Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Targeting negative flashforward imagery in speech anxiety with a visuospatial dual-task: Do attenuated flashforwards lead to less anxiety and avoidance?","authors":"Marjolein R. Thunnissen ,&nbsp;Peter J. de Jong ,&nbsp;Marleen M. Rijkeboer ,&nbsp;Marisol J. Voncken ,&nbsp;Ronald M. Rapee ,&nbsp;Maaike H. Nauta","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>It has been proposed that negative mental imagery plays an important role in the persistence of social fears. Experiencing vivid and distressing ‘flashforward’ images of a potential social catastrophe appears to be of relevance in speech anxiety. To clarify the role of these images, the current experimental study tested if reducing the vividness and distressing properties of recurring negative flashforward images subsequently reduces anxiety and avoidance tendencies regarding a speech. <em>Methods</em>: Participants were female undergraduates high in speech anxiety (N = 134) who joined our study online. In the experimental condition, we used a visuospatial dual-task to reduce the vividness and distress of flashforward imagery. Primary outcomes were participants' self-reported anxiety and avoidance ratings in anticipation of and during an actual speech. As a secondary outcome, we used observer ratings of participants' anxiety during the speech. <em>Results:</em> Participants reported moderate to high frequency and interference of their vivid and distressing flashforward images in daily life. The dual-task resulted in reductions in image vividness and distress. However, we found no differences between conditions in anxiety and avoidance ratings before and during the speech. <em>Limitations:</em> The imagery manipulation effect was moderate to small. Moreover, we included a subclinical sample. <em>Conclusions:</em> Reducing negative flashforward imagery vividness and distress with a visuospatial dual-task did not directly lead to less anxiety and avoidance tendencies related to a later speech. Thus, findings provided no support for the hypothesis that experiencing highly vivid and distressing flashforward images causally contributes to social fears.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101940"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001076/pdfft?md5=2d8b9c138921b1e955bc3f403c07424b&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001076-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138992838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The legacy of social anxiety-linked negative expectancy: A pathway from pre-event negative expectancies to post-event negative thinking","authors":"Julian Basanovic ,&nbsp;Lily Kowal ,&nbsp;Sophie Millward ,&nbsp;Colin MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Following engagement in a social event people with heightened vulnerability to social anxiety report elevated levels of negative thinking about the event, and this post-event negative thinking is implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety vulnerability. It has also been established that heightened social anxiety vulnerability is associated with disproportionately negative expectations of upcoming social events. However, contribution of social anxiety-linked pre-event negative expectancy to post-event negative thinking has not been directly investigated. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the relationship between social anxiety vulnerability and post-event negative thinking is mediated by pre-event negative expectancies that drive increased state anxiety at the time of encountering the event.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One-hundred and ten participants who varied in social anxiety vulnerability completed a simulated job interview. Participants reported negativity of expectancies before the event, state anxiety experienced at the time of encountering the event, and post-event negative thinking across the seven days following the event.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Analyses revealed elevated social anxiety predicted increased negative post-event thinking. The association between social anxiety and post-event negative thinking was fully mediated by a mediation pathway involving pre-event negative expectancies and state anxiety at the time of encountering the interview event.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The study used a laboratory-based social experience, and conclusions could usefully be tested in the context of natural social events.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings suggest that social anxiety-linked variation in pre-event negative expectancy may contribute to post-event negative thinking following a social event via its impact on state anxiety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101937"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001040/pdfft?md5=30cef25d5a36c3c098eba8ac59e905e8&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001040-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of a masked counterconditioning approach using continuous flash suppression to alleviate body dissatisfaction in women with high body image concerns","authors":"Irina Masselman ,&nbsp;Klaske A. Glashouwer ,&nbsp;Mark M. Span ,&nbsp;Peter J. de Jong","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Research that used counterconditioning (CC) to reduce women's negative body image has led to mixed results. One explanation could be that the negative responses elicited by own body pictures hinder the effectiveness of CC procedures in adjusting overly negative attitudes towards the own body. In this study we therefore tried to prevent the impact of negative responses by limiting women's perceptual awareness of the own body pictures during the CC procedure.