Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Negative mood and optimism bias: An experimental investigation of sadness and belief updating","authors":"Aleksandr T. Karnick ,&nbsp;Brian W. Bauer ,&nbsp;Daniel W. Capron","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Understanding how individuals integrate new information to form beliefs under changing emotional conditions is crucial to describing decision-making processes. Previous research suggests that although most people demonstrate bias toward optimistic appraisals of new information when updating beliefs, individuals with dysphoric psychiatric conditions<span> (e.g., major depression) do not demonstrate this same bias. Despite these findings, limited research has investigated the relationship between affective states and belief updating processes.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We induced neutral and sad moods in participants and had them complete a belief-updating paradigm by estimating the likelihood of negative future events happening to them, viewing the actual likelihood, and then re-estimating their perceived likelihood.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We observed that individuals updated their beliefs more after receiving desirable information relative to undesirable information under neutral conditions. Further, we found that individuals did not demonstrate unrealistic optimism under negative affective conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This study incorporated a population of university students under laboratory conditions and would benefit from replication and extension in clinical populations and naturalistic settings.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings suggest that momentary fluctuations in mood affect how individuals integrate information to form beliefs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101910"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10317050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotion dynamics of clients with test anxiety before and after an imagery-based treatment","authors":"Jessica Uhl ,&nbsp;Steffen Eberhardt ,&nbsp;Brian Schwartz ,&nbsp;Eshkol Rafaeli ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Lutz","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Imagery-based techniques have become a promising means in the treatment of test anxiety (TA). Although previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of imagery-based treatment, not all clients seem to benefit from it. The present study compares clients' pre- as well as post-treatment emotion dynamics between responders and non-responders. Furthermore, it examines treatment-related changes in emotion dynamics in both subgroups.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>The results are based on 44 clients suffering from TA who underwent a six-session imagery-based treatment and include Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). Emotions were assessed with the </span>Profile of Mood States four times a day over the course of two weeks before and after the treatment. Temporal networks were computed to index emotion dynamics.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Pre-treatment emotion dynamics differed between responders and non-responders. Similarly, post-treatment emotion dynamics differed as well between both groups. Some changes were also observed between pre-treatment and post-treatment networks: for responders, fatigue no longer predicted anger, and depression predicted itself; for non-responders, calmness predicted fatigue, anger, depression, contentment, and anxiety. In addition, fatigue no longer predicted itself and anxiety predicted vigor.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The investigation is marked by several limitations: a liberal inclusion threshold of at least a 50% response to EMA prompts, and a relatively homogenous sample.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These results provide first evidence for the idea that emotion dynamics may be associated with response to treatment for TA. Furthermore, effective imagery-based treatments may be tied to changes within these dynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101909"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10264115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of doubt in obsessive-compulsive disorder","authors":"Brenda Chiang ,&nbsp;Christine Purdon","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been referred to as the “doubting disease,” yet there has been little foundational research on its phenomenology and characteristics. Studies of doubt have relied on researchers’ idiosyncratic conceptualizations of the construct, resulting in varied assessment methods and different prevalence rates (11–75%). We examined the nature and characteristics of doubt in people with clinical and subclinical OCD so as to identify its nature and characteristics, and factors that may be unique to OCD.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A semi-structured interview about doubt was administered to people with OCD (<em>N</em> = 44) and with subclinical OCD (<em>N</em> = 21).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Doubt was highly prevalent and manifested as a form of obsession, uncertainty about whether a task was done properly, and/or lack of confidence in memory and perceptions. All participants took action to resolve doubt and/or proactively pre-empt or reduce future doubt. Doubt was deeply connected to negative core beliefs about the self. The groups did not differ on their experience of doubt, except that greater symptom severity was associated with greater interference from doubt, less ability to resist it, and less success of proactive, but not reactive, strategies to manage it.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>We relied on retrospective report, and the subclinical group was relatively small.