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Judicial venality in Old Regime France: A rational choice analysis 法国旧政权下的司法腐败：理性选择分析
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.005
Bertrand Crettez , Bruno Deffains , Olivier Musy , Ronan Tallec
{"title":"Judicial venality in Old Regime France: A rational choice analysis","authors":"Bertrand Crettez ,&nbsp;Bruno Deffains ,&nbsp;Olivier Musy ,&nbsp;Ronan Tallec","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Venality, i.e., the sale of public positions, was widely used in the judicial sector in France between the 16th and 18th centuries. In a venal system, litigants finance the justice system by paying the judges directly. In France, moreover, the right to judge was sold by the ruler, who indirectly levied part of the legal costs. Here, instead of the state funding justice, justice funds the state. The cost to the King was a loss of control over the judiciary and biased legal decisions. We develop a model of judicial venality and build on this model to provide an analytical narrative of the rise and decline of judicial venality in Old Regime France. Historically, judicial venality enhanced legal capacity whereas the French kings faced with limited opportunities to raise taxes and to borrow. Lack of control over the judiciary, however, led to overly costly and time-consuming trials, resulting in its final demise during the 1789 Revolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 704-726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Globalization raises intergenerational inequality transmission in chinese villages 全球化加剧了中国农村代际不平等的传递
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.004
Yewen Yu , Liutang Gong , Junjian Yi
{"title":"Globalization raises intergenerational inequality transmission in chinese villages","authors":"Yewen Yu ,&nbsp;Liutang Gong ,&nbsp;Junjian Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using China’s accession to World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, an epoch in the globalization process in recent decades, as a quasi-experiment, this paper studies the impact of globalization on intergenerational transmission of inequality in Chinese villages. Based on nationally representative rural household survey data, this study documents that the trade shocks brought about by China’s WTO accession has amplified economic inequality across generations in Chinese villages. The WTO accession enhanced international trade between China and the rest of the world by reducing trade barriers. The booming of the export-oriented manufacturing located in coastal and urban areas led to unprecedented rural-to-urban migration in human history. We find that migration leads to large income benefit. We also find that sons from wealthy and better-educated families in rural areas are more likely to grab the job opportunities brought about by the WTO accession and are more likely to migrate, compared with sons from less-wealthy and less-educated families. Policies are called for to address the concern that inequality would be persisting across generations along with globalization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 627-642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The journey to formality: How credit market access shapes informal workers' choices 正式之旅：信贷市场准入如何影响非正式工人的选择
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.003
Alina Malkova , Klara Peter
{"title":"The journey to formality: How credit market access shapes informal workers' choices","authors":"Alina Malkova ,&nbsp;Klara Peter","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We analyze how credit market accessibility affects the transition of informal workers to the formal sector in Russia. Formal lenders determine credit limits based on verified income and incentivize informal workers to formalize their income in order to qualify for a loan. Better credit accessibility increases the likelihood of transitioning from informal to formal work. It also decreases tax evasion and raises the share of income being declared for tax purposes. Findings are robust across different model specifications, including dynamic multinomial logit model and event study approach. Simulated interventions suggest that more bank competition and a shorter distance to banks reduce the size of the informal sector and increase the tax-declared share of income.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 683-703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can past informality impede registered firms’ access to credit? 过去的非正式会阻碍注册公司获得信贷吗？
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.002
Dorgyles C.M. Kouakou
{"title":"Can past informality impede registered firms’ access to credit?","authors":"Dorgyles C.M. Kouakou","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a large firm-level dataset from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, which covers 134 countries and includes over 134,000 observations, we examine whether past informality affects the credit constraints of registered firms. Estimations, based on the entropy balancing method, indicate that registered firms that began operations informally are more likely to be credit-constrained than those that started in the formal sector. This finding is extremely robust to a variety of robustness tests, including instrumental variable, propensity score matching, alternative balancing methods that combine weighting and regression, potential omitted variables, restricted samples, alternative measures of credit constraints, different specifications such as Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit models, and clustering standard errors at the country level. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the detrimental impact of past informality lessens with firm size, firm age, and better structural factors like regulatory quality, trade openness, entrepreneurial dynamism, and public spending. Productivity, competition from the informal sector, and the quality of financial statements are key channels through which past informality increases credit constraints for registered firms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 786-815"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gender minority: A non-pecuniary approach to political capital 性别少数：政治资本的非金钱途径
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.007
Qingfeng Cai , Dongxu Li , Hao Liu
{"title":"Gender minority: A non-pecuniary approach to political capital","authors":"Qingfeng Cai ,&nbsp;Dongxu Li ,&nbsp;Hao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social minority benefits from in-group favoritism, and companies may leverage it as a non-pecuniary strategy to access political capital. We examine gendered implications of corporate responses to city-level political turnovers, specifically when the leadership shifts from male to female politician. We show that the politician turnover induces firms headquartered in that city to increase the presence of women on the board of directors, particularly in the chairman or CEO position. This result is unlikely driven by gender equality concerns or other firm characteristics. Firms selecting a female director witness significantly increased financial support from the government. This paper suggests that gender minority can be a subtle way accessing political capital, and boosting female representation can help curb the in-group favoritism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 834-855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
International bridges and informal employment 国际桥梁和非正式就业