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Women with a negative body image were randomly assigned to an experimental (<em>n</em> = 75) or control (<em>n</em> = 71) condition. In the experimental condition, participants’ masked body pictures were systematically followed by visible social approval cues (i.e., smiling faces), whereas neutral body-unrelated control pictures were followed by a blank screen. In the control condition, both own body and control pictures were followed by a blank screen.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Participants in the experimental condition did not report a more positive evaluation of the own body (pictures) after CC than participants in the control condition. Also, the strength of automatic affective body evaluations as indexed by a single-target Implicit Association Test did not differ between conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Many participants did not remain fully unaware of their body pictures during conditioning.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings provided no support for the idea that CC with masked own body pictures can be used in women with body dissatisfaction to improve their body image.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101938"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001052/pdfft?md5=67f19f3ae7f4f726b9a47cafb09cf395&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001052-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathy and gaze cueing","authors":"Carlo Garofalo ,&nbsp;Andrew Jones ,&nbsp;Lieke Nentjes ,&nbsp;Steven M. Gillespie","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Psychopathic traits – and especially callous affective features – have been linked to altered processing of others’ emotional expressions, and to reduced attention to the eyes. Despite the importance of gaze cueing (i.e., the tendency to orient attention toward where someone else is looking) for social functioning, few studies have investigated relationships between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing, and whether facial emotional expression influence these relationships, obtaining mixed results. To address this gap, the present study aimed to evaluate associations between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing for emotional and neutral expressions.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>65 non-clinical male participants (<em>M</em>_<em>age</em> = 27.3 years) completed two self-report measures of psychopathy and performed laboratory tasks to assess gaze-cueing for emotional vs. neutral faces and an arrow-cueing task as a comparison.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Linear mixed models showed no significant associations of emotional (versus neutral) expressions, or psychopathy trait dimensions, with either gaze cueing or arrow cueing.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Reliance on a convenience sample of non-clinical men, assessed with self-reports measures of psychopathy, and using static emotional stimuli limit the generalizability of our findings.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings suggest that psychopathic traits are not associated with individual differences in following others’ gaze to direct attention, and that there was no advantage for affective relative to neutral expressions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101936"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001039/pdfft?md5=0019035f93fa37ffadc5de11e5341304&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001039-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the scrupulosity inventory: A factor analysis and construct validity study","authors":"Chris H. Miller ,&nbsp;Dawson W. Hedges ,&nbsp;Bruce Brown ,&nbsp;Joseph Olsen ,&nbsp;Elijah C. Baughan","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Scrupulosity, despite its considerable prevalence and morbidity, remains under-investigated. The present study develops and examines the psychometric properties of a comprehensive assessment tool, the <em>Scrupulosity Inventory</em> (<em>SI</em>).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The <em>SI</em>, along with other measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and perfectionism, were administered to a sample (N = 150) of college undergraduates similar in size to other scale development studies of related measures. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the <em>SI</em>, examined its convergent and divergent validity, and assessed its ability to predict categorical diagnoses of scrupulosity using a receiver operator characteristic analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found a well-fitting confirmatory bifactor model (RMSEA = 0.049) with a strong general <em>Scrupulosity</em> factor (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.907</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>) and specific factors for <em>Personal Violations</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.212</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>, Ritualized Behavior</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.505</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>, Interference with Life</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.254</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>)<em>,</em> and <em>Problem Pervasiveness</em> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></msub><mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0.430</mn></mrow></mrow></math></span>). As predicted, we also found the strongest convergence (r = 0.63) between the <em>SI</em> and the <em>Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS),</em> intermediate convergence (r = 0.54) between the SI and <em>Perfectionism Inventory (PI),</em> and weaker convergence (r = 0.47) between the <em>SI</em> and <em>YBOCS</em>. Finally, we found that a categorical diagnosis of scrupulosity was highly predicted by the <em>SI</em> (AUC = 0.84), less well-predicted by the <em>PIOS</em> (AUC = 0.75) and less well predicted by the <em>YBOCS</em> (AUC = 0.69).</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This study was conducted among a sample of undergraduates at a religiously affiliated university.