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In subclinical and clinical OCD, doubt is pervasive, manifests in three domains, is connected to negative core beliefs, and is highly aversive. Continued empirical study of doubt is essential to proper assessment and to development of theories and treatment of OCD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 101753"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9550915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The current status of mental contamination in obsessive compulsive disorder: A systematic review","authors":"Josie F.A. Millar ,&nbsp;Anna E. Coughtrey ,&nbsp;Alex Healy ,&nbsp;Maureen Whittal ,&nbsp;Roz Shafran","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p><span>Over the past 25 years Mental Contamination (MC) has become recognised as a distinct construct, particularly in relation to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). MC is defined as feelings of contamination, often located internally, that arise in the absence of contact with a contaminant, with the source proposed to be human. Despite considerable interest from researchers and clinicians, there has not been a </span>systematic review<span> on the relationship between MC and OCD. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to summarise and synthesise the current status of phenomenological and experimental evidence, mechanisms, assessment, measurement, and treatment of MC in OCD (PROSPERO: CRD42021223119).</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>All study designs were eligible provided the focus of the study was on MC and the implications of the study were linked to OCD. We searched PsychINFO, Embase, Medline, Ethos, ProQuest, conference abstracts and trial registries between 1990 and 2021. The Mixed Methods Appraisal tool was used to assess methodological quality of included studies.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found 58 reports with a total of 67 studies that met criteria for inclusion in the review. Twenty-three of these studies used clinical samples, 28 were experimental, 12 focused on phenomenology and 8 addressed treatment. The quality of the studies was variable.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Grey literature was not included, thus there may be further unpublished MC studies that have not been included in the review.</p><p>Conclusions: Based on the findings, mental contamination is a robust clinical construct within OCD that has important implications for understanding and treating the disorder.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 101745"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9550910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the effects of a brief motivational interviewing protocol on excessive acquisition","authors":"Shiu F. Wong ,&nbsp;Emily Dewar ,&nbsp;Peter A. Baldwin ,&nbsp;Jessica R. Grisham","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Objectives</h3><p>Individuals with hoarding disorder<span>, especially those with problems around acquiring, typically demonstrate a lack of motivation and awareness of their problematic behaviours. Since acquiring behaviours are important targets in interventions for hoarding, effective strategies for increasing motivation in this population are required to enhance the acceptability and efficacy of these interventions.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The aim of the current study was to evaluate the ability of a brief online motivational intervention to reduce acquiring in a community sample of high acquirers (<em>N</em> = 159). Participants were randomly assigned to either a motivational interviewing protocol (<em>n</em><span> = 73) or progressive muscle relaxation control condition (</span><em>n</em><span> = 86). Readiness to change and motivation to acquire was measured via self-report, and acquiring behaviour was measured using a modified version of the Preston Acquisition Decision Making Task (to increase ecological validity).</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In both conditions, participants’ readiness and motivation to change increased over time. Contrary to hypotheses, the magnitude of this improvement did not significantly differ between conditions. Furthermore, conditions did not perform differently on the behavioural measure of acquiring.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Insufficient dose of the intervention may have precluded any differences being observed between conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Results underscore the need to better address the problem of lowered motivation in this population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 101790"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9550912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Judging others makes me forget: Assessing the cognitive, behavioural, and emotional consequences of other-evaluations on self-evaluations for social anxiety","authors":"Ryan J. Ferguson,&nbsp;Allison J. Ouimet,&nbsp;Olivia Gardam","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>People with Social Anxiety Disorder<span> (SAD) evaluate themselves negatively before, during, and after anxiety-provoking social situations, which leads to negative consequences (e.g., performance deficits, memory impairments, and post-event processing). Despite decades of research, little is known regarding whether these evaluations generalize to how they view others. Social projection theory—the belief that others are similar to oneself—might further extend the basic Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) model. Our aim was to understand whether the degree to which people negatively evaluate a visibly anxious person causes them to negatively evaluate themselves.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>172 unselected participants completed several baseline questionnaires. We then randomly assigned participants to provide high-, medium-, or no-evaluation of a videotaped anxious person (i.e., other-evaluations) while we assessed their state anxiety. After, they evaluated the anxious person on multiple criteria. Participants then participated in an impromptu conversation task and subsequently evaluated their own performance.