Journal of Gambling Studies最新文献

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The Dependence of Online Gambling Businesses on High-Spending Customers: Quantification and Implications. 在线赌博企业对高消费客户的依赖:量化与影响
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10329-z
David Forrest, Ian G McHale
{"title":"The Dependence of Online Gambling Businesses on High-Spending Customers: Quantification and Implications.","authors":"David Forrest, Ian G McHale","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10329-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10329-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Online gambling has grown to be a significant industry but it faces regulatory threats because of perception that it is heavily dependent on a small segment of its customers who gamble heavily and at a level carrying elevated risk of harm. Employing a large multi-operator data set from Britain, which records individual transactions by some 140,000 individuals observed over one year, we are enabled to provide more precise estimates of the degree of concentration of revenue, compared with previous studies. High dependence on a relatively small number of customers is shown though there is variation from product to product in how small the group of account-holders of potential concern is. We conclude with a discussion of prospects for the industry in light of heightened awareness of gambling harm and resulting restrictions on online gambling spending introduced or proposed by governments or regulators in several jurisdictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141443568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Geographical Distribution of Betting Shops and Their Proximity to Schools: (Non-)Compliance with Regulations in the City of Madrid. 投注站的地理分布及其与学校的距离:马德里市(不)遵守法规的情况。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10330-6
Sandra Arias Rodríguez, Francisco Escobar
{"title":"Geographical Distribution of Betting Shops and Their Proximity to Schools: (Non-)Compliance with Regulations in the City of Madrid.","authors":"Sandra Arias Rodríguez, Francisco Escobar","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10330-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10330-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The proliferation of betting shops in Spanish cities is causing a heated social debate in response to the undesirable impacts that businesses of this kind can have. As a result, associations and social movements have emerged to try to stem their expansion and, at the same time, regulations have been introduced to prevent the uncontrolled opening of this type of premises. The limitations set out in the legislation include minimum distances between betting shops and schools. In order to understand the spatial dimension of this phenomenon and to find out the extent to which these businesses comply with the regulations in force, in this paper, we study the distribution of betting shops in the city of Madrid and their proximity to each other and to schools. The results reveal certain areas of the city with a high density of betting shops and with schools with high exposure to these businesses. Likewise, results show the significant number of businesses that would have to close (81%; n = 416) if the current moratorium on betting shops that opened their doors before the current legislation came into force did not exist.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141443567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Role of Motivation in the Progression of Problem Gambling: A Comparison of Early and Late Adults. 动机在问题赌博发展过程中的作用:早期和晚期成年人的比较。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10331-5
Yasunobu Komoto
{"title":"Role of Motivation in the Progression of Problem Gambling: A Comparison of Early and Late Adults.","authors":"Yasunobu Komoto","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10331-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10331-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motivation plays a dominant role in gambling progression. Most studies using motivational scales have revealed that certain motivations are associated with problem gambling. However, age differences were found to be negligible in gambling motivation. This study aimed to examine the role of motivation associated with age differences in problem gambling in Japan. A total of 160 participants over 20 years of age who had gambled within the past six months were randomly recruited from web monitors. In this study, the Japanese version of the modified Gambling Motivation Scale (J-MGMS) was used which comprises six systematic factors: intellectual challenge, excitement, socialization (coping and sociability), social recognition, monetary gain, and amotivation. The Japanese version of the South Oaks Gambling Screening (J-SOGS) was used to assess participants' gambling-related problems. Demographic data, such as gambling frequency, were solicited. Using linear regression analysis, amotivation in all participants, social recognition in early adults (under 30), and amotivation in late adults (30 or over) were associated with J-SOGS scores (adjusted R2 = 0.170, 0.290, 0.156). Among late adults, social recognition was nearly significant, although negative (p = 0.0503). 1) Self-determinant (autonomous) motivations such as excitement and socialization do not contribute to the progression of problem gambling. 2) Two non-self-determinant (non-autonomous) motivations, social recognition in early adults and amotivation in late adults, are predictors of problem gambling. 3) Social recognition is a dichotomic and paradoxical motivation in the progress of problem gambling according to age.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141440981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Religiosity, Financial Risk Taking, and Reward Processing: An Experimental Study. 宗教信仰、金融风险承担和回报处理:一项实验研究
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10324-4
Frederique J Vanheusden, Sundara Kashyap Vadapalli, Mamunur Rashid, Mark D Griffiths, Amee Kim