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These results suggest utility in using the <em>SI</em> to measure the severity of scrupulosity symptoms and that scrupulosity and OCD may present significantly different clinical features.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101926"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000939/pdfft?md5=f702e99880c6014a18c947c4ae34b155&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000939-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the influence of self-referential thinking on aberrant salience and jumping to conclusions bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders","authors":"Shreya Jagtap ,&nbsp;Michael W. Best","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Cognitive processes such as aberrant salience and the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias are implicated in the development of delusions. Self-referential thinking is implicated in this process; however, it is unknown how it may interact with aberrant salience and JTC bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs). This study examined associations of self-referential thinking with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity, and whether self-referential stimuli led to an increase in aberrant salience and JTC bias in SSDs (n = 20) relative to psychiatrically healthy controls (n = 20).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>To assess aberrant salience and JTC bias, participants were asked to complete both self-referential and neutral versions of the Salience Attribution Test (SAT) and the Beads Task, as well as self-report measures of aberrant salience and JTC bias.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Self-referential task condition interacted with clinical group to predict JTC beads task scores, such that participants with SSDs exhibited greater levels of JTC bias than psychiatrically healthy controls during the neutral task condition, when controlling for levels of motivation, cognitive insight, and functioning. Self-referential thinking was significantly associated with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This experiment examined trait-level relationships between variables, so does not provide information about state-level interrelationships and would benefit from replication using more dynamic methods such as ecological momentary assessment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings highlight the interrelationships between self-referential thinking, JTC bias, aberrant salience, and delusion severity, in individuals with SSDs, and support the interactive role of self-referential thinking in predicting JTC bias.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138501970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit aggressive self-concept in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from an approach-avoidance task","authors":"Josefine Gehlenborg,&nbsp;Franziska Miegel,&nbsp;Steffen Moritz,&nbsp;Jakob Scheunemann,&nbsp;Amir-Hosseyn Yassari,&nbsp;Lena Jelinek","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have reported higher anger and aggression than healthy individuals in previous studies using explicit measures. However, studies using implicit measures have demonstrated mixed results. The aim of the present study was to investigate implicit aggressiveness in OCD using an approach-avoidance task (AAT).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Seventy-eight patients with OCD and 37 healthy controls underwent structured clinical interviews and measures of anger, OCD, and depressive symptoms as well as a computerized AAT that included aggressive, peaceful, negative, and positive stimuli.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>In line with previous studies, patients with OCD reported higher scores on explicit anger. With respect to the implicit measure, repeated measures ANOVAs did not show any differences in mean reaction times for pushing compared to pulling aggressive versus peaceful and negative versus positive words. However, analyses of specific </span>OCD symptom dimensions demonstrated significantly faster reaction times for pulling compared to pushing aggressive words for patients with high scores in the OCD symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Eighty percent of patients with OCD showed psychiatric comorbidities and all were seeking treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study supports previous studies reporting the absence of higher aggressiveness in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls using implicit measures. However, in contrast to previous studies, we found an implicit approach bias towards aggressive self-statements for OCD patients scoring high in the symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding compared to healthy controls. Future studies should further elucidate putative functional relationships between different OCD symptom dimensions and implicit aggressiveness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101927"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit beliefs and automatic associations in smoking","authors":"Helen Tibboel ,&nbsp;Bram Van Bockstaele ,&nbsp;Adriaan Spruyt ,&nbsp;Ingmar Franken","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Dual process models of addiction suggest that controlled, goal-directed processes prevent drug-use, whereas impulsive, stimulus-driven processes promote drug-use. The most frequently used measure of automatic smoking-related processes, the implicit association test (IAT), has yielded mixed results. We examine the validity of two alternative implicit measures: 1) the affect misattribution procedure (AMP), a measure of automatic evaluations, and 2) the relational responding task (RRT), a measure of implicit beliefs.