Journal of Gambling Studies最新文献

Problematic Cryptocurrency Trading Among Traders in Türkiye: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence and Associations with Anxiety, Depression, and Problem Gambling. 在<s:1> rkiye交易者中有问题的加密货币交易：与焦虑、抑郁和问题赌博的流行及其关联的横断面研究。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10429-4

Melih Özbek, Gülşen Topal

{"title":"Problematic Cryptocurrency Trading Among Traders in Türkiye: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence and Associations with Anxiety, Depression, and Problem Gambling.","authors":"Melih Özbek, Gülşen Topal","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10429-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10429-4","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptocurrency trading is becoming increasingly popular in Türkiye. Problematic cryptocurrency trading (PCT) is considered a public health issue due to its potential psychological and behavioral consequences. This study examined the prevalence of PCT among Turkish investors and its associations with mental health and related risk factors. In this cross-sectional study, 596 male Turkish participants aged between 20 and 63 years (mean = 33.6) were recruited using a purposive online sampling strategy via cryptocurrency-focused social media groups. Participants who actively owned cryptocurrency were assessed using the Problematic Cryptocurrency Trading Scale (PCTS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). The analysis revealed a PCT prevalence of 26.3%, with significant associations identified between PCT and anxiety, depression, problem gambling, and frequent trading behavior. Logistic regression analysis revealed that problem gambling is the most significant risk factor for the development of problematic cryptocurrency trading (PCT), followed by daily trading activity. Additionally, severe anxiety and marital status were identified as important risk factors. This study highlights the public health significance of PCT and underscores the need for preventive interventions. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating PCT screening into mental health and gambling disorder programs in Türkiye.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145200589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Financial Literacy and Gambling Behaviour: A Systematic Review. 金融知识和赌博行为：系统回顾。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10426-7

Fiona O'Connor, Nicola Ivory

{"title":"Financial Literacy and Gambling Behaviour: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Fiona O'Connor, Nicola Ivory","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10426-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10426-7","url":null,"abstract":"Low financial literacy may contribute to poor financial decision-making and has been investigated as a potential risk factor for problematic gambling. This systematic review examined the association between financial literacy and gambling. PsycInfo, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, SocIndex, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Proquest Psychology databases were searched for peer-reviewed empirical studies published in English, reporting on the association between financial literacy and gambling frequency and/or problems. 115 studies were retrieved with nine meeting the inclusion criteria. Most studies measured objective financial knowledge (e.g., Big 3 or Big 5), however a few measured subjective confidence in financial matters or both. Sample sizes ranged from a few hundred to tens of thousands. Most studies assessed frequency of gambling as their gambling outcome. Only one study employed a comprehensive measure of problematic gambling behaviour. Financial literacy was generally negatively associated with gambling, although one study reported a positive association. Findings of this review suggest increased financial literacy may be associated with reduced gambling frequency, highlighting potential for financial literacy education interventions to reduce gambling-related harms. However, this conclusion derives from only a handful of cross-sectional studies that are at times limited by incomplete or imprecise reporting, the use of brief financial literacy measures, and a lack of focus on gambling problems in addition to gambling frequency. Further research overcoming these limitations is needed to strengthen confidence in these conclusions.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145187275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Playing Sports, Placing Sports Bets? Sports Club Membership, Gambling Norms and Sports Gambling Behavior among Flemish Youth. 玩体育，下注？佛兰德青年体育俱乐部会籍、赌博规范与体育赌博行为。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10428-5

Aaleks Kasemi, Eva Grosemans, Reyna Amanda, Bieke Zaman, Rozane De Cock

引用次数: 0

Gambling Progression in Young Adults Following Online Casino-Gambling Legalization in Switzerland. 瑞士在线赌场合法化后年轻人的赌博进程。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10435-6

Alexander Tomei, Marion Bieri, Clément Porchet, Olivier Simon

{"title":"Gambling Progression in Young Adults Following Online Casino-Gambling Legalization in Switzerland.","authors":"Alexander Tomei, Marion Bieri, Clément Porchet, Olivier Simon","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10435-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10435-6","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates gambling behaviors among young Swiss males four years after the legalization of online casino gambling in Switzerland. A total of 2,349 conscripts aged 18 to 24 years, residing in the French-speaking region of the country, completed a paper-and-pencil questionnaire assessing their participation in land-based and online gambling, as well as problem gambling. Overall, 70.6% reported having gambled at least once in their lifetime, and 49.8% had gambled in the past 12 months. Among past-year gamblers, 58.3% engaged exclusively in land-based gambling, 34.4% were mixed (land-based and online) gamblers, and 7.3% gambled exclusively online. The majority (74.7%) accessed online gambling via smartphone or tablet. Among past-year gamblers, 4.4% met the criteria for problem gambling, representing 2.1% of the total sample. Problem gambling was associated with more frequent gambling, engagement across both online and land-based platforms, participation in a greater variety of games, and involvement in online casino gambling. In conclusion, four years post-legalization, we observe increased gambling participation, a shift from land-based to online gambling, and a slight, non-significant increase in problem gambling. Continued monitoring of gambling behaviors in this population is essential to detect and respond promptly to potential increases in problem gambling.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clinical Characteristics and Symptom Severity in Patients with Gambling Disorder in Japan. 日本赌博障碍患者的临床特征及症状严重程度

