Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Aversive conditioning is impaired in impulsive individuals: A study on learning asymmetries","authors":"Laurens T. Kemp, Tom Smeets, Anita Jansen, Katrijn Houben","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Appetitive and aversive conditioning are thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of mental disorders including anxiety, mood, eating, and substance use disorders. However, few studies measure the relative strength of appetitive and aversive associations, and their relevance to the risk of mental disorders. This study aims to address this gap.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We tested how readily healthy volunteers acquire appetitive vs. aversive associations. 150 participants associated complex 3D objects with either gain or loss and made decisions to gain or avoid losing points. We investigated the relationship of a learning asymmetry with neuroticism, impulsivity, and anhedonia, to test the hypothesis that a stronger learning asymmetry corresponds to more extreme scores on these traits.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Impulsivity was positively associated with the learning asymmetry (R² = 0.10). This resulted from an inverse relation with the strength of aversive associations, indicating that impulsive individuals are worse at aversive learning. However, appetitive associations did not differ significantly. No correlations with neuroticism or anhedonia were found.</p><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Conditioning studies typically use primary reinforcers and a <em>C</em>S-. Lacking these may make these results less comparable to other studies.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We demonstrate that the learning asymmetry can measure individual differences linked to personality traits, and that impulsivity, normally linked with appetitive learning, also influences aversive learning. These results enable additional studies of learning asymmetry in relation to mental disorders, which could include measurements of mental health symptoms to provide further insight into how appetitive and aversive learning interacts with mental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139031308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aversive conditioning is impaired in impulsive individuals: A study on learning asymmetries","authors":"Laurens T. Kemp ,&nbsp;Tom Smeets ,&nbsp;Anita Jansen ,&nbsp;Katrijn Houben","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Appetitive and aversive conditioning are thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of mental disorders including anxiety, mood, eating, and substance use disorders. However, few studies measure the relative strength of appetitive and aversive associations, and their relevance to the risk of mental disorders. This study aims to address this gap.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We tested how readily healthy volunteers acquire appetitive vs. aversive associations. 150 participants associated complex 3D objects with either gain or loss and made decisions to gain or avoid losing points. We investigated the relationship of a learning asymmetry with neuroticism, impulsivity, and anhedonia, to test the hypothesis that a stronger learning asymmetry corresponds to more extreme scores on these traits.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Impulsivity was positively associated with the learning asymmetry (R² = .10). This resulted from an inverse relation with the strength of aversive associations, indicating that impulsive individuals are worse at aversive learning. However, appetitive associations did not differ significantly. No correlations with neuroticism or anhedonia were found.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Conditioning studies typically use primary reinforcers and a CS-. Lacking these may make these results less comparable to other studies.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We demonstrate that the learning asymmetry can measure individual differences linked to personality traits, and that impulsivity, normally linked with appetitive learning, also influences aversive learning. These results enable additional studies of learning asymmetry in relation to mental disorders, which could include measurements of mental health symptoms to provide further insight into how appetitive and aversive learning interacts with mental disorders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101939"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001064/pdfft?md5=74a0514f6aa81c645bee640e27417dfa&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001064-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139019417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretation biases in childhood spider fear: Content-specificity, priming, and avoidance","authors":"Anke M. Klein ,&nbsp;Rianne E. van Niekerk ,&nbsp;Mike Rinck ,&nbsp;Esther Allart ,&nbsp;Eni S. Becker","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>The relation between fear and interpretation bias has been widely studied in children. However, much less is known about its content-specificity and how interpretation biases predict variance in avoidance. The current study examined different interpretation bias tasks, the role of priming and the ability of the interpretation bias tasks to predict spider fear-related avoidance behaviour.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>169 children with varying levels of spider fear performed a behavioural avoidance task, two versions of the Ambiguous Scenarios Task (AST; with and without priming), and a size and distance estimation task.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both versions of the AST and the size-estimation were significantly related to self-reported spider fear and avoidance. These relations were content-specific: children with higher levels of spider fear had a more negative interpretation bias related to spider-related materials than to other materials, and a more negative bias than children with lower levels of spider fear. Furthermore, self-reported spider fear, the AST with priming, and the size-estimation predicted unique variance in avoidance behaviour.