Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Inducing dissociative states: A (re)view from the laboratory","authors":"Fiona G. Sleight,&nbsp;Charlie W. McDonald,&nbsp;Richard Mattson,&nbsp;Steven Jay Lynn","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory-based inductions of dissociative states promise to facilitate understanding of the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of dissociation and dissociative disorders. In the present scoping review, we identified articles via a systematic search of PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, and Google Scholar, resulting in 59 articles that met <em>a priori</em> inclusion criteria. Of the 19 techniques described, numerous elicited changes in dissociative symptoms. However, studies were highly heterogeneous regarding their definition and measurement of dissociation. We call attention to relevant validity concerns presented by laboratory-based inductions and offer directions and recommendations for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can attentional biases predict outcome of CBT in children with social anxiety disorder?","authors":"Steffen Schmidtendorf ,&nbsp;Julia Asbrand ,&nbsp;Brunna Tuschen-Caffier ,&nbsp;Nina Heinrichs","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Many studies have investigated differences in attention allocation to threat between socially anxious individuals and healthy controls in adult and child samples. The extent to which differences exist within the group of socially anxious individuals and whether these have a predictive value for the extent of symptom reduction after cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been studied less until to date and yielded inconsistent findings, particularly in child samples.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The present study investigated whether three different indices of biased attention, measured at pretreatment by eye-tracking, were associated with differences in response to a 12-session exposure-based group CBT in a sample of 41 children with social anxiety disorder (SAD).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In linear regression analyses neither initial vigilance nor initial maintenance nor attentional avoidance predicted symptom reductions after CBT. Children who no longer met diagnostic criteria after treatment did not differ from those who did not fully remit in terms of initial vigilance and attentional avoidance (<em>d</em> &lt; .36). With regard to initial maintenance of attention to threat, the analysis revealed a large but statistically non-significant effect between both groups (<em>d</em> = .81).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Initial maintenance of attention to threat may be beneficial for the treatment of social anxiety. However, the evidence in our study is only weak and further research is needed before clear implications can be drawn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102029"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A psycholinguistic investigation of biased semantic networks in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder","authors":"Schauenburg Gesche,&nbsp;Moritz Steffen,&nbsp;Hottenrott Birgit,&nbsp;Miegel Franziska,&nbsp;Scheunemann Jakob,&nbsp;Jelinek Lena","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Increasing evidence confirms the significant involvement of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (C-OCD). More insights into the role of disgust within cognitive biases in OCD may illuminate the psychopathology and corresponding subdimensions or subtypes. The present study introduces a new approach adopted from psycholinguistic research to investigate biases in word association networks in C-OCD versus other OCD symptom dimensions (nC-OCD).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Individuals with OCD (<em>N</em> = 70; <em>N</em> = 42 with C-OCD, <em>N</em> = 28 with nC- OCD) and healthy controls (HC; <em>N</em> = 36) were asked to produce up to five verbal associations with cue words. Written forms of the recorded associations were analyzed with word lexica providing rating norms for valence, arousal, potency, fear, and disgust. We examined bivariate correlations between OCI-R subscale “Washing” and affective variables across all participants. We investigated group differences in semantic biases in the association responses to these five variables given to standardized (three-group comparison: C-OCD vs. nC-OCD vs. HC) and individual (two-group comparison: C-OCD vs. nC-OCD) cue words.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>“Washing” and disgust showed the strongest correlation. The three-group comparison revealed more negative valence and disgust-related associations for C-OCD as compared to HC and nC-OCD. Associations generated by the C-OCD group were more pronounced in all emotion variables as compared to the nC-OCD group. <em>Limitations</em>: Rating norms did not cover all word associations, resulting in missing data. The OCD groups were unbalanced due to post-hoc allocation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Results support the assumption of differentially biased semantic networks across the OCD spectrum, with greater negativity and disgust in C-OCD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attend to the positive while feeling anxious: The effect of state anxiety on the effectiveness of Attentional Bias Modification","authors":"M.D. Nuijs ,&nbsp;H. Larsen ,&nbsp;B. Grafton ,&nbsp;C. MacLeod ,&nbsp;S.M. Bögels ,&nbsp;R.W. Wiers ,&nbsp;E. Salemink","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Elevating state anxiety during Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) may improve its effectiveness by matching the emotional state experienced during the training with the emotional state under which it is intended that the learned pattern of attentional bias will subsequently operate. This study examined whether inducing elevated levels of state anxiety during ABM enhanced the effectiveness in modifying an attentional bias to socially threatening information.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants (<em>n</em> = 160) were randomized to a single session of attend-negative or attend-positive dot-probe training which was interspersed with either a state anxiety induction or control condition. Attentional bias was assessed post-training by means of a dot-probe task and a visual search task.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ABM was effective in modifying attentional bias in the direction of the allocated training condition as assessed with a dot-probe task, but did not generalize to a visual search task. Importantly, state anxiety did not moderate ABM's training effects.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Although the state anxiety manipulation successfully induced state anxiety, state anxiety levels were modest which potentially limited the chance to detect a moderating effect of state anxiety.