Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports最新文献

{"title":"Pit without finds = worthless pit? Investigating a Roman military camp from Caesar’s Gallic Wars (58 – 51 BC) near Hermeskeil (Germany)","authors":"Sabine Fiedler ,&nbsp;Jago J. Birk ,&nbsp;D.K. Wright ,&nbsp;Sabine Hornung","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Roman military camp at Hermeskeil (Germany) is the only securely dated temporary camp from the time of the Gallic Wars (58 – 51 BC). Two distinct phases of use have been identified, each lasting between two and six weeks. Despite the short period of use, the up to 15,000 soldiers who occupied the camp left behind some waste, which would most likely have been deposited in pits. So far, however, only one pit has been discovered. The excavated pit was almost devoid of identifiable archaeological materials. Given the shape and stratigraphy, with alternating dark organic layers and overlying soil material, we hypothesised that the pit was used as a latrine. Using multi-element analysis, we were able to distinguish between the geological background and the anthropogenic pit fill. High concentrations of organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as zinc, calcium and lead, show that the pit was used for waste disposal. Following Δ⁵-sterol, stanol and bile acid analyses, we found signatures related to the presence of herbivore (horse, ruminant) and omnivore (pig, human) faeces. The exclusive use of the pit as a latrine could be ruled out, as human faecal indicators were only found in one pit layer. We also found evidence of coinjection of faeces and undigested animal and plant tissues. The plant material recovered may have been used to cover the faeces. The presence of animal tissues was indicative of the disposal of slaughterhouse waste (stuffed intestines) generated during food preparation. Our study points the way for future investigations, as archaeological information can be found even in pits without macroscopic finds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape and subsistence in NW Iberia during the Middle Palaeolithic (MIS3): Faunal analysis of Cova Eirós (Triacastela, Galicia, Spain)","authors":"Hugo Bal-García ,&nbsp;Iván Rey-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Arturo de Lombera-Hermida ,&nbsp;Mikel Díaz-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Carlos Fernández-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Xosé Pedro Rodríguez-Álvarez ,&nbsp;Ramón Fábregas Valcarce","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cova Eirós is a key reference site for understanding the life of the late Neanderthal groups in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, offering an extensive Mousterian sequence with level 3 standing out due to its late chronology (c. 41 ka cal BP). Its significant zooarchaeological record is a valuable source of information when attempting to reconstruct the environment in which these late Neanderthals lived. In this study, we propose a comprehensive analysis of the macrofaunal and small vertebrates record from the aforementioned level 3 to expand our knowledge of its faunal spectrum and how it was exploited by the various agents that occupied the cave. We also conducted a paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental study employing the Bioclimatic Model and Habitat Weighting methods to reconstruct the conditions in which Neanderthal hunter-gatherers lived. The study has identified 31 taxa (NISP = 3746), with a particular emphasis on the exploitation of <em>Cervus elaphus</em> and <em>Ursus spelaeus</em>, as well as evidence of carnivores contributing smaller ungulates. The environmental reconstruction reflects a colder and slightly less humid climate, dominated by forests interspersed with open spaces. These data serve as an example of the tendency of Mousterian groups to occupy refuge areas along the Cantabrian Mountains, demonstrating that Neanderthal presence in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula during the final phase of the Mousterian took place under favourable climatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortuary practices in Late Bronze Age Cyprus: Demographic and taphonomic insights from two tombs in Limassol","authors":"Gkampriella Selempa ,&nbsp;Katerina Papanikolaou ,&nbsp;Rogiros Christodoulou ,&nbsp;Efthymia Nikita","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores mortuary practices of the Late Bronze Age (Late Cypriot), focusing on the demographic and taphonomic analysis of human skeletal remains discovered in two tombs in Limassol, Cyprus. These tombs featured multiple burials and a variety of grave goods that suggest an elite status for the deceased. The results supported inclusive burial practices, whereby all age groups and both sexes shared the burial space. Although tentative, these results also appear to support that infants and young children were initially buried in separate parts of the chamber tombs before being relocated within the tomb. In contrast, older children