Sociological Methodology最新文献

{"title":"Estimating Income Statistics from Grouped Data: Mean-constrained Integration over Brackets","authors":"P. Jargowsky, Christopher A. Wheeler","doi":"10.1177/0081175018782579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175018782579","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers studying income inequality, economic segregation, and other subjects must often rely on grouped data—that is, data in which thousands or millions of observations have been reduced to counts of units by specified income brackets. The distribution of households within the brackets is unknown, and highest incomes are often included in an open-ended top bracket, such as “$200,000 and above.” Common approaches to this estimation problem include calculating midpoint estimators with an assumed Pareto distribution in the top bracket and fitting a flexible multiple-parameter distribution to the data. The authors describe a new method, mean-constrained integration over brackets (MCIB), that is far more accurate than those methods using only the bracket counts and the overall mean of the data. On the basis of an analysis of 297 metropolitan areas, MCIB produces estimates of the standard deviation, Gini coefficient, and Theil index that are correlated at 0.997, 0.998, and 0.991, respectively, with the parameters calculated from the underlying individual record data. Similar levels of accuracy are obtained for percentiles of the distribution and the shares of income by quintiles of the distribution. The technique can easily be extended to other distributional parameters and inequality statistics.","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"48 1","pages":"337 - 374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175018782579","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46483285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Intergenerational Elasticity of What? The Case for Redefining the Workhorse Measure of Economic Mobility","authors":"Pablo A. Mitnik, D. Grusky","doi":"10.1177/0081175019886613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175019886613","url":null,"abstract":"The intergenerational elasticity (IGE) has been assumed to refer to the expectation of children’s income when in fact it pertains to the geometric mean of children’s income. We show that mobility analyses based on the conventional IGE have been widely misinterpreted, are subject to selection bias, and cannot disentangle the different channels for transmitting economic status across generations. The solution to these problems—estimating the IGE of expected income or earnings—returns the field to what it has long meant to estimate. Under this approach, intergenerational persistence is found to be substantially higher, thus raising the possibility that the field’s stock results are misleading.","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"50 1","pages":"47 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175019886613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47416330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Item Location, the Interviewer–Respondent Interaction, and Responses to Battery Questions in Telephone Surveys","authors":"Kristen Olson, Jolene D Smyth, Beth Cochran","doi":"10.1177/0081175018778299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175018778299","url":null,"abstract":"Survey researchers often ask a series of attitudinal questions with a common question stem and response options, known as battery questions. Interviewers have substantial latitude in deciding how to administer these items, including whether to reread the common question stem on items after the first one or to probe respondents’ answers. Despite the ubiquity of use of these items, there is virtually no research on whether respondent and interviewer behaviors on battery questions differ over items in a battery or whether interview behaviors are associated with answers to these questions. This article uses a nationally representative telephone survey with audio-recorded interviews and randomized placement of items within four different batteries to examine interviewer and respondent behaviors and respondent answers in battery questions. Using cross-classified random-effects models, the authors find strong evidence that there is more interviewer–respondent interaction on items asked earlier in the battery. In addition, interviewer and respondent behaviors are associated with both substantive and nonsubstantive answers provided to battery items, especially if the interviewer decided to reread or probe with the response options. These results suggest that survey designers should follow recommendations to randomize battery items and consider the importance of standardization of question administration when designing battery questions.","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"48 1","pages":"225 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175018778299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49645804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Relationship between Time-varying Covariates and Trajectories: The Sequence Analysis Multistate Model Procedure","authors":"M. Studer, E. Struffolino, A. Fasang","doi":"10.1177/0081175017747122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175017747122","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between processes and time-varying covariates is of central theoretical interest in addressing many social science research questions. On the one hand, event history analysis (EHA) has been the chosen method to study these kinds of relationships when the outcomes can be meaningfully specified as simple instantaneous events or transitions. On the other hand, sequence analysis (SA) has made increasing inroads into the social sciences to analyze trajectories as holistic “process outcomes.” We propose an original combination of these two approaches called the sequence analysis multistate model (SAMM) procedure. The SAMM procedure allows the study of the relationship between time-varying covariates and trajectories of categorical states specified as process outcomes that unfold over time. The SAMM is a stepwise procedure: (1) SA-related methods are used to identify ideal-typical patterns of changes within trajectories obtained by considering the sequence of states over a predefined time span; (2) multistate event history models are estimated to study the probability of transitioning from a specific state to such ideal-typical patterns. The added value of the SAMM procedure is illustrated through an example from life-course sociology on how (1) time-varying family status is associated with women’s employment trajectories in East and West Germany and (2) how German reunification affected these trajectories in the two subsocieties.","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"48 1","pages":"103 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175017747122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42422241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Moderated Causal Effects with Time-varying Treatments and Time-varying Moderators: Structural Nested Mean Models and Regression with Residuals.","authors":"Geoffrey T Wodtke,&nbsp;Daniel Almirall","doi":"10.1177/0081175017701180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175017701180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals differ in how they respond to a particular treatment or exposure, and social scientists are often interested in understanding how treatment effects are moderated by observed characteristics of individuals. Effect moderation occurs when individual covariates dampen or amplify the effect of some exposure. This article focuses on estimating moderated causal effects in longitudinal settings where both the treatment and effect moderator vary over time. Effect moderation is typically examined using covariate by treatment interactions in regression analyses, but in the longitudinal setting, this approach may be problematic because time-varying moderators of future treatment may be affected by prior treatment-for example, moderators may also be mediators-and naively conditioning on an outcome of treatment in a conventional regression model can lead to bias. This article introduces to sociology moderated intermediate causal effects and the structural nested mean model for analyzing effect moderation in the longitudinal setting. It discusses problems with conventional regression and presents a new approach to estimation that avoids these problems (regression-with-residuals). The method is illustrated using longitudinal data from the PSID to examine whether the effects of time-varying exposures to poor neighborhoods on the risk of adolescent childbearing are moderated by time-varying family income.