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although these findings suggest that inducing state anxiety during ABM does not improve its effectiveness, more studies are needed to confirm this preliminary conclusion. Future studies should examine whether larger state anxiety elevations and state anxiety manipulations that are more integrated into the ABM procedure do enhance training effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102030"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining two of the ingredients of Cognitive therapy for adolescent social anxiety disorder: Back-translation from a treatment trial","authors":"Eleanor Leigh ,&nbsp;David Clark ,&nbsp;Kenny Chiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder (CT-SAD) based on the Clark &amp; Wells model is a complex intervention comprised of a series of therapeutic elements. Two of the key ingredients are the <em>self-focused attention and safety behaviour experiment</em> and <em>video feedback</em>. The present study examined the effects of these two therapeutic procedures in adolescents with SAD, as well as common themes of the young people's social fears and negative self-images.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>35 participants with a diagnosis of SAD completed internet-delivered CT-SAD as part of a randomised controlled trial. We conducted a series of paired samples t-tests to evaluate the effects of the <em>self-focused attention and safety behaviour experiment</em> and <em>video feedback</em>. We applied Latent Dirichlet Allocation to identify latent topics based on participants' description of their social fears and negative self-images that were elicited during the course of these therapy procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants reported lower anxiety and more positive self-appraisals when focusing externally and dropping safety behaviours, compared to when focusing internally and using safety behaviours (<em>ps</em> &lt; 0.0025). After they watched the videos compared to before, they reported more positive appraisals of their appearance and performance (<em>ps</em> &lt; 0.0025). The differences in these outcomes were significantly larger when they focused internally and used safety behaviours, compared to focusing externally and dropping safety behaviours (<em>ps</em> &lt; 0.0025). Topic modelling identified six social fear topics and five negative self-image topics.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Self-focused attention, safety behaviours, and negative self-imagery are modifiable with the ‘self-focused attention and safety behaviour experiment’ and ‘video feedback’ as part of internet delivered CT-SAD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102020"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Counterfactual thinking is associated with impoverished attentional control in women prone to self-critical rumination","authors":"Jens Allaert ,&nbsp;Rudi De Raedt ,&nbsp;Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez ,&nbsp;Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Excessive engagement in counterfactual thinking (CFT), where individuals imagine alternative outcomes to past events, is associated with rumination, a process characterized by repetitive negative self-referential thoughts. Attentional control difficulties are closely linked with rumination, and negative thoughts can negatively impact attentional control among rumination-prone individuals. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between CFT and emotional and non-emotional attentional control among individuals with varying levels of self-critical rumination.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A sample of 100 female participants, characterized by varying levels of self-critical rumination, completed a choice task resulting in goal failure, during which they reported their levels of CFT. Subsequently, participants performed an attentional control task involving eye-tracking measures to assess emotional attentional engagement, emotional attentional disengagement, and emotional and non-emotional attentional shifting.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among women with high (but not low) self-critical rumination tendencies, increased levels of CFT were associated with slower attentional shifting from emotional stimuli of opposing valence, as well as between non-emotional stimuli.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>The correlational design of the study prevents causal interpretations of the findings. Additionally, the exclusive inclusion of female participants may limit the generalizability of the results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study underscores the association of CFT with subsequent attentional control among women prone to self-critical rumination, aligning with prior research suggesting a link between negative thoughts and attentional processes. Future research should explore these relationships in diverse populations and consider longitudinal designs to elucidate causal pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102017"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143354865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Issue Registered Report: Intentional suppression as a method to boost fear extinction","authors":"C.W.E.M. Quaedflieg ,&nbsp;S.M. Ashton ,&nbsp;T. Beckers ,&nbsp;I. Timmers","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fear is a universal experience and fuels our response to cope with threat. Persistent fear, after the threat is no longer present, is a central symptom seen in a number of clinical conditions. Exposure therapy, the most common treatment to target fear, aims to reduce fear responses through repeated, controlled exposures to feared situations in the absence of the negative consequence, thus promoting extinction. However, this treatment is by no means effective for all people. This may be due to impaired extinction and the underlying mechanism of inhibitory retrieval. Intentional memory suppression has been shown to be a promising strategy to enhance this underlying inhibitory mechanism. We employed a newly developed paradigm combining aspects of the Think/No-Think procedure with fear extinction. Sixty-eight healthy participants learned 36 strong naturalistic reminder objects for aversive scenes. After learning, half of the objects were paired with an aversive scream (unconditioned stimulus/US). During the extinction phase, while viewing the objects, participants were instructed to repeatedly retrieve (Think instruction) or suppress (No-Think instruction) the corresponding scenes, or passively view the objects (View instruction). We hypothesised that intentional suppression would boost fear extinction, as shown by a reduced US expectancy to threat-conditioned objects that had been subject to memory suppression during extinction training compared to threat-conditioned objects that were passively viewed. Both intentional memory suppression and passive viewing reduced negative valence for upsetting scenes over time. Contrary to our hypothesis, the results indicated that intentional suppression (No-Think instruction) was not more effective in reducing US expectancy and fear than standard extinction (View instruction). Future research should address the limitation of self-reports by using physiological measures and examine whether intentional suppression may impact fear recovery and generalization following a longer extinction delay. The current findings show that, although intentional suppression can support inhibition of memories and reduce their valence, it may not be as effective as standard extinction methods in diminishing fear responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102018"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurocognitive performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy","authors":"Michael G. Wheaton ,&nbsp;Eyal Kalanthroff ,&nbsp;Micha Mandel ,&nbsp;Rachel Marsh ,&nbsp;H. Blair Simpson","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cross-sectional studies have reported neurocognitive performance deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), particularly on tasks assessing response inhibition and proactive control over stimulus-driven behaviors (task control). However, it is not clear whether these deficits represent trait-like markers of OCD or are state-dependent.