and adolescents received the same treatment as adults, sometimes being secondarily relocated inside the tombs and others left undisturbed. Information from the excavation diaries shows the repeated use of the tombs and the interaction between the deceased and the living in the form of piling the bodies from earlier interments to make room for new ones, as well as arranging selected crania in certain ways. However, the taphonomic study has not identified any other evidence of intentional post-mortem body manipulation. In addition, the good representation of all skeletal elements, which largely matches anticipated patterns from undisturbed contexts, supports that neither were bodies and/or body parts removed from the tomb after their initial burial, nor were bodies/body parts initially deposited elsewhere being transported into these tombs. The observed secondary treatment of the bodies inside the chamber tombs reveals a complex relationship between the living and the dead, fostering a connection with the ancestors and possibly highlighting a lineage-based collective identity. Future research of the grave goods and additional bioarchaeological parameters (diet, mechanical and physiological stress, biological kinship), coupled with a refined dating of the different strata of each tomb, should yield further important insights.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goldworking in Mycenaean Thessaly: Technological study of the gold objects from the four tholos tombs in the Bay of Volos","authors":"Maria F. Guerra","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A first comprehensive analytical study of Mycenaean goldworking in the context of the Bay of Volos is offered based on over 165 gold items from the four tholos tombs excavated at Dimini and Volos, including the tomb of Kazanaki found intact. Using XRF, PIXE, optical microscopy, SEM and radiography, this work investigates the composition of the alloys and the production techniques used in this significant region of Thessaly. The results indicate regional workshop practices, with uniform production techniques and consistent alloys, artificially produced likely using alluvial gold. The standardised gold sheet funerary ornaments showing no wear were produced in batches. The objects showing signs of wear were made with the same type of alloys but using different technologies, suggesting that the gold sheets may have been supplied by centralised workshops. To explore the potential influence of cross-cultural exchange, a comparative analysis with objects from the Argolid was conducted. The 34 gold items analysed in this work and data published in previous studies reveal distinct differences in alloy composition and production processes. At Prosymna, the reddish-toned gold beads, some repaired, may reflect either direct trade or regional adaptation influenced by external, perhaps Egyptian, aesthetic and skill. Despite some similarities in goldworking practices across Mycenaean and Egyptian workshops, Egyptian objects show unique features, such as the presence of visible PGE inclusions, the use of hard-soldering techniques and a broader range of gold hues, which highlight the regional specificity of Mycenaean goldworking traditions, particularly in the Bay of Volos.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscapes of (dis)connection: Modelling connectivity in west Samos with least cost path analysis","authors":"Michael Loy","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores connectivity in west Samos, an island whose landscape was defined by steep topography and which was largely inaccessibly by sea in the winter months. The first part of this paper reviews bibliographic, cartographic, ethnographic and archaeological evidence for terrestrial connectivity, while the second applies least cost path analysis to investigate possible routes between five key sites in southwest Samos to five key sites in the northwest. The GIS-rendered routes are compared to the field data to further explore the finer details of pathfinding and environment. All data types indicate the importance of route-making along two major river courses, the Megalo Rema and the Fourniotiko. Early Modern travelogues, ethnographic interviews, and maps all highlight the importance of seasonal waterways for cutting through areas of steep slope gradient. Both in exploratory hikes taken by the author and in GIS modelling, the Megalo Rema is deemed to be the more effective waterway for connecting south to north, while the construction of the island’s modern road network largely deviates from the calculated least cost routes. Anisotropic modelling is also employed to estimate travel times along the least cost paths. It is suggested that a return journey by foot or donkey is possible between the two sides of the island in one day, but that travel by loaded cart would have been impractical in most situations. These findings contribute to broader debates on island connectivity in the Aegean, emphasising the role of terrestrial pathways in supplementing