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Smokers and non-smokers performed smoking-related versions of the AMP and the RRT and filled in questionnaires for smoking dependence. Smokers participated in two sessions: once after they just smoked, and once after being deprived for 10 h. Smokers also kept a smoking diary for a week after the second session.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found significant differences between smokers and non-smokers on the RRT, <em>t</em> (86) = 2.86, <em>p</em> = .007, <em>d</em> = 0.61, and on the AMP, <em>F</em> (1, 85) = 6.22, <em>p</em> = .015, _<em>p</em><em>ƞ</em>^<em>2</em> = 0.07. Neither the AMP nor the RRT were affected by the deprivation manipulation. Smoking dependence predicted smoking behavior in the following week; the AMP and RRT did not explain additional variance.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Possibly, our manipulation was not strong enough to affect the motivational state of participants in a way that it changed their implicit cognitions. Future research should examine the sensitivity of implicit measures to (motivational) context.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We found limited evidence for the validity of the smoking-AMP and the smoking-RRT, highlighting the need for a critical view on implicit measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101925"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000927/pdfft?md5=47f20c0d55f1961fecc4c5c1f7861ddf&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000927-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135715569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary investigation of the causal role of social media use in eating disorder symptoms","authors":"Laura Dondzilo ,&nbsp;Tamsin Mahalingham ,&nbsp;Patrick J.F. Clarke","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Research has consistently shown that greater social media use is associated with elevated eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Importantly, however, the investigation of this relationship has largely relied upon the use of self-report measures of social media use in the context of correlational designs. Given that correlational studies do not permit inferences regarding causation, and recent findings questioning the validity of self-report social media use, it is critical to corroborate past findings using experimental designs and objective measures. The current study sought to experimentally determine the potential causal impact of social media use in ED symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants completed an initial testing session to assess objective smartphone social media use and ED symptoms, following which they were randomly assigned to either suspend social media use for one week or use social media as usual. One week later, participants completed a second testing session to again assess social media use and ED symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results revealed that the manipulation exerted an impact on ED symptoms, such that participants who successfully reduced social media use exhibited a significant reduction in ED symptoms, and these symptoms were significantly attenuated as compared to participants in the control condition.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The current study did not employ an active control condition and almost a quarter of participants were excluded due to dropout or non-compliance.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Findings are consistent with the causal impact of social media use in ED symptoms and suggest that a brief social media ‘holiday’ may reduce ED symptoms in undergraduate students.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101923"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000903/pdfft?md5=f496170a4bce8711f9c07ffc04ef232c&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000903-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72211287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using experience sampling methodology (ESM) to improve our understanding of day-to-day intrusion frequency and related distress in survivors of trauma","authors":"Alexandra R. Canty ,&nbsp;Tim D. Windsor ,&nbsp;Reginald D.V. Nixon","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that appraisals of traumatic sequelae and subsequent distress drive the development and maintenance of PTSD. Posttraumatic research has relied heavily on macro-longitudinal designs, with weeks or months between assessments of trauma-related cognitions and symptoms. The present study uses experience sampling methodology (ESM) better understand the day-to-day experiences of trauma exposed individuals.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One-hundred trauma exposed adults reported their posttraumatic symptoms, interpretations, and behaviours four times a day over a 10-day ESM period.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>As anticipated, within-person fluctuations in negative appraisals of intrusions and maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., thought suppression) were significantly positively associated with intrusion frequency and related distress. In all cases, the associations for negative appraisals and maladaptive coping were stronger with intrusion related distress than intrusion frequency.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The observed contemporaneous associations only demonstrate that variables reliably fluctuated together and cannot indicate causality.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings demonstrate that day-to-day fluctuations in trauma related perceptions and sequelae are significant and should be explored alongside broader individual differences to advance our understanding of the development, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"82 ","pages":"Article 101921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623000885/pdfft?md5=57e82f1e4dec95d1a9cb841b2725953e&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623000885-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72015648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}