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Although our manipulation was effective, we found no emotional or behavioural differences between conditions. However, people in the high-evaluation condition recalled significantly fewer facts about their conversation partner than did people in the medium- and no-evaluation conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>After data cleaning, the sample size was slightly smaller than planned; most analyses were nonetheless appropriately powered. Our findings may not generalize beyond unselected undergraduate students; replication in a clinical sample is warranted.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings highlight the cognitive consequences (i.e., memory impairments) of other-evaluations, which cognitive behavioural therapists should consider when treating individuals with SAD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 101763"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9550913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of importance revisited: A special issue in honour of former Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry Editor-in-Chief, Adam S. Radomsky","authors":"Andrea R. Ashbaugh,&nbsp;Allison J. Ouimet","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101828","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 101828"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9550914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective study of negative and positive post-event processing following stressful and pleasant social interactions","authors":"Leanne Kane,&nbsp;Olivia Simioni,&nbsp;Andrea R. Ashbaugh","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Negative post-event processing (PEP) is a key maintenance factor of social anxiety, but little is known about the role positive PEP, particularly in relation to situations that are not perceived as stressful. The objective was to examine negative and positive PEP following stressful and pleasant social interactions. We were also interested in how participants remembered and described the interactions.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Young adults (<em>n</em> = 411) recalled a recent pleasant or stressful social interaction and indicated how much negative and positive PEP they engaged in since the interaction. They also completed questionnaires measuring social anxiety and the memory's phenomenological qualities and wrote a description of the interaction.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Higher social anxiety was linked with more negative and less positive PEP, regardless of whether the interaction was perceived as stressful or pleasant. Participants reporting more negative PEP used more negative words in describing the interaction and their memory was more negative and emotionally intense. Those reporting more positive PEP used more positive and less negative words in their descriptions. For stressful interactions, positive PEP was related to a more positive memory; for pleasant ones, it was related to increased emotional intensity.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Limitations included the sample type (restricted age range, non-clinical) and the retrospective, cross-sectional nature of the study.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Results provide insight into PEP following stressful and pleasant social interactions. We also found preliminary evidence that positive PEP may be helpful and protective. Future studies may benefit from longitudinal and mixed methods designs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 101795"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9550911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relevance of dysfunctional reasoning to OCD and its treatment: Further evidence for inferential confusion utilizing a new task-based measure","authors":"Louis-Philippe Baraby ,&nbsp;Lysandre Bourguignon ,&nbsp;Frederick Aardema","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Previous research has highlighted the role of dysfunctional reasoning processes (i.e. “inferential confusion”) in the development and maintenance of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Inferential confusion has previously been found to be a unique predictor of OC symptoms and has shown specificity for OCD. However, these findings have primarily relied on a single self-report questionnaire, and only a limited number of experimentations have been conducted to establish the specificity of inferential confusion to OCD with alternate measures. The current paper demonstrates the relationship of inferential confusion with OCD symptoms in clinical samples by using a task-based measure of inferential confusion.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Sixty-four OCD participants, as well as thirty anxious and thirty-four healthy controls completed the recently developed Dysfunctional Reasoning Processes Task (DRPT) and related measures. Thirty-five OCD participants then completed sixteen sessions of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and completed the same measures post-treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>As predicted, dysfunctional reasoning was significantly more elevated for those with OCD relative to control groups. Reduced levels of dysfunctional reasoning during CBT were significantly associated with successful treatment outcome.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Clinical implications should be interpreted with caution due to the relatively small sample size.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings support the notion that inferential confusion is an important cognitive factor particularly relevant to OCD that needs to be directly addressed as a mechanism of change in CBT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 101728"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9544663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dedication by Dr. Stanley Jack Rachman","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101829","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 101829"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9895314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}