</p>","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"47 1","pages":"212-245"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175017701180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35786320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rejoinder: DyNAMs and the Grounds for Actor-oriented Network Event Models","authors":"Christoph Stadtfeld, James Hollway, Per Block","doi":"10.1177/0081175017733457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175017733457","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic Event Processes in Social Networks. Karlsruhe, Germany: KIT Scientific. Tranmer, M., C. S. Marcum, F. B. Morton, D. P. Croft, and S. R. de Kort. 2015. “Using the Relational Event Model (REM) to Investigate the Temporal Dynamics of Animal Social Networks.” Animal Behaviour 101:99–105. Vu, D., A. Lomi, D. Mascia, and F. Pallotti. 2017. “Relational Event Models for Longitudinal Network Data with an Application to Interhospital Patient Transfers.” Statistics in Medicine 36(14):2265–87. Vu, D., P. Pattison, and G. Robins. 2015. “Relational Event Models for Social Learning in MOOCs.” Social Networks 43:121–35.","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"47 1","pages":"56 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175017733457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47492980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prologue","authors":"Christoph Stadtfeld, James Hollway","doi":"10.1177/0081175017730075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175017730075","url":null,"abstract":"This is the second volume of Sociological Methodology (SM) under my editorship. The work presented here spanned several years in that some of the papers were initially reviewed and/or accepted under previous editors. Most of the contributions included here exemplify the principle articulated by Jim Davis in the epigraph to the dedication, that the focus of substantive interests of sociologists may be capricious, but their methods are cumulative. This is apparent from the papers published here, which cover a broad range of methodological problems and are grounded in prior innovations and extend that work. We have organized the material in the present volume into seven major sections: (1) a symposium on dynamic network models, (2) more on social network models, (3) multiplicative models for continuous dependent variables, (4) causal inference, (5) decomposing segregation, (6) survey measurement, and (7) data visualization.","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"47 1","pages":"xvi - xxv"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175017730075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46960512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment: Modeling of Coordination, Rate Functions, and Missing Ordering Information","authors":"T. Snijders","doi":"10.1177/0081175017723346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175017723346","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"47 1","pages":"41 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175017723346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42549764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplicative Models For Continuous Dependent Variables: Estimation on Unlogged versus Logged Form","authors":"Trond Petersen","doi":"10.1177/0081175017730108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175017730108","url":null,"abstract":"In regression analysis with a continuous and positive dependent variable, a multiplicative relationship between the unlogged dependent variable and the independent variables is often specified. It can then be estimated on its unlogged or logged form. The two procedures may yield major differences in estimates, even opposite signs. The reason is that estimation on the unlogged form yields coefficients for the relative arithmetic mean of the unlogged dependent variable, whereas estimation on the logged form gives coefficients for the relative geometric mean for the unlogged dependent variable (or for absolute differences in the arithmetic mean of the logged dependent variable). Estimated coefficients from the two forms may therefore vary widely, because of their different foci, relative arithmetic versus relative geometric means. The first goal of this article is to explain why major divergencies in coefficients can occur. Although well understood in the statistical literature, this is not widely understood in sociological research, and it is hence of significant practical interest. The second goal is to derive conditions under which divergencies will not occur, where estimation on the logged form will give unbiased estimators for relative arithmetic means. First, it derives the necessary and sufficient conditions for when estimation on the logged form will give unbiased estimators for the parameters for the relative arithmetic mean. This requires not only that there is arithmetic mean independence of the unlogged error term but that there is also geometric mean independence. Second, it shows that statistical independence of the error terms on regressors implies that there is both arithmetic and geometric mean independence for the error terms, and it is hence a sufficient condition for absence of bias. Third, it shows that although statistical independence is a sufficient condition, it is not a necessary one for lack of bias. Fourth, it demonstrates that homoskedasticity of error terms is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for absence of bias. Fifth, it shows that in the semi-logarithmic specification, for a logged error term with the same qualitative distributional shape at each value of independent variables (e.g., normal), arithmetic mean independence, but heteroskedasticity, estimation on the logged form will give biased estimators for the parameters for the arithmetic mean (whereas with homoskedasticity, and for this case thus statistical independence, estimators are unbiased, from the second result above).","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"47 1","pages":"113 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175017730108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44293645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Reporting of First Employment in the Life-courses of U.S. Women.","authors":"Rachel M Shattuck,&nbsp;Michael S Rendall","doi":"10.1177/0081175017723397","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0081175017723397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigate the accuracy of young women's retrospective reporting on their first substantial employment in three major, nationally-representative United States surveys, examining hypotheses that longer recall duration, employment histories with lower salience and higher complexity, and an absence of \"anchoring\" biographical details will adversely affect reporting accuracy. We compare retrospective reports to benchmark panel survey estimates for the same cohorts. We find that sociodemographic groups-notably non-Hispanic White women and women with college-educated mothers-whose early employment histories at these ages are in aggregate more complex (multiple jobs) and lower in salience (more part-time jobs), are more likely to omit the occurrence of their first substantial job or employment, and to misreport their first job or employment as occurring at an older age. We also find that retrospective reports are skewed towards overreporting longer, therefore more salient, later jobs over shorter, earlier jobs. The relatively small magnitudes of differences, however, indicate that the retrospective questions nevertheless capture these summary indicators of first substantial employment reasonably accurately. Moreover, these differences are especially small for groups of women who are more likely to experience labor-market disadvantage, and for women with early births.</p>","PeriodicalId":48140,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Methodology","volume":"47 1","pages":"307-344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0081175017723397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37390991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}