{"title":"Pay to Play or Pay to Lose? The Impact of In-game Spending in Digital Games on Gambling Problems.","authors":"Ilkka Vuorinen, Iina Savolainen, Atte Oksanen","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10453-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10453-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the mid-2010s, microtransactions within digital games became more common, raising concerns that the gambling-like features in these games would contribute to increases in gambling problems. However, studies on the topic have been mostly cross-sectional. To fill this gap, this study uses longitudinal nationwide survey data collected from 949 adult Finnish participants every six months from the spring of 2021 to the fall of 2024 to investigate the impact of microtransactions on gambling problems-measured using the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)-over time. Gambling participation, mental health issues, and alcohol use were used as control variables, and age and gender were used as background variables. The results showed that although microtransactions had significant positive fixed and random effects on gambling problems, the effects disappeared when gambling participation was added to the models. Therefore, the effect of microtransactions on gambling problems may only be indirect. This implies that the main regulatory focus should be on actual gambling participation, whether or not it is encouraged by the purchasable content in some digital games.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"685-695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13269470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145439708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrzej Cudo, Jonathan David, Bernadeta Lelonek-Kuleta, Rafał P Bartczuk, Matthew T Keough
{"title":"When Gaming Becomes Like Gambling: The Role of Flow, Immersion, Craving, and Self-control in Risky Loot Box use among Polish gamers.","authors":"Andrzej Cudo, Jonathan David, Bernadeta Lelonek-Kuleta, Rafał P Bartczuk, Matthew T Keough","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10472-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10472-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loot boxes are in-game items offering randomised rewards, often purchased with real money, and share structural similarities with gambling. Risky loot box use (RLBU) has been associated with gaming disorder (GD) symptoms, gambling-related cognitions, and financial harms. This study examined psychological correlates of RLBU in a sample of Polish gamers. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 433 active gamers (216 female, M = 26.95 years, SD = 4.80), who had used loot boxes in the past 12 months. Participants completed measures of RLBU, GD symptoms, craving for gaming, self-control dimensions, flow, immersion, gaming platform use, and time spent on specific game genres. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that RLBU was positively associated with daily loot box use, purchasing loot boxes with real money, flow (absorption), immersion, craving for gaming, and GD symptoms. RLBU was negatively associated with self-control in the goal maintenance domain. Additionally, computer gaming was associated with higher RLBU compared to mobile gaming; however, this relationship was attenuated when psychological variables were included. No specific game genre was significantly associated with RLBU. These findings may suggest that immersive and absorbing gaming experiences, combined with low ability to maintain long-term goals, may increase susceptibility to RLBU, particularly when reinforced by monetary involvement and frequent use. The results may highlight the need for prevention strategies addressing self-control, gaming-related craving, and cognitive biases related to loot box outcomes, as well as consideration of structural game design elements that may foster problematic engagement.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"855-880"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146158654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptation of the Online Problem Gambling Behavior Index: Associations with Emotional Reactivity and Psychological Distress.","authors":"Ayşen Kovan, Murat Yıldırım","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10407-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10407-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Problematic online gambling has emerged as a growing behavioral health concern, fueled by the accessibility, anonymity, and immediacy of digital gambling environments. This two-phase study aimed to adapt the \"Online Problem Gambling Behavior Index (OPGBI)\" for Turkish-speaking populations and to examine the affective mechanisms underlying problematic gambling behavior through the lens of the Emotion Dysregulation Model. In Study-I (N = 674; 62.6% male; M<sub>age</sub> = 35.23), confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure: gambling behavior, limit-setting, and communication with operators, demonstrating strong internal consistency, good model fit, and gender-based measurement invariance. In Study-II (N = 813; 65% male; M<sub>age</sub> = 34.76), structural equation modeling tested a mediation model in which emotional reactivity predicted problematic gambling behavior both directly and indirectly via psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress). Results demonstrated robust direct effects of emotional reactivity across all OPGBI dimensions, with stress emerging as the most consistent mediator. Bootstrapped analyses confirmed the significance of indirect pathways. Collectively, the findings validate the Turkish version of the OPGBI as a psychometrically sound, culturally responsive instrument and underscore the central role of emotional vulnerability in the development of online gambling problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"475-498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13269300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antoine Marques Mourato, Maylis Fontaine, Valérie Le Floch, Magali Bringuier, Céline Bonnaire, Céline Lemercier, Jacques Py, Isabelle Giroux, Isabelle Varescon