maritime networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Storage story: Investigating food surplus and agricultural methods in Late Ubaid Gurga Chiya (Iraqi Kurdistan)","authors":"Karolina Joka ,&nbsp;Lara González Carretero ,&nbsp;Dorian Q Fuller ,&nbsp;Patrick Roberts ,&nbsp;Robert Carter ,&nbsp;David Wengrow","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The world’s earliest documented transition from village to urban life took place in Mesopotamia during the fourth millennium BCE. In order to recognize the steps leading to this process, archaeologists have long focused on the development of village life in the preceding ‘Ubaid period, corresponding broadly to the 5th millennium BCE. Our research aims to contribute to this ongoing process by presenting new evidence pertaining to changes in agricultural methods and the organization of food surplus from a site of the Late ‘Ubaid period called Gurga Chiya, located in the Sharizor Plain of Iraqi Kurdistan. Excavation of the mid to late 5th millennium BCE sequence at Gurga Chiya led to the discovery of an architectural complex with partially preserved pisé walls, most likely corresponding to a “tripartite” form of domestic building that appears widely characteristic of contemporaneous sites elsewhere in the Southwest Asia, from southeastern Turkey to central Iraq. One of the preserved rooms appears to have been used as a storage area for plant-based foods, as indicated by dense deposits of archaeobotanical remains, especially lentils and cereals. In this paper, we combine archaeological, architectural and archaeobotanical analysis to investigate the relationship between food storage and domestic economy at Gurga Chiya. These methods are supplemented by stable isotope analysis of Δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values from preserved grains at Gurga Chiya and from the adjacent, Late Neolithic site Tepe Marani, and provides a diachronic perspective on changes in the methods used for cultivating crops. The limited data acquired from Tepe Marani and Gurga Chiya seem consistent with a gradual shift towards lower inputs per unit area – thus more extensive cultivation regimes – over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105093"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovering the dietary practices of pre-Hispanic Quito-Ecuador: Consumption of ancient starchy foods during distinct chronological periods (3500 – 750 cal BP)","authors":"Roberto Ordoñez-Araque ,&nbsp;Martha Romero-Bastidas ,&nbsp;Eric Dyrdahl ,&nbsp;Juliana Criollo-Feijoo ,&nbsp;Andres Mosquera ,&nbsp;Luis Ramos-Guerrero ,&nbsp;Paul Vargas-Jentzsch ,&nbsp;Carlos Montalvo-Puente ,&nbsp;Jenny Ruales","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food, as a central component of everyday life, is a key aspect of identity and development for all societies. Understanding ancient culinary practices is valuable for myriad reasons, including analyses of health in earlier populations and the potential recovery of ancestral strategies that might help combat food insecurity. In Ecuador, beyond a relatively robust body of research on early subsistence activities for some regions, there has been limited application of paleobotanical methods. This study aims to help change this situation for Quito through the identification of ancient starch adhered to ceramic vessels and stone tools recovered from three sites representing three distinct moments in time during a roughly 2,750-year period (3500 – 750 cal BP). A protocol was carried out to recover starch granules, which were later identified using optical microscopy. The main findings included the identification of starch granules from potato, manioc, maize, legumes/beans, peach palm, ullucu, mashua, oca, achira, yam, sweet potato, arrowroot, and chili pepper. Additionally, various food processing methods used for the preparation of these foods were identified. In terms of diachronic patterns, this research revealed significant ubiquity of starch from potato, manioc, maize, and sweet potato throughout the defined period. A comparison with stable isotope data suggests that while the percentage of the diet represented by each of these plants likely varied over time, these species formed part of the nucleus of a lengthy culinary tradition that largely has been lost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105097"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the behavioural significance of the Aterian coarse-grained lithic assemblages: Insights from use-wear analysis of Rhafas Cave, Northeast Morocco","authors":"Youssef Djellal ,&nbsp;Abdeljalil Bouzouggar ,&nbsp;El Hassan Talbi ,&nbsp;Benoit Longet ,&nbsp;Noufel Ghayati ,&nbsp;Antonella Pedergnana ,&nbsp;João Marreiros","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent discoveries have shown that <em>Homo sapiens</em> has a Pan-African origin, and North Africa has been an important region for the development and expansion of its biological and cultural traits. Early manifestations of <em>Homo sapiens</em> complex behaviour in North Africa are tied to the emergence of the Aterian culture around 150 ka BP. The Aterian repertoire includes stone, bone, and ivory tools, vegetal, animal and marine remains, as well as pigment and perforated shells for symbolic expressions. Within this cultural package, investigating the typo-technological variability observed in the stone tool assemblage is crucial to better understanding the emergence and development of <em>Homo sapiens</em> behaviour. However, the latter can only be fully reconstructed when complemented with the study of the tools’ function.