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.006
Kazunobu Hayakawa , Souknilanh Keola , Sasatra Sudsawasd , Kenta Yamanouchi
{"title":"International bridges and informal employment","authors":"Kazunobu Hayakawa ,&nbsp;Souknilanh Keola ,&nbsp;Sasatra Sudsawasd ,&nbsp;Kenta Yamanouchi","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study empirically investigates the effects on the formal–informal wage gap of the opening of an international bridge, specifically the second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge, between Thailand and Laos in December 2006. We examine the wage gap between formal and informal workers in the border regions of Thailand using individual-level data from the Informal Employment Surveys for 2006 and 2011. We address endogeneity issues by using the instrumental variable method and introducing time-variant province fixed effects. As an instrument, we use the existence of formal workers in each family. Our findings can be summarized as follows. We find that the opening of the second bridge increased wages to a greater extent for formal workers than for informal workers; that is, it expanded the formal–informal wage gap. Such an effect is localized and can be observed up to 100 km from the bridge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 667-682"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The impact of birthplace diversity on prosociality: Ingroups versus outgroups 出生地多样性对亲社会性的影响：内群体与外群体
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.005
Zhijian Zhang , Yuli Ding , Shu Wu
{"title":"The impact of birthplace diversity on prosociality: Ingroups versus outgroups","authors":"Zhijian Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuli Ding ,&nbsp;Shu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How does immigration shape prosociality? This study investigates the impact of birthplace diversity on households’ private provision of financial support to different social groups in China. Linking nationally representative surveys with prefectural socio-economic data and census information, we employ a shift-share instrumental variable approach alongside fixed effects to explore this relationship. Exposure to increased birthplace diversity leads to more households providing financial assistance to friends and strangers, but not to relatives. The favorable impacts stem primarily from within-group diversity and fractionalization, rather than from between-group diversity and polarization. Economic interdependence and broader inclusiveness, as opposed to social trust or outgroup threat, likely drive these effects. The observed effect is more pronounced among households with higher educational attainment, superior economic status, and in cities receiving fewer distant immigrants. Distinguishing dimensions of diversity and their contexts is crucial for understanding immigration’s social implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 643-666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Periods of uncertainty are linked to greater acceptance of minorities 不确定时期与更大程度上接受少数族裔有关
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.001
Niclas Berggren , Andreas Bergh , Therese Nilsson
{"title":"Periods of uncertainty are linked to greater acceptance of minorities","authors":"Niclas Berggren ,&nbsp;Andreas Bergh ,&nbsp;Therese Nilsson","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uncertainty affects people in various ways. It is frequently found to hinder investment and production in the economic sphere. In this study, we examine the empirical relationship between uncertainty and tolerance toward Muslims and Jews. Does uncertainty make people more or less tolerant? This question is particularly relevant given the prevalence of pandemics, wars, and financial crises. We investigate this relationship using the World Uncertainty Index, which measures the frequency of the word “uncertain” (and its variants) in The Economist Intelligence Unit country reports. By analyzing quarterly data from up to 56 countries between 1990 and 2020, we link country-level uncertainty to approximately 227,000 individual responses from the World Values Survey/European Values Study regarding whether respondents would like to have Jews or Muslims as neighbors. Leveraging the precise timing of survey interviews, we relate individual attitudes to prevailing uncertainty levels. Our results indicate a positive relationship between uncertainty and both tolerance indicators. Thus, for those concerned with attitudes toward minorities often subjected to prejudice, calm periods may pose greater risks to tolerance than volatile periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 772-785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Professional motivation and the quantity–quality trade-off 职业动机与数量-质量权衡
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.007
J. Michelle Brock
{"title":"Professional motivation and the quantity–quality trade-off","authors":"J. Michelle Brock","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How can professionals be motivated to do better quality work? This paper examines this question through a unique lab-in-the-field experiment on more than 100 judges in a lower middle income country, Tajikistan. I test how judges respond both to monetary bonuses and to anonymous monitoring by peers of the quality of their work. I find that the provision of bonuses leads to much lower quality than in a control group where bonuses are not given. However, offering a bonus while also making work visible to peers motivates the judges to increase both quantity and quality. Random peer monitoring of work is likely triggering concerns about self-image which mitigate the negative effect of bonuses on quality. The results have important implications in labor market settings where strict monitoring of quality is not possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 754-771"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Green retirement: The impact of retirement on carbon emissions through consumption and income dynamics 绿色退休：通过消费和收入动态分析退休对碳排放的影响
IF 3.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Comparative Economics Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.002
Wei Huang, Xiaoyan Lei, Chunfeng Zhang
{"title":"Green retirement: The impact of retirement on carbon emissions through consumption and income dynamics","authors":"Wei Huang,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Lei,&nbsp;Chunfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jce.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the impact of retirement on carbon emissions, using China's compulsory retirement age policy as an exogenous source of variation. By applying a regression discontinuity design (RDD) to individual-level data, we identify a \"green retirement\" effect, where retirees reduce their carbon emissions due to income declines and changes in consumption behavior. For men, this reduction primarily stems from a decrease in consumption quantity, while for women, both a reduction in quantity and a shift toward more environmentally friendly consumption play a role. The effect is more pronounced among individuals with higher educational attainment, indicating that socioeconomic factors influence the environmental impact of retirement. These results suggest that demographic shifts could support sustainability efforts by aligning retirement policies with environmental goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Economics","volume":"53 3","pages":"Pages 727-753"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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