Journal of Gambling Studies最新文献

The Influence of Winning and Losing Gambling Experience on Mood State and Alcohol Cravings.

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10367-7

Damon Lipinski, James P Whelan, Blaine E Stiglets, Matthew D Andersland, Meredith K Ginley, Rory A Pfund

{"title":"The Influence of Winning and Losing Gambling Experience on Mood State and Alcohol Cravings.","authors":"Damon Lipinski, James P Whelan, Blaine E Stiglets, Matthew D Andersland, Meredith K Ginley, Rory A Pfund","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10367-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10367-7","url":null,"abstract":"Previous work has explored the bi-directional relation between alcohol consumption and gambling behavior within gambling contexts, highlighting the role of salient factors such as mood. The present experiment sought to further explore how mood state and the urge to consume alcohol vary as a function of the experience of winning or losing while gambling. In this experiment, 76 individuals who reported past year gambling and past month alcohol use were randomly assigned to one of four conditions - neutral gambling, winning gambling, losing gambling, or movie watching. Results indicated that mood state did not significantly differ by experimental condition. However, the urge to consume alcohol significantly differed by experimental condition when accounting for weekly alcohol consumption. Individuals who underwent a losing gambling experience reported significantly greater alcohol-related urges than those who watched a movie or had a neutral gambling experience, but not compared to those who had a winning gambling experience. Exploratory analyses showed that those exposed to a losing gambling experience wanted a significantly greater number of drinks than those who had a neutral gambling experience or watched a movie. These results suggest that experiencing losing may contribute to a greater desire to consume alcohol, and that this relation may occur independent of mood states associated with gambling outcomes. Future research should seek to investigate the relations between gambling, alcohol use, and mood in naturalistic gambling settings beyond the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142821755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Illegal Online Gambling Site Detection using Multiple Resource-Oriented Machine Learning. 利用多资源导向机器学习检测非法在线赌博网站。

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10337-z

Moohong Min, Donggi Augustine Lee

引用次数: 0

Gambling and Substance Use Disorders in U.S. Military Veterans: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Suicide Risk. 美国退伍军人中的赌博和药物使用障碍：美国退伍军人中的赌博和药物使用障碍：患病率、临床特征和自杀风险》（Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Suicide Risk.

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10359-7

Elina A Stefanovics, Marc N Potenza, Jack Tsai, Robert H Pietrzak

{"title":"Gambling and Substance Use Disorders in U.S. Military Veterans: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Suicide Risk.","authors":"Elina A Stefanovics, Marc N Potenza, Jack Tsai, Robert H Pietrzak","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10359-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-024-10359-7","url":null,"abstract":"Gambling and substance use disorders (SUDs) are prevalent among U.S. military veterans and often co-occur. However, little is known about the clinical and behavioral correlates and suicidal risk of SUDs and gambling among veterans that can help inform targeted interventions for their co-occurrence. In the current study, we analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 4069 veterans who participated in the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Self-reported measures of lifetime SUDs and past-year gambling (Brief Problem Gambling Screen) were administered. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine differences between four groups: non-SUD/non-gambling, 40.3%; SUD-only 27.3%; Gambling-only 16.3%; and SUD + Gambling, 16.1%. The Gambling-only, SUD-only, and SUD + Gambling groups reported more adverse childhood experiences relative to the non-SUD/non-gambling group. The SUD-only and SUD + Gambling groups had higher odds for all lifetime and current clinical and trauma variables relative to the non-SUD/non-gambling group. The SUD + Gambling group had higher odds of suicidality, non-suicidal self-injury, nicotine dependence and mental health treatment relative to the SUD-only group and all assessed clinical measures relative to the Gambling-only group. Results suggest that SUDs and gambling are associated with substantial trauma and mental health burden among U.S. veterans, with co-occurring SUDs and gambling linked particularly to suicidality/self-harm and mental health treatment. The findings underscore the importance of multicomponent assessments and interventions targeting SUDs, gambling, and related concerns, such as trauma-related mental health difficulties, in this population.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"2119-2139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142337131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

P.A.V.I.A. Study: Pervasiveness and Associated Factors of Video Slot Machine Use in a Large Sample of Italian Adolescents. P.A.V.I.A. 研究：大样本意大利青少年使用电子老虎机的普遍性及相关因素。