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study examined performance on two neurocognitive tasks in OCD patients (N = 26) before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and matched healthy controls (HCs, N = 19). Tasks included the stop-signal task (assessing response inhibition) and the Object Interference (OI) task (assessing a specific form of task control). OCD patients completed these tasks and clinical ratings before and after 17 sessions of CBT delivered by expert therapists over two months. HCs completed tasks before and after 2-months. This design used CBT as a tool to reduce OCD symptoms to determine whether neurocognitive performance similarly improves.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results showed that OCD patients and HCs did not significantly differ in their stop-signal performance at either time point. In contrast, OCD patients exhibited impaired performance on the OI task at baseline and their OI performance improved after treatment, resolving the deficit relative to HC.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>The sample size was small, particularly for the healthy control group. We also tested only two neurocognitive tasks. Future study with larger sample sizes and more tasks is warranted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results suggest that task control deficits in OCD may be sensitive to symptom state. The possibility that improving task control represents a neurocognitive mechanism of successful CBT represents an important direction for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102019"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can an app designed to reduce repetitive negative thinking decrease depression and anxiety in young people? Results from a randomized controlled prevention trial","authors":"Julia Funk ,&nbsp;Johannes Kopf-Beck ,&nbsp;Keisuke Takano ,&nbsp;Edward Watkins ,&nbsp;Thomas Ehring","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Rates of mental health disorders are rising among adolescents and young adults. Therefore, scalable methods for preventing psychopathology in these age groups are needed. As repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a risk factor for depression and anxiety disorders, targeting RNT via smartphone app promises to be an effective, scalable strategy. The current three-arm, parallel group, randomized controlled trial tested whether a self-help app designed to reduce RNT decreased psychopathological symptoms and RNT in adolescents and young adults at risk for mental disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A sample of 16–22-year-olds with elevated levels of RNT (<em>N</em> = 365) were randomly allocated to either use a one of two self-help apps designed to reduce RNT for 6 weeks or to a waitlist. The full RNT-focused intervention app encompassed a variety of RNT-reducing strategies, whereas the concreteness training app focused on one of these strategies, namely, concrete thinking.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The apps did not decrease depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and RNT relative to the waitlist. However, exploratory analyses using a minimum dose criterion showed that participants who used the full-RNT-focused intervention app more often, reported greater baseline to follow-up decreases in depressive symptoms compared to waitlist.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Include decreased power due to slightly more dropout than expected and limited generalizability due to the mostly female and highly educated sample.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>RNT-focused prevention via a self-help app did not decrease depression and anxiety, presumably due to too little engagement with the app content provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102014"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verification report: A critical reanalysis of Vahey et al. (2015) “A meta-analysis of criterion effects for the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) in the clinical domain”","authors":"Ian Hussey","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The meta-analysis reported in Vahey et al. (2015) concluded that the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) has high clinical criterion validity (meta-analytic <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>r</mi><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = .45) and therefore “the potential of the IRAP as a tool for clinical assessment” (p. 64). Vahey et al. (2015) also reported power analyses, and the article is frequently cited for sample size determination in IRAP studies, especially their heuristic of <em>N</em> &gt; 37. This article attempts to verify those results. Results were found to have very poor reproducibility at almost every stage of the data extraction and analysis with errors generally biased towards inflating the effect size. The reported meta-analysis results were found to be mathematically implausible and could not be reproduced despite numerous attempts. Multiple internal discrepancies were found in the effect sizes such as between the forest plot and funnel plot, and between the forest plot and the supplementary data. 23 of the 56 (41.1%) individual effect sizes were not actually criterion effects and did not meet the original inclusion criteria. The original results were also undermined by combining effect sizes with different estimands. Reextraction of effect sizes from the original articles revealed 360 additional effect sizes that met inclusion criteria that should have been included in the original analysis. Examples of selection bias in the inclusion of larger effect sizes were observed. A new meta-analysis was calculated to understand the compound impact of these errors (i.e., without endorsing its results as a valid estimate of the IRAP's criterion validity). The effect size was half the size of the original (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>r</mi><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> = .22), and the power analyses recommended sample sizes nearly 10 times larger than the original (<em>N</em> &gt; 346), which no published original study using the IRAP has met. In aggregate, this seriously undermines the credibility and utility of the original article's conclusions and recommendations. Vahey et al. (2015) appears to need substantial correction at minimum. In particular, researchers should not rely on its results for sample size justification. A list of suggestions for error detection in meta-analyses is provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"87 ","pages":"Article 102015"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}