fundamental differences between aware and unaware intrusions in terms of modality of experience (imagery vs. non-imagery), meaningfulness, accessibility, or other characteristics (e.g., vividness).</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>There was potential for lower participant engagement and attention due to the online delivery of the meta-awareness task, which may have minimized meta-awareness failure. Future research could consider using a continuous measure to index levels of meta-awareness. In addition, recruiting clinical samples (e.g., individuals with PTSD) who typically experience multiple daily intrusions would allow generalizability of the current findings to be tested.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings from this preliminary study suggest that unaware and aware intrusions show more commonality than not in their characteristics, with further research required to improve our understanding of the mechanisms leading to meta-awareness or lack of in PTSD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 101889"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10100961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent class analysis of emotions experienced during compulsive hair-pulling episodes","authors":"Macy M. Hicks ,&nbsp;Suzanne Mouton-Odum ,&nbsp;Kevin C. Patyk ,&nbsp;Ryan J. Zamora ,&nbsp;Alessandro S. De Nadai","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Reasons for compulsive hair pulling are heterogeneous and not fully understood. Given that many people who experience compulsive hair pulling do not respond to treatment, identifying subgroups can inform potential mechanisms and treatment design.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>We sought to identify empirical subgroups among participants in an online treatment program for trichotillomania (N = 1728). A </span>latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of emotions associated with compulsive hair-pulling episodes.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Six classes of participants were found which reflected three predominant themes. One theme reflected expected patterns, where emotional changes were seen following pulling. Two other themes were more surprising, where one reflected high overall emotional activation that did not show consistent change in response to pulling, and another showed low emotional activation overall. These results suggest that there are multiple types of hair-pulling and a sizeable group of people may benefit from treatment adjustments.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Participants did not receive semi-structured diagnostic assessment. A majority of participants were Caucasian, and future research would benefit from increased participant diversity. Emotions associated with compulsive hair-pulling were measured across an entire treatment program, but the relationship between specific intervention components and change in specific emotions was not systematically collected.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>While previous research has addressed overall phenomenology and comorbidity, the present study is the first to identify empirical subgroups of people who experience compulsive hair-pulling at the level of individual pulling episodes. Identified participant classes had distinguishing features that can aid in personalizing treatment to individual symptom presentations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 101882"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10154357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing the stickiness of negative memory retrieval through positive memory training in adolescents","authors":"Eline Belmans ,&nbsp;Hendrik-Jan De Vuyst ,&nbsp;Keisuke Takano ,&nbsp;Filip Raes","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Individuals at risk for depression exhibit a decreased ability to disengage from negative memory retrieval during times of mental distress, partly because they have difficulty retrieving positive memories to repair sad mood. In this study, we tested whether this persistent tendency for negative memory retrieval could be reduced in adolescents through repeated practice to retrieve positive autobiographical memories, namely Positive Memory Specificity Training (PMST). Further, we examined the impact of this intervention on secondary outcomes, including depressive symptoms, emotion regulation strategies, and fear of positive emotions.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Adolescents (n = 68) between 16 and 18 years old were randomly allocated to either PMST or bogus control training. Persistent negative memory retrieval was assessed following the training using a behavioral decision-making task (Emotional Reversal Learning Task). Additionally, participants completed self-report measurements (e.g., depressive symptoms) before and two weeks after the training.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found preliminary supportive evidence for a significant training effect such that adolescents following PMST showed less persistence in negative memory retrieval compared to those in the control group. Only for anhedonia a significant training effect was found, indicating a possible adverse effect of the intervention.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The primary outcome was assessed only at post-intervention to prevent a potential learning effect due to repeated measurements. We cannot exclude the possibility that baseline individual differences contaminated our results. To examine possible adverse effects of PMST, larger sample are needed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>PMST may help to reduce persistent negative memory retrieval in adolescents. Recommendations for future studies are addressed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 101881"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10097734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relation among, trait anxiety, intolerance to uncertainty and early maltreatment experiences on fear discrimination learning and avoidance generalization online task","authors":"Consuelo San Martín ,&nbsp;Mario A. Laborda ,&nbsp;Gonzalo Miguez ,&nbsp;Andrea Sánchez ,&nbsp;Bram Vervliet ,&nbsp;Vanetza Quezada-Scholz","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Early aversive experiences, which have been associated with elevated anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty (IUS), may contribute negatively to fear conditioning learning. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relation among individual differences in childhood maltreatment experiences, trait anxiety, and IUS in adulthood; and to determine how these variables could affect fear learning discrimination and avoidance generalization.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We adapted an avoidance procedure in an online fear learning task. Two pictures of different lamp colors (CS+) were first associated with two aversive images (US), while a third color was not (CS-). Next, clicking a button during one CS + could effectively avoid the US (CS + av), but not during the other (CS + unav). Finally, avoidance generalization was tested to lamp colors that were between CS- and CS + av (safety dimension) and CS + av and CS + unav (avoidability dimension). With a sample of 67 participants, we measured ratings of relief, expectancy, and anxiety, as well as button presses and individual differences (STAI, IUS and MAES).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Aversive early experiences were positively related to trait anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty. The results of the task further suggested that maltreatment experience contributes to be more attentive to aversive signals, which could be implicated in leading to difficulties in discrimination learning.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Online experiments implies some loss of control over subjects and environment that can threaten internal validity. Likewise, the commitment of participants may be low.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Results suggest that early aversive experience and anxiety could contribute to the development of IUS, which likely contributes to the development of avoidance behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 101886"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10100979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of the ambiguous scenario task for perfectionistic concerns for university students","authors":"Barbara Cludius ,&nbsp;Julia Hummel ,&nbsp;Karina Limburg ,&nbsp;Marcella L. Woud ,&nbsp;Keisuke Takano","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Interpretation biases (IBs) are found in a range of psychological disorders<span>, and the transdiagnostic role of IBs has gained increasing attention. Among the variants, IBs of perfectionism (e.g., interpreting a trivial error as equivalent to complete failure) are understood to be a central transdiagnostic phenotype. Perfectionism is a multidimensional construct and the dimension of perfectionistic concerns has been found to be most closely related to psychopathology. Therefore, capturing IBs that are specifically related to perfectionistic concerns (not perfectionism in general) is of particular importance in studying pathological IBs. Thus, we developed and validated the Ambiguous Scenario Task for Perfectionistic Concerns (AST-PC) to be used in university students.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We created two versions of the AST-PC and administered each version to one of two independent student samples (i.e., Version A to <em>n</em> = 108 and Version B to <em>n</em> = 110). We then examined the factor structure and associations with established questionnaires of perfectionism, depression, and anxiety.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The AST-PC showed good factorial validity, confirming the hypothesized three-factor structure: perfectionistic concerns, adaptive, and maladaptive (but not perfectionistic) interpretations. The interpretations related to perfectionistic concerns showed good correlations with questionnaires of perfectionistic concerns, depressive symptoms, and trait anxiety.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Additional validation studies are required to establish the temporal stability of the task scores and their sensitivity to experimental induction and clinical intervention. Additionally, IBs of perfectionism should be investigated within a broader transdiagnostic context.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The AST-PC demonstrated good psychometric properties. Future applications of the task are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101811"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10289906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does fear reduction predict treatment response to exposure for social anxiety disorder?","authors":"Anastasia L. McGlade ,&nbsp;Michael Treanor ,&nbsp;Richard Kim ,&nbsp;Michelle G. Craske","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p><span>Fear activation and reduction have traditionally been considered important mechanisms of exposure therapy. Evidence to date is mixed and impeded by inadequate methodology. This study examined the extent to which fear activation and reduction within and across exposures predicted treatment outcomes for </span>social anxiety disorder within a paradigm suitable for their measurement.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Sixty-eight adults with social anxiety disorder and fear of public speaking completed seven exposure sessions, each consisting of seven speeches conducted in virtual reality. Exposures were identical in duration, task requirements, and virtual public speaking situation. Fear was measured with skin conductance and subjective distress ratings. At baseline and post-treatment, participants completed a public speaking behavioral approach test with a panel of confederate judges; subjective fear was measured. A standardized questionnaire of anxiety symptoms was administered at baseline, post-treatment, and one-month follow-up.