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10334-2

Giansanto Mosconi, Paola Bertuccio, Ilaria Albertin, Marcello Esposito, Anna Polgatti, Franco Taverna, Diego Turcinovich, Sara Russo, Silvia Gaggi, Serena Barello, Andrea Amerio, Sabrina Molinaro, Silvano Gallus, Lorella Cecconami, Simone Feder, Tomaso Vecchi, Anna Odone

{"title":"P.A.V.I.A. Study: Pervasiveness and Associated Factors of Video Slot Machine Use in a Large Sample of Italian Adolescents.","authors":"Giansanto Mosconi, Paola Bertuccio, Ilaria Albertin, Marcello Esposito, Anna Polgatti, Franco Taverna, Diego Turcinovich, Sara Russo, Silvia Gaggi, Serena Barello, Andrea Amerio, Sabrina Molinaro, Silvano Gallus, Lorella Cecconami, Simone Feder, Tomaso Vecchi, Anna Odone","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10334-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-024-10334-2","url":null,"abstract":"Video slot machines (VSM) are considered a particularly harmful gambling format; however, scant data is available on their use among underage Italian individuals. Two surveys were conducted in 2018 and 2022 involving 7,959 underage high school students (57.8% female) in Pavia, Northern Italy. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lifetime experience and current regular (at least monthly) use of VSM, according to family, educational and behavioral factors. Overall, participants reporting lifetime VSM experience were 13.2% (95% CI: 12.5 - 13.9), 15.2% (95% CI: 14.0-16.4%) in 2018, and 12.0% (95% CI: 11.1-13.0%) in 2022. Current regular VSM users were 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1-1.7) in total, 1.2% (95% CI: 0.8-1.6%) in 2018 and 1.5% (95% CI: 1.1-1.8%) in 2022. VSM lifetime experience and current regular use were significantly more frequent in males (aORs: 1.55 and 4.81, respectively), students who failed a year (aORs: 2.07 and 3.44), or with daily gambling parents/siblings (aORs: 2.83 and 4.86). Lifetime use of alcohol, tobacco, or illicit substances was significantly directly associated with lifetime VSM use (aORs between 2.64 and 4.75); monthly alcohol, tobacco, or illicit substances use was significantly directly associated with current regular VSM use (aORs between 4.47 and 18.21). Sexting and voluntary self-injury were significantly more frequent among VSM lifetime/current regular users. VSM use, which is directly associated with other risky behaviors, may be pervasive among Italian minors. Such public health concern calls for legislative enforcements and integrated multidisciplinary health promotion and prevention strategies.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"1887-1904"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

We Might Have a Sports Gambling Problem and It Is Not What You Think: A Commentary. 我们可能有体育赌博问题，但并非如你所想：评论。

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10315-5

James P Whelan, Rory A Pfund, Meredith K Ginley

引用次数: 0

Can Positive Play Deficits Explain the Associations Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Gambling Motives, and Problem Gambling? Results of a National U.S. Sample. 积极游戏缺陷能否解释创伤后应激症状、赌博动机和问题赌博之间的关联？美国全国抽样调查结果。