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Children varied in their level of spider fear, but clinical diagnoses of spider phobia were not assessed. The participants of this study were not randomly selected, they were children of parents with panic disorder or social anxiety disorder or no anxiety disorder and could therefore partly be seen as children at risk.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results support cognitive models of childhood anxiety and indicate that both controlled and automatic processes play an important role in fear-related behaviour.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101941"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139018529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting negative flashforward imagery in speech anxiety with a visuospatial dual-task: Do attenuated flashforwards lead to less anxiety and avoidance?","authors":"Marjolein R. Thunnissen ,&nbsp;Peter J. de Jong ,&nbsp;Marleen M. Rijkeboer ,&nbsp;Marisol J. Voncken ,&nbsp;Ronald M. Rapee ,&nbsp;Maaike H. Nauta","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>It has been proposed that negative mental imagery plays an important role in the persistence of social fears. Experiencing vivid and distressing ‘flashforward’ images of a potential social catastrophe appears to be of relevance in speech anxiety. To clarify the role of these images, the current experimental study tested if reducing the vividness and distressing properties of recurring negative flashforward images subsequently reduces anxiety and avoidance tendencies regarding a speech. <em>Methods</em>: Participants were female undergraduates high in speech anxiety (N = 134) who joined our study online. In the experimental condition, we used a visuospatial dual-task to reduce the vividness and distress of flashforward imagery. Primary outcomes were participants' self-reported anxiety and avoidance ratings in anticipation of and during an actual speech. As a secondary outcome, we used observer ratings of participants' anxiety during the speech. <em>Results:</em> Participants reported moderate to high frequency and interference of their vivid and distressing flashforward images in daily life. The dual-task resulted in reductions in image vividness and distress. However, we found no differences between conditions in anxiety and avoidance ratings before and during the speech. <em>Limitations:</em> The imagery manipulation effect was moderate to small. Moreover, we included a subclinical sample. <em>Conclusions:</em> Reducing negative flashforward imagery vividness and distress with a visuospatial dual-task did not directly lead to less anxiety and avoidance tendencies related to a later speech. Thus, findings provided no support for the hypothesis that experiencing highly vivid and distressing flashforward images causally contributes to social fears.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101940"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001076/pdfft?md5=2d8b9c138921b1e955bc3f403c07424b&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001076-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138992838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The legacy of social anxiety-linked negative expectancy: A pathway from pre-event negative expectancies to post-event negative thinking","authors":"Julian Basanovic ,&nbsp;Lily Kowal ,&nbsp;Sophie Millward ,&nbsp;Colin MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Following engagement in a social event people with heightened vulnerability to social anxiety report elevated levels of negative thinking about the event, and this post-event negative thinking is implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety vulnerability. It has also been established that heightened social anxiety vulnerability is associated with disproportionately negative expectations of upcoming social events. However, contribution of social anxiety-linked pre-event negative expectancy to post-event negative thinking has not been directly investigated. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the relationship between social anxiety vulnerability and post-event negative thinking is mediated by pre-event negative expectancies that drive increased state anxiety at the time of encountering the event.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One-hundred and ten participants who varied in social anxiety vulnerability completed a simulated job interview. Participants reported negativity of expectancies before the event, state anxiety experienced at the time of encountering the event, and post-event negative thinking across the seven days following the event.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Analyses revealed elevated social anxiety predicted increased negative post-event thinking. The association between social anxiety and post-event negative thinking was fully mediated by a mediation pathway involving pre-event negative expectancies and state anxiety at the time of encountering the interview event.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The study used a laboratory-based social experience, and conclusions could usefully be tested in the context of natural social events.