{"title":"Illusion of Control in Gambling Behavior in a Non-Clinical Sample of Adults Aged 40-75.","authors":"Antoine Marques Mourato, Maylis Fontaine, Valérie Le Floch, Magali Bringuier, Céline Bonnaire, Céline Lemercier, Jacques Py, Isabelle Giroux, Isabelle Varescon","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10452-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10452-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The illusion of control (IoC) is a cognitive distortion implicated in risky and problem gambling. This study aimed to validate a comprehensive IoC measure, the Multi-Dimensional Rating Scale for Illusion of Control in Gambling (EEMDIC), in a large non-clinical sample of adult and aging gamblers, and to clarify how IoC relates to gambling severity, game type, and age. A total of 1,311 participants aged 40-75 completed the EEMDIC, the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), and questions on gambling habits and sociodemographics. Exploratory (n = 649) and confirmatory (n = 662) factor analyses assessed scale structure. ANOVAs, linear regressions, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Spearman correlations examined associations with game category, PGSI scores, education, occupation, and age. Factor analyses supported a reduced 14-item EEMDIC with four coherent factors: Luck, Skill, Strategy, and Rituals/Superstitious Behaviors. Higher EEMDIC scores, especially on primary-control dimensions (Skill, Strategy), were associated with greater gambling severity and engagement in strategic betting (sports, horse racing). Education correlated negatively with IoC, and occupational differences emerged. Age was modestly but significantly associated with lower IoC: it explained ≈ 2.8% of total variance and 0.9-4.1% across factors. Framing on gains or losses showed no age effect after controlling for PGSI. The EEMDIC is a reliable, multidimensional tool distinguishing primary and secondary control beliefs. Findings link primary-control beliefs to gambling harm and show modest age-related declines in IoC. The scale can inform targeted prevention and tailored interventions across game types and sociodemographic groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"809-821"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145497113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Individual and Neighborhood Risk and Protective Factors of At-Risk and Problem Gambling: a Spatial Analysis Using Geographic Information Systems.","authors":"Kendra E Pugh, Steven D Shirk, Rachel A Volberg","doi":"10.1007/s10899-026-10475-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-026-10475-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the relationship between lottery gambling and postal codes where this gambling occurs, along with individual-level characteristics predicting at-risk or problem gambling (ARPG) among Massachusetts residents. A geographic information systems (GIS) spatial analysis was conducted to identify vulnerable areas based on neighborhood characteristics, lottery sales, and ARPG. GIS methods involved geocoding lottery agent addresses and integrating them into a geodatabase, enabling precise spatial analysis and visualization. This approach allowed us to examine spatial patterns in lottery sales, agent density, and neighborhood characteristics of 524 postal codes. Residents of disadvantaged areas did not spend more on lottery tickets or have more lottery agents than those in less disadvantaged areas. Some indicators of disadvantage (percent unemployed, percent single mothers) were associated with lower lottery sales and agent density, reflecting less disposable income. Postal codes in commercial and tourist areas and on the Massachusetts border had higher per capita sales. Individual characteristics hypothesized to predict ARPG remained significant in nested analyses. The strongest predictor of individual-level ARPG was having close friends or family who gamble regularly, demonstrating that social relationships have a strong impact on gambling behavior. In the nested analysis, residents of disadvantaged areas did not have increased risk for ARPG overall, although ARPG likely has a greater adverse impact on disadvantaged areas due to lower levels of resources. Libraries were identified as one community resource associated with lower risk for ARPG. These findings underscore the importance of considering both community and individual factors in understanding and addressing gambling behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"663-683"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146259628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Interplay between Gambling Activity Groups, Problem Gambling Symptoms, and Mental Wellbeing from a Public Health Perspective.","authors":"Kristal Yeung, Michelle Gatton, Darren Wraith","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10461-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10461-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The existing literature predominantly focuses on clinical conditions related to gambling, with evidence suggesting the co-occurrence of gambling disorders, major depressive disorders, and personality disorders. This study aimed to broaden our understanding beyond clinical conditions by investigating the impact of different gambling activity groups on mental wellbeing. These activity groups were identified using latent class analysis, which enabled a person-centered approach to examine the types and the number of gambling activities as well as expenditure levels, as a single latent variable. Based on the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, our findings suggested that gambling activity groups were associated with reduced mental wellbeing through problem gambling symptoms. Among respondents with the same levels of problem gambling symptoms and age, men who engaged in multiple gambling activities with high spending tended to have better mental wellbeing than those primarily gambling on lotteries. In contrast, women's mental wellbeing did not differ across gambling activity groups. This study clarifies the roles of problem gambling symptoms and gambling activity groups in reduced mental wellbeing. Gambling activity groups featuring multiple activities, high spending, and electronic gaming machines (EGMs) were related to problem gambling symptoms. This study shifts the focus from examining how gambling influences specific mental health conditions or symptoms to exploring its impact on overall mental wellbeing. The empirical evidence supports the expansion of targeted, evidence-based strategies beyond treatments to preventive measures that promote mental wellbeing.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"629-643"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145649648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kwangmi Kim, Kyungeun Park, Kyongil Yoon, Yanggon Kim