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10348-w

Anthony King, Shane W Kraus, Gloria Wong-Padoongpatt, Joshua B Grubbs

{"title":"Can Positive Play Deficits Explain the Associations Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Gambling Motives, and Problem Gambling? Results of a National U.S. Sample.","authors":"Anthony King, Shane W Kraus, Gloria Wong-Padoongpatt, Joshua B Grubbs","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10348-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-024-10348-w","url":null,"abstract":"Past research has demonstrated a consistent connection between symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and problematic gambling in both general and clinical United States (U.S.) populations. Little is known, however, about the mediating role that responsible gambling practices related to positive play might have in the relationships between symptoms of PTSD, problem gambling (PG) severity, and different motives for gambling. Therefore, using mediation analysis, this study investigated these associations within a census-matched national sample of U.S. adults (N = 2,806). Results indicated PTSD symptoms and PG often co-occur in this population (r = .43, p < .01), and coping motives for gambling were the key mechanism connecting PTSD symptoms to PG severity rather than deficits in positive play practices or other gambling motives. Moreover, it was found that the average gambler who had sought treatment for gambling in the past not only had more severe PTSD symptoms and PG but also had the strongest gambling motives, the largest deficits in positive play, and was more likely to be younger than 50 years old. In this sample, approximately 1 in 10 people who gambled in the past year were classified as problem gamblers, 1 in 5 met criteria for a provisional PTSD diagnosis, and 1 in 33 sought out gambling treatment previously. These findings provide further evidence for the relationship between symptoms of posttraumatic stress and problematic gambling behaviors in the U.S. population and offer critical insights into the explanatory roles of coping motives and positive play practices in this connection.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"2093-2117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141856835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of a Systems-Wide Initiative to Address Motivation and Expectations for Treatment on Initial Session Attendance to Outpatient Gambling Treatment. 解决治疗动机和期望的全系统倡议对门诊戒赌治疗首次疗程出席率的影响。

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10349-9

Rory A Pfund, Adrianna J Valencia, Esther A Hudson, Meredith K Ginley, James P Whelan

{"title":"Effectiveness of a Systems-Wide Initiative to Address Motivation and Expectations for Treatment on Initial Session Attendance to Outpatient Gambling Treatment.","authors":"Rory A Pfund, Adrianna J Valencia, Esther A Hudson, Meredith K Ginley, James P Whelan","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10349-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-024-10349-9","url":null,"abstract":"This brief report expands the results of a prior efficacy study that examined the effect of a letter addressing prospective clients' motivation and expectations for outpatient gambling disorder treatment on initial session attendance. The results of that efficacy study indicated more clients attended the initial session when receiving the letter (77%) compared to receiving a reminder telephone call (51%). The present study examines the effectiveness of messages addressing prospective clients' motivation and expectations for outpatient gambling treatment across an entire treatment system. Messages were sent via letters, telephone, and in-person communication with all clinic staff. Participants were 54 clients with gambling disorder who were seeking outpatient psychological treatment. Results indicated that the percentage of clients attending the initial session was 85%, and no differences in attendance were found between in-person and telehealth sessions. These findings suggest that messages that address motivation and expectations persist under real-world conditions, and treatment systems can make meaningful changes that increase attendance to initial treatment sessions.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"2201-2208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Risk and Protective Factors for Gambling Among Youth by origin: Findings from the three waves of cross-sectional Finnish School Health Promotion Study among 238,939 Students. 按籍贯划分的青少年赌博风险和保护因素：从 238,939 名学生中进行的三波横截面芬兰学校健康促进研究的结果。

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10321-7

Kirsimarja Raitasalo, Johanna Järvinen-Tassopoulos, Shadia Rask, Natalia Skogberg

{"title":"Risk and Protective Factors for Gambling Among Youth by origin: Findings from the three waves of cross-sectional Finnish School Health Promotion Study among 238,939 Students.","authors":"Kirsimarja Raitasalo, Johanna Järvinen-Tassopoulos, Shadia Rask, Natalia Skogberg","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10321-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-024-10321-7","url":null,"abstract":"Gambling is a public health problem that can cause many kinds of harm. The aim of this study was to examine youth gambling by origin, and the risk and protective factors associated with it. The data was drawn from the School Health Promotion Study (n = 238,939) conducted in Finland, representative of the 14 to 16-year-old Finnish schoolchildren. Cross-tabulations and multivariate logistic regression were used in assessing the association between origin and weekly gambling. Interaction terms of origin and background variables related to substance use, peer and family relations and leisure time were then calculated to assess inter-group differences. The study showed that foreign-born, migrant origin and youth from mixed families were more likely to gamble weekly compared to youth with Finnish-born parents. The likelihood of gambling was particularly high among foreign-born and migrant-origin youth. Weekly gambling was significantly more common among boys than girls in all studied youth groups, and it was particularly common among foreign-born boys compared to other groups. Substance use was associated with weekly gambling and even more so among foreign-born youth. There were also differences by origin in the strength of association between other background factors and weekly gambling. Foreign-born boys appear to be especially vulnerable to multiple health and social risks including gambling, making them a particularly important group for targeted preventive programs. Preventive efforts are needed to enhance public awareness, boost parental supervision, and limit gambling-related risks. Special attention is needed to prevent migrant-origin boys from developing problems with gambling.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"1905-1919"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Problematic Gambling Behavior in a Sample of Gamblers: The Role of Alexithymia, Dissociation Features, and External Locus of Control. 赌徒样本中的问题赌博行为：Alexithymia, Dissociation Features, and External Locus of Control.