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10423-w

Sachio Matsushita, Chie Nitta, Moemi Shibasaki, Kotaro Nishimura, Takanobu Matsuzaki, Ryuhei So, Susumu Higuchi

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Symptom Severity in Patients with Gambling Disorder in Japan.","authors":"Sachio Matsushita, Chie Nitta, Moemi Shibasaki, Kotaro Nishimura, Takanobu Matsuzaki, Ryuhei So, Susumu Higuchi","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10423-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10423-w","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Japan has a unique gambling environment compared with other countries: pachinko and pachislot dominate the gambling market and are easily accessible. We investigated the clinical characteristics of treatment-seeking Japanese patients with gambling disorder (GD), focusing on factors related to GD severity.Methods: This cross-sectional analysis used data from the Japan Collaborative Clinical Study on Gambling Disorder (JaCCS-G), a multicenter collaborative prospective study evaluating the effectiveness of outpatient treatment for GD. Twenty medical institutions with outpatient gambling clinics participated in this study. Individuals with GD who visited participating facilities and were diagnosed with GD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, were included. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess gambling behavior and psychiatric comorbidities. We administered the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale to assess gambling symptom severity, the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale to assess irrational thoughts in GD, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (11th version) (BIS-11) to assess impulsivity.Results: A total of 202 patients with GD participated in the JACCS-G. Pachinko was the most common type of gambling seen in patients with GD, followed by pachislot and horse racing. BIS-11 total score significantly differed among patients with mild, moderate, and severe GD. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) was associated with GD severity.Discussion and conclusions: These results reflect the unique gambling environment in Japan, where pachinko is the most accessible and prevalent form of gambling. Assessing GD severity may help identify individuals with heightened impulsivity or ASPD, enabling more targeted interventions and improved treatment strategies. (249 words).","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Constructing Mediated Betting Discourse: A Typology of Responsible Gambling Language Identified Through ESPN's Sports Wagering Shows. 构建中介博彩话语：通过ESPN的体育投注节目确定的负责任赌博语言的类型学。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10437-4

Brian A Petrotta, Travis R Bell

{"title":"Constructing Mediated Betting Discourse: A Typology of Responsible Gambling Language Identified Through ESPN's Sports Wagering Shows.","authors":"Brian A Petrotta, Travis R Bell","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10437-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10437-4","url":null,"abstract":"Media play an integral part in the presentation of information surrounding gambling, and thus, it is important to consider the sharing of such details to inform and educate about suggested participation in sports wagering. This study analyzes discourse during ESPN's dedicated sports betting program, ESPN Bet Live (formerly Daily Wager), to produce a typology of responsible mediated gambling language offered by on-air talent and through visual graphics to an active gambling audience. Analysis of 45 episodes aired during the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournaments between 2021 and 2024 revealed four broad categories- announcer transparency, bet certainty, bookmaking education, and investment terminology- and four distinct types of evidence- X's & O's, traditional statistics, betting statistics, and non-scientific. Announcers rarely communicated specific responsible gambling recommendations but offered justification primarily through analysis of game play and traditional statistics. As media coverage of sports betting hurdles beyond journalistic responsibility of reporting scandals to the integration of gambling information and recommendations, it is incumbent upon sports media to present wagering information in a responsible manner.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Betting on the Future: A Systematic Review of Modern Gambling Interventions for College Students. 赌未来：对大学生现代赌博干预的系统回顾。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10421-y

Sidath Kapukotuwa, Ana González-Alvarez, Shane W Kraus, Manoj Sharma

{"title":"Betting on the Future: A Systematic Review of Modern Gambling Interventions for College Students.","authors":"Sidath Kapukotuwa, Ana González-Alvarez, Shane W Kraus, Manoj Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10421-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10421-y","url":null,"abstract":"Gambling among college students is a growing public health concern, with approximately 10.2% experiencing problem gambling and 6.1% meeting criteria for gambling disorder. These rates are significantly higher than those in the general adult population. The transitional nature of college life, combined with increased independence, peer influence, and the widespread availability of online gambling platforms, places students at heightened risk. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at reducing gambling behaviors among college students. This systematic review evaluated RCTs published over the past 25 years targeting gambling behaviors among college students. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across four databases to assess the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic, psychoeducational, and personalized feedback interventions. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing (MI) consistently reduced gambling frequency and harm. Personalized normative feedback (PNF) interventions significantly lowered perceived gambling norms and self-reported behaviors. Technology-driven strategies, including smartphone-based interventions and pop-up messages prompting time limits, improved accessibility and reduced gambling duration. Group-based CBT interventions demonstrated particular effectiveness through peer accountability and skill-building. However, gaps remain in addressing online gambling behaviors, cultural adaptability, and co-occurring mental health conditions. Evidence supports the efficacy of CBT, MI, and PNF-based interventions in reducing gambling among college students. Digital and group-based approaches show promise for scalability. Future public health interventions should address the unique risks of online gambling and integrate mental health support. OSF Registration DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/D97QX .","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145126355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gambling in the Shadow of War: Evidence of Increased Problem Gambling for Men with Difficulties in Emotional Regulation During a Mass Trauma. 战争阴影下的赌博：在大规模创伤中情绪调节困难的男性赌博问题增加的证据。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10417-8