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings suggest that social anxiety-linked variation in pre-event negative expectancy may contribute to post-event negative thinking following a social event via its impact on state anxiety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101937"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001040/pdfft?md5=30cef25d5a36c3c098eba8ac59e905e8&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001040-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of a masked counterconditioning approach using continuous flash suppression to alleviate body dissatisfaction in women with high body image concerns","authors":"Irina Masselman ,&nbsp;Klaske A. Glashouwer ,&nbsp;Mark M. Span ,&nbsp;Peter J. de Jong","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Research that used counterconditioning (CC) to reduce women's negative body image has led to mixed results. One explanation could be that the negative responses elicited by own body pictures hinder the effectiveness of CC procedures in adjusting overly negative attitudes towards the own body. In this study we therefore tried to prevent the impact of negative responses by limiting women's perceptual awareness of the own body pictures during the CC procedure.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Women with a negative body image were randomly assigned to an experimental (<em>n</em> = 75) or control (<em>n</em> = 71) condition. In the experimental condition, participants’ masked body pictures were systematically followed by visible social approval cues (i.e., smiling faces), whereas neutral body-unrelated control pictures were followed by a blank screen. In the control condition, both own body and control pictures were followed by a blank screen.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Participants in the experimental condition did not report a more positive evaluation of the own body (pictures) after CC than participants in the control condition. Also, the strength of automatic affective body evaluations as indexed by a single-target Implicit Association Test did not differ between conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Many participants did not remain fully unaware of their body pictures during conditioning.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings provided no support for the idea that CC with masked own body pictures can be used in women with body dissatisfaction to improve their body image.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101938"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001052/pdfft?md5=67f19f3ae7f4f726b9a47cafb09cf395&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001052-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathy and gaze cueing","authors":"Carlo Garofalo ,&nbsp;Andrew Jones ,&nbsp;Lieke Nentjes ,&nbsp;Steven M. Gillespie","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Psychopathic traits – and especially callous affective features – have been linked to altered processing of others’ emotional expressions, and to reduced attention to the eyes. Despite the importance of gaze cueing (i.e., the tendency to orient attention toward where someone else is looking) for social functioning, few studies have investigated relationships between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing, and whether facial emotional expression influence these relationships, obtaining mixed results. To address this gap, the present study aimed to evaluate associations between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing for emotional and neutral expressions.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>65 non-clinical male participants (<em>M</em>_<em>age</em> = 27.3 years) completed two self-report measures of psychopathy and performed laboratory tasks to assess gaze-cueing for emotional vs. neutral faces and an arrow-cueing task as a comparison.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Linear mixed models showed no significant associations of emotional (versus neutral) expressions, or psychopathy trait dimensions, with either gaze cueing or arrow cueing.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Reliance on a convenience sample of non-clinical men, assessed with self-reports measures of psychopathy, and using static emotional stimuli limit the generalizability of our findings.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings suggest that psychopathic traits are not associated with individual differences in following others’ gaze to direct attention, and that there was no advantage for affective relative to neutral expressions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101936"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001039/pdfft?md5=0019035f93fa37ffadc5de11e5341304&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001039-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the scrupulosity inventory: A factor analysis and construct validity study","authors":"Chris H. Miller ,&nbsp;Dawson W. Hedges ,&nbsp;Bruce Brown ,&nbsp;Joseph Olsen ,&nbsp;Elijah C. Baughan","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Scrupulosity, despite its considerable prevalence and morbidity, remains under-investigated. The present study develops and examines the psychometric properties of a comprehensive assessment tool, the <em>Scrupulosity Inventory</em> (<em>SI</em>).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The <em>SI</em>, along with other measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and perfectionism, were administered to a sample (N = 150) of college undergraduates similar in size to other scale development studies of related measures. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the <em>SI</em>, examined its convergent and divergent validity, and assessed its ability to predict categorical diagnoses of scrupulosity using a receiver operator characteristic analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found a well-fitting confirmatory bifactor model (RMSEA = 0.049) with a strong general <em>Scrupulosity</em> factor (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.907</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>) and specific factors for <em>Personal Violations</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.212</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>, Ritualized Behavior</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.505</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>, Interference with Life</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.254</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>,</em> and <em>Problem Pervasiveness</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.430</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>). As predicted, we also found the strongest convergence (r = 0.63) between the <em>SI</em> and the <em>Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS),</em> intermediate convergence (r = 0.54) between the SI and <em>Perfectionism Inventory (PI),</em> and weaker convergence (r = 0.47) between the <em>SI</em> and <em>YBOCS</em>. Finally, we found that a categorical diagnosis of scrupulosity was highly predicted by the <em>SI</em> (AUC = 0.84), less well-predicted by the <em>PIOS</em> (AUC = 0.75) and less well predicted by the <em>YBOCS</em> (AUC = 0.69).