{"title":"Religiosity, Financial Risk Taking, and Reward Processing: An Experimental Study.","authors":"Frederique J Vanheusden, Sundara Kashyap Vadapalli, Mamunur Rashid, Mark D Griffiths, Amee Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10324-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10324-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study investigated the extent to which financial risk-taking (FRT) perspectives and religiosity influenced an individual's performance on financial decision-making tasks under risk and/or uncertainty. It further investigated the potential to measure this interaction using electro-encephalogram (EEG) assessments through reward-related event-related potentials (P3 and FRN). EEG data were collected from 37 participants undergoing four decision-making tasks comprising the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), Iowa Gambling Test (IGT), Mixed-Gamble Loss-Aversion Task (MGLAT), and MGLA-Success Task (MGLAST). The present study found that BART performance may be affected by an interaction of FRT perspectives and religiosity. The physiological effects of task feedback were also distinguished between religious and non-religious individuals objectively with EEG data. Overall, while religiosity and FRT may not significantly influence IGT and MGLA performance, and interact with BART in a complex way, physiological reaction towards feedback after BART performance appears to be strongly affected by religiosity and FRT perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141301868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy in Responsible Gambling. 自尊和自我效能感在负责任赌博中的作用。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10309-3
Mu He, Kwok Kit Tong
{"title":"The Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy in Responsible Gambling.","authors":"Mu He, Kwok Kit Tong","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10309-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10309-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Responsible gambling (RG) refers to a set of protective strategies aiming at containing the negative consequences associated with gambling. To improve the effectiveness of RG, it is essential to understand factors influencing gamblers' adherence to RG. Past literatures on addictive behaviors have demonstrated that one's self-efficacy and self-esteem are associated with the adherence to protective behaviors of the specific addictive behaviors. The present study aims to test whether gamblers' self-esteem and RG self-efficacy can be applied to explain their adherence to protective gambling behaviors. Two hundred and thirty-six past-year gamblers were randomly selected to take part in a phone survey. Path analysis showed that both gamblers' RG self-efficacy and self-esteem were positively associated with gamblers' RG behaviors, while RG behaviors were negatively linked to the problem gambling tendency. The findings provided insight into potential promotion and intervention strategies based on self-esteem and self-efficacy and those strategies may be adopted in the primary prevention of gambling disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141236675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Problem Gambling and Sexual Minority Individuals: Evaluating Influence of Age and Comorbid Mental Health and Substance Use Problems. 问题赌博和性少数个体:评估年龄和共病精神健康和物质使用问题的影响。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10264-5
Jackie F Stanmyre, Lia Nower, Michelle L Malkin
{"title":"Problem Gambling and Sexual Minority Individuals: Evaluating Influence of Age and Comorbid Mental Health and Substance Use Problems.","authors":"Jackie F Stanmyre, Lia Nower, Michelle L Malkin","doi":"10.1007/s10899-023-10264-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-023-10264-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Little is known about the prevalence of problem gambling among sexual minority individuals. The present study utilized an epidemiological sample, including individuals identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, and pansexual, to explore gambling behavior and problems and associated mental health and comorbid conditions that may contribute to elevated risk. Bivariate comparisons found that sexual minority individuals had higher rates of problem gambling, alcohol and substance use problems, anxiety, depression, and a wide range of problem behaviors (e.g., binge eating, prostitution, excessive video gaming) than heterosexuals. In a logistic regression, age moderated the relationship between sexual minority status and problem gambling, such that the risk for high-risk problem gambling increased with age for sexual minority individuals while it decreased for heterosexuals. Additionally, a logistic regression of sexual minority individuals who gamble found anxiety (OR = 3.80, 95% CI = 1.03, 13.97) and drug problems (OR = 8.57, 95% CI = 1.79, 41.05) predicted high-risk problem gambling. Findings suggest that prevention and screening protocols are needed in systems accessed by sexual minority individuals, particularly those middle age and older, as well as in settings where anxiety and substance use disorders are treated.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"957-969"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136399745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
For Better and For Worse: Frequent Gamblers Use Dual Counterfactuals to Justify Continued Gambling. 好与坏:经常赌博的人使用双重反事实来为继续赌博辩护。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10221-2
Christina I Anthony, Elizabeth Cowley, Alex Blaszczynski
{"title":"For Better and For Worse: Frequent Gamblers Use Dual Counterfactuals to Justify Continued Gambling.","authors":"Christina I Anthony, Elizabeth Cowley, Alex Blaszczynski","doi":"10.1007/s10899-023-10221-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-023-10221-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How might frequent gamblers convince themselves to keep playing despite persistent losses or after a win that should be savored? The purpose of this research is to examine the unexplored question of how frequent gamblers' use counterfactual thinking to motivate their desire to continue gambling. Using a sample of n = 69 high and n = 69 low frequency gamblers in a field setting, we found that infrequent gamblers tended to consider how the perceived outcome of losing \"could have been better\" (i.e., upward counterfactual thinking), and how a winning outcome \"could have been worse\" (i.e., downward counterfactual thinking). This pattern of counterfactual thinking is considered typical in many settings and may, in a gambling context, support a potentially more responsible approach by helping infrequent gamblers to learn from past mistakes to avoid significant future losses and to savor wins to protect returns gained. Alternatively, we found that frequent gamblers were more likely to generate 'dual counterfactuals' which include both upward and downward counterfactuals in response to losses and wins. We argue that this dual pattern of counterfactual thinking may allow frequent gamblers to more easily justify their desire to continue gambling. Findings suggest that challenging gamblers counterfactual thinking patterns could assist clinicians in moderating the potential for high-risk behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9571169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding Esports-related Betting and Gambling: A Systematic Review of the Literature. 理解与电子竞技相关的博彩:文献的系统回顾。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10256-5