Uri Lifshin, Hagit Bonny-Noach, Vera Skvirsky, Dvora Shmulewitz, Merav Vider, Ariel Kor, Shaul Lev-Ran, Mario Mikulincer

{"title":"Gambling in the Shadow of War: Evidence of Increased Problem Gambling for Men with Difficulties in Emotional Regulation During a Mass Trauma.","authors":"Uri Lifshin, Hagit Bonny-Noach, Vera Skvirsky, Dvora Shmulewitz, Merav Vider, Ariel Kor, Shaul Lev-Ran, Mario Mikulincer","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10417-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10417-8","url":null,"abstract":"Research suggests that Problem Gambling (PG) may result from maladaptive emotional regulation strategies aimed at escaping emotions and stress caused by negative life events and trauma. The current study, aimed to examine the effect of exposure to the mass trauma of October 7, 2023 terror attack and the consequent Swords of Iron war in Israel, and difficulties in emotional regulation on PG. We utilized longitudinal data of self-reports in the Problem Gambling Severity Index collected before the terror attack (April 2022) and during the Swords of Iron war (December 2023, March 2024, June 2024; N = 899) from a large sample of adult Jewish Israelis. Participants also completed the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale before the war (April 2022). Results indicated that for non-problem gamblers, among men, high difficulties in emotion regulation scores were associated with increased PG scores from the time before to the times during the war (bs > 0.53, p-values < 0.003) but not for women or men with low difficulties in emotion regulation scores (bs < 0.36, p-values > 0.167). Among participants at moderate risk for PG and problem gamblers, there was a decrease in PG scores, especially among participants low in difficulties in emotion regulation, beyond gender. Findings highlight the important role of collective traumatic events and difficulties in emotion regulations as predictors of problem gambling. We discuss the study limitations, including the relatively small number of participants at risk for PG and the specificity of the sample, and offer directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Online Information on Gambling Addiction: Is It Readable? Is It Reliable? 网上赌瘾资讯：可读吗？它可靠吗？

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10425-8

Yunus Manastır, Esra Uslu

{"title":"Online Information on Gambling Addiction: Is It Readable? Is It Reliable?","authors":"Yunus Manastır, Esra Uslu","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10425-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10425-8","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to evaluate the readability and reliability of websites providing information about gambling. The study assessed 65 Turkish-language websites from Google. In this study, readability was assessed using the Ateşman Readability Index, which determines textual difficulty based on sentence and word length. Additionally, the reliability of the content was evaluated using the Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark, which assesses the trustworthiness of online information through four key criteria: authorship, attribution, disclosure, and currency. Journal of the American Medical Association score was 1.23 ± 0.93, and 64.6% of websites were rated as having \"insufficient information/low reliability. The average Ateşman score was 51.63 ± 12.51, corresponding to an 11th-12th grade reading level, which is considered moderately difficult for general population. Despite 81.5% of the sites originating from health organizations, both readability and reliability were found to be inadequate. These findings highlight the need for more accessible and trustworthy digital resources on gambling addiction. Collaboration among content creators, health professionals, and policymakers is recommended to improve the readability and reliability of online health information.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145015275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electronic Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (e-SBIRT) for Gambling Harm: A Mixed-methods Acceptability Study. 赌博危害的电子筛查、短暂干预和转诊治疗（e-SBIRT）：一项混合方法可接受性研究。

IF 2.2 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-025-10424-9

Simon Wright, Jessica Smith, Glen Dighton, Martyn Quigley, Simon Dymond

{"title":"Electronic Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (e-SBIRT) for Gambling Harm: A Mixed-methods Acceptability Study.","authors":"Simon Wright, Jessica Smith, Glen Dighton, Martyn Quigley, Simon Dymond","doi":"10.1007/s10899-025-10424-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-025-10424-9","url":null,"abstract":"Gambling harm is a significant public health burden, yet treatment uptake is low. Electronic screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (e-SBIRT) programmes have potential to increase uptake and improve treatment outcomes. However, no studies to date have investigated e-SBIRT in the context of gambling. We conducted a single-arm mixed-methods study of acceptability of e-SBIRT for gambling. Quantitative acceptability was indicated by users' perceived satisfaction, impact and helpfulness of the e-SBIRT. Qualitative acceptability was explored using semi-structured interviews. Participants (n = 63), pre-screened for gambling severity, reported high levels of satisfaction with the e-SBIRT, found it helpful, and were more likely to seek treatment. Participants with higher gambling severity scores found the e-SBIRT more acceptable and were more likely to seek treatment following the intervention. Qualitative feedback (n = 7) supported the e-SBIRT's acceptability. The present findings support the acceptability of e-SBIRT for gambling. Further research is required to refine the intervention and examine its effectiveness with those with gambling harm.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145001699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0