</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This study was conducted among a sample of undergraduates at a religiously affiliated university.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These results suggest utility in using the <em>SI</em> to measure the severity of scrupulosity symptoms and that scrupulosity and OCD may present significantly different clinical features.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101926"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000939/pdfft?md5=f702e99880c6014a18c947c4ae34b155&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000939-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the influence of self-referential thinking on aberrant salience and jumping to conclusions bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders","authors":"Shreya Jagtap ,&nbsp;Michael W. Best","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Cognitive processes such as aberrant salience and the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias are implicated in the development of delusions. Self-referential thinking is implicated in this process; however, it is unknown how it may interact with aberrant salience and JTC bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs). This study examined associations of self-referential thinking with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity, and whether self-referential stimuli led to an increase in aberrant salience and JTC bias in SSDs (n = 20) relative to psychiatrically healthy controls (n = 20).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>To assess aberrant salience and JTC bias, participants were asked to complete both self-referential and neutral versions of the Salience Attribution Test (SAT) and the Beads Task, as well as self-report measures of aberrant salience and JTC bias.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Self-referential task condition interacted with clinical group to predict JTC beads task scores, such that participants with SSDs exhibited greater levels of JTC bias than psychiatrically healthy controls during the neutral task condition, when controlling for levels of motivation, cognitive insight, and functioning. Self-referential thinking was significantly associated with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This experiment examined trait-level relationships between variables, so does not provide information about state-level interrelationships and would benefit from replication using more dynamic methods such as ecological momentary assessment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings highlight the interrelationships between self-referential thinking, JTC bias, aberrant salience, and delusion severity, in individuals with SSDs, and support the interactive role of self-referential thinking in predicting JTC bias.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138501970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit aggressive self-concept in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from an approach-avoidance task","authors":"Josefine Gehlenborg,&nbsp;Franziska Miegel,&nbsp;Steffen Moritz,&nbsp;Jakob Scheunemann,&nbsp;Amir-Hosseyn Yassari,&nbsp;Lena Jelinek","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have reported higher anger and aggression than healthy individuals in previous studies using explicit measures. However, studies using implicit measures have demonstrated mixed results. The aim of the present study was to investigate implicit aggressiveness in OCD using an approach-avoidance task (AAT).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Seventy-eight patients with OCD and 37 healthy controls underwent structured clinical interviews and measures of anger, OCD, and depressive symptoms as well as a computerized AAT that included aggressive, peaceful, negative, and positive stimuli.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>In line with previous studies, patients with OCD reported higher scores on explicit anger. With respect to the implicit measure, repeated measures ANOVAs did not show any differences in mean reaction times for pushing compared to pulling aggressive versus peaceful and negative versus positive words. However, analyses of specific </span>OCD symptom dimensions demonstrated significantly faster reaction times for pulling compared to pushing aggressive words for patients with high scores in the OCD symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Eighty percent of patients with OCD showed psychiatric comorbidities and all were seeking treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study supports previous studies reporting the absence of higher aggressiveness in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls using implicit measures. However, in contrast to previous studies, we found an implicit approach bias towards aggressive self-statements for OCD patients scoring high in the symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding compared to healthy controls. Future studies should further elucidate putative functional relationships between different OCD symptom dimensions and implicit aggressiveness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101927"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}