Harshdeep S Mangat, Mark D Griffiths, Shu M Yu, Katalin Felvinczi, Ronald K Ngetich, Zsolt Demetrovics, Andrea Czakó
{"title":"Understanding Esports-related Betting and Gambling: A Systematic Review of the Literature.","authors":"Harshdeep S Mangat, Mark D Griffiths, Shu M Yu, Katalin Felvinczi, Ronald K Ngetich, Zsolt Demetrovics, Andrea Czakó","doi":"10.1007/s10899-023-10256-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-023-10256-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Esports gambling has steadily grown in popularity alongside esports itself. While research has been increasing in the field of esports-related gambling, no study has yet reviewed the relevant literature on esports gambling. The present study aimed to comprehensively review all empirical research conducted in the wider field of esports gambling. A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was undertaken using PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Only empirical studies were included and were also assessed for potential biases using the ROBUST guidelines. A total of 30 studies from eight countries were included in the review. Esports gamblers were found more likely to be young males, likely to score high on problematic gambling scales, and likely to belong to households speaking a non-English language at home in English speaking countries. Esports gamblers are a unique type of gambling population, with rare characteristics and behaviors compared to other types of gamblers. Given the limited number of studies, there is a need for further research in this field to understand these populations, as well as the need for longitudinal research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"893-914"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41158905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Self-reported Deposits Versus Actual Deposits in Online Gambling: An Empirical Study. 网上赌博中的自我报告存款与实际存款:实证研究。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10230-1
Michael Auer, Niklas Hopfgartner, Denis Helic, Mark D Griffiths
{"title":"Self-reported Deposits Versus Actual Deposits in Online Gambling: An Empirical Study.","authors":"Michael Auer, Niklas Hopfgartner, Denis Helic, Mark D Griffiths","doi":"10.1007/s10899-023-10230-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-023-10230-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years a number of studies have used objective gambling data from online gambling operators to study gambling behavior. A few of these studies have compared gamblers' actual gambling behavior (using account-based tracking data) with their subjective gambling behavior (using responses from survey data). The present study extended previous studies by comparing self-reported money deposited with the actual amount of money deposited. The authors were given access to an anonymized secondary dataset of 1,516 online gamblers from a European online gambling operator. After removing those who had not deposited any money in the previous 30 days, the final sample size for analysis was 639 online gamblers. The results indicated that gamblers were able to estimate fairly accurately how much money they had deposited in the past 30 days. However, the higher the amount of money deposited, the more likely gamblers underestimated the actual amount of money deposited. With respect to age and gender, there were no significant differences between male and female gamblers in their estimation biases. However, a significant age difference was found between those who overestimated and underestimated their deposits, with younger gamblers tending to overestimate their deposits. Providing feedback as to whether the gamblers overestimated or underestimated their deposits did not lead to any additional significant changes in the amount of money deposited when considering the overall reduction in deposits after self-assessment. The implications of the findings are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"619-637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9750097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gambling Motives and Offshore Gambling: A Finnish Population Study. 赌博动机与离岸赌博:芬兰人口研究。
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10253-8
Heli Hagfors, Atte Oksanen, Anne H Salonen
{"title":"Gambling Motives and Offshore Gambling: A Finnish Population Study.","authors":"Heli Hagfors, Atte Oksanen, Anne H Salonen","doi":"10.1007/s10899-023-10253-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-023-10253-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rise of online gambling has drawn attention towards offshore gambling. Currently there is lack of evidence on reasons and motivations to gamble on offshore gambling sites. This study investigated the general gambling motives of onshore and offshore gamblers, and the reasons to gamble on offshore gambling sites. The study used binary logistic regression model to analyze the data from Finnish Gambling 2019 population survey including adult past-year online gamblers (n = 1,422). The validated measure for problem gambling severity (PGSI, Problem Gambling Severity Index) was used. Furthermore, data-driven qualitative analysis was used to form categories for the reasons to gamble on offshore gambling sites. Offshore gambling was more common among men and younger age groups than among women or older age groups. Offshore gamblers gambled less often for money or worthy causes than onshore gamblers. Furthermore, offshore gamblers had more different types of motives to gamble, they gambled more frequently and had higher problem gambling severity scores (PGSI) than onshore gamblers. Finally, the most common reasons to gamble offshore were: (1) larger game supply and game features, (2) benefits, bonuses, and the usability of the website, and (3) inner motivation. Offshore gambling is characterized with intensity and diversity of gambling behavior and motives, and it poses a risk especially for young men.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"825-840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41169456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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