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>No indices of within- or between-session fear reduction, measured by subjective distress and skin conductance response, predicted treatment outcome. One measure of fear activation was associated with outcomes such that </span><em>less</em> activation predicted greater symptom reduction; remaining indices did not predict outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p><span>Data were collected in the context of a randomized controlled trial<span> of scopolamine; </span></span>drug group was included in analytic models to account for drug influence. VR exposures elicited mild levels of distress that may underestimate levels of distress in clinical settings.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings failed to support fear activation or reduction within or across exposure sessions as significant predictors of treatment outcome for social anxiety. Treatment implications are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101833"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9238221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of bilateral stimulation using eye movements on sexual fantasies with follow-up","authors":"Andrew Allen ,&nbsp;Nadine McKillop ,&nbsp;Mary Katsikitis ,&nbsp;Prudence Millear","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Sexual fantasies represent a common aspect of human sexuality that can support sexual well-being but also contribute to psychopathology. The latter warrants intervention and bilateral stimulation with eye movements (EMs) may be a suitable intervention for impairing mental imagery of sexual fantasies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of multiple rounds of EMs on sexual fantasies, gauge the effect over time with a one-week follow-up, and assess how impaired sexual imagery may influence behaviour and behavioural intention.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Twenty-eight participants (14 male, <em>M</em>age = 44.10, <em>SD</em><span>age = 9.77) selected a favoured sexual fantasy and engaged in five repeated rounds of an EM task, either face-to-face or via telehealth. Baseline phenomenological characteristics of sexual fantasies were compared against repeated measures after each round of EMs and at one-week follow-up, as well as hypothetical behavioural intention and frequency of fantasy masturbation.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>All sexual fantasy characteristics (e.g., vividness, sensations, arousal, believability) diminished progressively between each round of EMs. These characteristics increased from round five to follow-up. However, they remained significantly reduced compared to baseline. Participants’ hypothetical behavioural intention and frequency of masturbation associated with their sexual fantasies also reduced post-EM task.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Use of self-report measures; participants’ mental imagery could not be measured directly; and no comparison groups were included.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>As an imagery impairing task, bilateral stimulation with EMs is effective for diminishing the phenomenological properties of sexual fantasies, extending upon extant literature. Collectively, the progressive research regarding EMs and sexual fantasies encourages replication in specific populations (e.g., individuals with problematic or harmful sexual fantasies).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9237074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of brief mindfulness training on the micro-structure of human free-operant responding: Mindfulness affects stimulus-driven responding","authors":"Xiaosheng Chen,&nbsp;Phil Reed","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>The current study examines the extent to which mindfulness impacts on operant conditioning processes, and explores the suggestion that mindfulness training serves to make humans more sensitive to the current reinforcement contingencies with which they are presented. In particular, the effect of mindfulness on the micro-structure of human schedule performance was explored. It was expected that mindfulness might impact bout-initiation responding to a greater degree than within-bout responding, premised on the assumption that bout-initiation responses are habitual and not under conscious control, but within-bout responses are goal-directed and conscious.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Nonclinical participants experienced one of three brief (15min) interventions: focused attention breathing exercise (mindfulness), an unfocused attention breathing exercises, or no intervention. They then responded on a multiple random ratio (RR) random interval (RI) schedule.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In the no intervention and unfocused attention groups, overall and within-bout response rates were higher on the RR than the RI schedule, but bout-initiation rates were the same on the two schedules. However, for the mindfulness groups all forms of responding were higher for the RR than the RI schedule. Previous work has noted that habitual, and/or unconscious or fringe-conscious events, are impacted by mindfulness training.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>A nonclinical sample may limit generality.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The current pattern of results suggests that this is also true in schedule-controlled performance, and offers an insight into the manner in which mindfulness alongside conditioning-based interventions, to bring all responses under conscious control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 101821"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9592318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}