{"title":"Perceptions of Sports Betting and Promotions in the U.S.: Evidence from a Mixed-Methods Sentiment Analysis of YouTube Comments.","authors":"Kwangmi Kim, Kyungeun Park, Kyongil Yoon, Yanggon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10467-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10467-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines public attitudes toward sports betting and promotions in the United States by analyzing YouTube comments. Using keyword searches, 210 videos were identified, yielding 2,369 comments for analysis. A hybrid approach combining automated BERT sentiment analysis with human-coded content analysis was employed to determine overall sentiment and to identify key themes, endorsers, and sportsbook brands. Results revealed a predominance of negative and neutral sentiments, with positive sentiments least frequent. BERT detected more negative sentiments than the human-coded analysis, which indicated a more balanced distribution. Content analysis showed that positive responses were often directed at entertainment features such as humor, music, and celebrities, whereas negative responses focused on celebrity endorsements, excessive advertising exposure, and frustrations with sportsbook brands' customer services. Prominent celebrities, including Charles Barkley and Paige Spiranac, received relatively favorable comments, while Wayne Gretzky and Jamie Foxx were criticized. Larger sportsbook brands such as BetMGM, DraftKings, and FanDuel were mentioned most often but attracted more negative feedback compared with smaller brands. These findings underscore the need for advertisers to balance entertainment with responsibility, for sports betting operators to improve transparency and user experience, and for regulators to establish clearer guidelines on advertising practices. Future research should consider longitudinal approaches and extend analysis to additional social media platforms to capture evolving public attitudes toward sports betting.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"645-662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13269447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145999532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jama J Maxie, Sophie G Coelho, Jonathan David, Matthew T Keough, Hyoun S Kim
{"title":"Are Gambling Motives all the Same? The Psychometric Properties of the GMQ-F Amongst Sports Bettors.","authors":"Jama J Maxie, Sophie G Coelho, Jonathan David, Matthew T Keough, Hyoun S Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10450-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10450-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Gambling Motives Questionnaire - Financial (GMQ-F) is the most widely used scale for assessing gambling motives. Although previous research supports the reliability and validity of GMQ-F scores, no study has examined its psychometric properties among sports bettors, which present distinct demographics and clinical characteristics. To this end, this study evaluated the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the GMQ-F among 920 sports bettors. We hypothesized that the GMQ-F would exhibit a four-factor structure and conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) to test model fit. Participants completed measures assessing their demographic characteristics, sports betting behaviours (frequency, time spent, bet type), and problem gambling. Results indicated that the ESEM model provided an excellent fit, outperforming the CFA model, with a clear four-factor structure (social, enhancement, coping, financial) that better captured the relationship between gambling motives while allowing for minimal cross-loadings. Measurement invariance testing revealed that the GMQ-F was consistent across different types of sports bettors (in-play, single-event, and traditional), gender (man vs. woman), and ethnicity (White vs. Racialized). Regression analyses showed that social, coping, and financial motives were positively associated with problem gambling severity, while enhancement motives were negatively related to problem gambling severity among sports bettors. These findings provide evidence supporting the validity and reliability of GMQ-F scores for assessing gambling motives, and suggest its utility across a range of demographic and sports betting subgroups.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"457-473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145514382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constructing Mediated Betting Discourse: A Typology of Responsible Gambling Language Identified Through ESPN's Sports Wagering Shows.","authors":"Brian A Petrotta, Travis R Bell","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10437-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10437-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Media play an integral part in the presentation of information surrounding gambling, and thus, it is important to consider the sharing of such details to inform and educate about suggested participation in sports wagering. This study analyzes discourse during ESPN's dedicated sports betting program, ESPN Bet Live (formerly Daily Wager), to produce a typology of responsible mediated gambling language offered by on-air talent and through visual graphics to an active gambling audience. Analysis of 45 episodes aired during the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournaments between 2021 and 2024 revealed four broad categories- announcer transparency, bet certainty, bookmaking education, and investment terminology- and four distinct types of evidence- X's & O's, traditional statistics, betting statistics, and non-scientific. Announcers rarely communicated specific responsible gambling recommendations but offered justification primarily through analysis of game play and traditional statistics. As media coverage of sports betting hurdles beyond journalistic responsibility of reporting scandals to the integration of gambling information and recommendations, it is incumbent upon sports media to present wagering information in a responsible manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"571-583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peer Effects, Warning Messages, and Gambling Behavior: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-field Experiment.","authors":"Laura Barasa","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10445-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-025-10445-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid rate of technological advancement has led to a proliferation of online gambling applications in Africa. This has resulted in an unprecedented rise in problem gambling across sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, the rapid growth of the gambling industry has outpaced laws and regulations aimed at consumer protection, limiting the scope of problem gambling interventions. Using a sample of 905 gamblers from Kenya, this study investigated the impact of peer effects and warning messages on gambling behavior using a lab-in-the-field randomized controlled trial. This study found no evidence that peer effects had an impact on gambling behavior. However, gambling warning messages reduced the total amount wagered by 8% and the number of betting rounds played by 4%. Furthermore, the peer effects and warning message condition increased the number of betting rounds played by 13%. Peer interaction likely caused riskier decisions and compulsive gambling, which could have undermined the effectiveness of the warning message. In conclusion, while warning messages offer a potential strategy for minimizing gambling-related harm, and messaging relating to the effects of peer interaction is likely to increase their effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"609-628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145439735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}