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10322-6

Alessio Gori, Eleonora Topino

{"title":"Problematic Gambling Behavior in a Sample of Gamblers: The Role of Alexithymia, Dissociation Features, and External Locus of Control.","authors":"Alessio Gori, Eleonora Topino","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10322-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-024-10322-6","url":null,"abstract":"Gambling disorder is a severe condition that significantly compromises the lives of those affected. In light of this clinical relevance, the literature on the antecedents of this form of addiction is constant and continually evolving. Consistently with this framework, the present research aimed at investigating the role of some risk factors in gambling disorder, with a specific focus on alexithymia, dissociation, and locus of control. The research involved a sample of 290 participants (183 males and 107 females; Mage = 34.43, SD = 14.65) who practice gambling at least occasionally. They completed an online survey including the South Oaks Gambling Screen, Twenty-Items Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Dissociative Experience Scale-II, and Locus of Control of Behavior. ANOVA and a moderated-mediation model were implemented to analyse the collected data. Results showed that 19.0% of the participants were At Risk and Problem Gamblers, while 27.6% fell into the category of Problematic Gamblers. Problematic Gamblers showed significantly higher levels of alexithymia, dissociation, and external locus of control. Moreover, a significant association between alexithymia and the severity of problematic gambling behaviour was found and was significantly mediated by absorption (a dissociation feature). Furthermore, the external locus of control significantly moderated this indirect effect. The role of gender as a covariate was also investigated. Such findings may offer further insights into the field of clinical research on gambling disorder and may provide useful information for effective clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"2077-2091"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141236422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Problematic Gaming and Gambling: A Systematic Review of Task-Specific EEG Protocols. 问题游戏和赌博：对特定任务脑电图协议的系统回顾。

IF 2.4 3区心理学

Journal of Gambling Studies Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10332-4

Dovile Simkute, Artemisa R Dores, Fernando Barbosa, Inga Griskova-Bulanova

{"title":"Problematic Gaming and Gambling: A Systematic Review of Task-Specific EEG Protocols.","authors":"Dovile Simkute, Artemisa R Dores, Fernando Barbosa, Inga Griskova-Bulanova","doi":"10.1007/s10899-024-10332-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10899-024-10332-4","url":null,"abstract":"Even though gaming and gambling bear similar problematic behavioral aspects, there are no recognizable neurophysiological biomarkers or features characterizing and/or distinguishing these conditions. A systematic review of the literature with a focus on methods was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (Web of Science Core Collection), EBSCOhost Research Databases (APA PsycINFO; APA PsycArticles; OpenDissertations; ERIC) databases. Following search terms were used to search the databases: ERP, \"event related potential*\", EP, \"evoked potential*\", SS, \"steady state\", EEG, electroencephal*; gam*. Data about the participants (total number, gender, age), main aim of the study and information about the experimental setup (experimental task description, stimuli used, ERPs measured (latency windows and placement of the electrodes), process evaluated) was extracted. A total of 24 studies were revised (problematic gaming - 16, pathological gambling - 8). The experimental protocols could be grouped into 3 main target domains (Cue-reactivity, General Information processing and Reward Processes & Risk Assessment). Sample-related limitations (small sample sizes, gender differences, differences between the groups regarding potential confounding variables) and heterogeneity regarding the experimental tasks, implementation and interpretation reviewed. Gambling-related research is highly focused on the investigation of the reward-related processes, whereas gaming-related research is mostly focused on the altered aspects of more general information processing. A vast heterogeneity regarding the ERP experimental paradigms being used and lack of clear guidelines and standardized procedures prevents identification of measures capable to reliably discriminate or characterize the population susceptible to addictive behavior or being able to diagnose and monitor these disorders.","PeriodicalId":48155,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Gambling Studies","volume":" ","pages":"2153-2187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141604356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0