</div><div>Use-wear studies on Aterian lithics are very limited including coarse-grained materials despite their abundance in several Aterian sequences. This study presents the results of the use-wear analysis on the quartzite assemblage from the Aterian sequence of Rhafas cave. A use-wear experimental reference collection was created, against which the diagnostic use-wear on archaeological artefacts was compared. Sequential experiments demonstrated the dynamic performance and suitability of quartzite tools when subjected to mechanical stress during working of different materials.</div><div>The analysis of the archaeological assemblage, guided by the experimental reference collection, revealed diagnostic use-wear associated with wood and bone working.</div><div>In sum, our study shows the suitability, and the complementary role of quartzite tools in the technological versatility of the Aterian groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing lead isotopes for tracing the source of copper-coated steatite beads from the south Levantine Chalcolithic period","authors":"Yehudit Harlavan ,&nbsp;Naomi Porat ,&nbsp;Uri Davidovich","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on the use of copper during the Late Chalcolithic (LC), the first metal-bearing era in the southern Levant, has hitherto neglected an important component – copper-coated steatite beads, uncovered in multiple LC sites and contexts. In this study, we conducted a multifaceted study of green and off-white beads found in 1960 in the Cave of Skulls (Judean Desert, Israel), where the largest LC bead collection known to date was uncovered. For the first time, the green coating was extracted from the beads and analyzed separately. Combining scanning electron microscope and lead isotope analysis (LIA), the study shows that all beads were made of fired steatite, and some were coated with a copper mineral. The LIA results could not trace the origin of the steatite, but point to the either Faynan or Amram Valley in the Arabah Valley as likely sources of the Cu minerals. It is therefore suggested that the green beads were manufactured in two separate processes – one for the production of the steatite beads, and the other for the addition of the copper coating, each taking place in a different location. Tracing the Cu-mineral coating process to the Arabah sheds further light on economic connections between south Levantine sedentary and mobile groups during the late fifth millennium BCE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of obsidian exploitation in the later prehistory of eastern Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East)","authors":"Yaroslav V. Kuzmin ,&nbsp;Michael D. Glascock ,&nbsp;Sergei N. Chaukin ,&nbsp;Varvara A. Chaukina ,&nbsp;Nikolai A. Krenke ,&nbsp;Maria M. Pevzner","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obsidian artefacts from archaeological sites in two regions of Kamchatka Peninsula were analysed by the XRF method (66 samples). The chronology of the cultural complexes was established by radiocarbon dating and the tephra layers as markers. The Least Cost Path (LCP) method was used to understand better the scale of obsidian exchange and the complexity of its transportation. It was found that obsidian from six primary sources was exploited by ancient sedentary natives of Kamchatka. The largest share (49.2 %) belongs to the KAM-7 source (Belogolovaya River, part of the Ichinsky cluster). The content of obsidian from other sources is 30.8 % for KAM-1, 9.2 % for KAM-3 (Itkavayam Volcano), 6.2 % for KAM-4, 3.1 % for KAM-2, and 1.5 % for KAM-5 (Payalpan Volcano). For cultural layers older than ca. 1650 BP, obsidian from all six sources was used; for cultural strata younger than ca. 1650 BP, four sources are identified. At the sites dated to the sixteenth − seventeenth centuries AD, obsidian from two sources was exploited. Based on the current and previous analyses of the provenance of obsidian artefacts, it is established that large-scale exchange networks existed on Kamchatka since the late Upper Palaeolithic (ca. 17,500–11,500 cal BP) to later prehistory (ca. 6800–400 cal BP), and finally until European contact. The results of LCP modelling demonstrate that obsidian was transported over a distances of up to ca. 300–400 km, and in some cases up to ca. 600 km, mainly by river valleys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 105150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}