{"title":"Simulating procedural discovery in early language acquisition: Domain-general cognition with contextual learning","authors":"Yang Ji, Jacolien van Rij, Niels Taatgen","doi":"10.1017/s0305000925100159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0305000925100159","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a simulation study based on a cognitive architecture that unifies various early language acquisition phenomena in laboratory and naturalistic settings. The model adaptively learns procedures through trial-and-error using general-purpose operators, guided by learned contextual associations to optimise future performance. For laboratory-based studies, simulated preferential focusing explains the delayed behavioural onset of statistical learning and the possible age-related decrease in algebraic processing. These findings suggest a link to continuous, implicit learning rather than explicit strategy acquisition. Moreover, procedures are not static but can evolve over time, and multiple plausible procedures may emerge for a given task. Besides, the same model provides a proof-of-concept for word-level phonological learning from naturalistic infant-directed speech, demonstrating how age-related processing efficiency may influence learning trajectories implicated in typical and atypical early language development. Furthermore, the artile discusses the broader implications for modelling other aspects of real-world language acquisition.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144677336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adina Camelia Bleotu, Mara Panaitescu, Gabriela Bîlbîie, Alexandre Cremers, Andreea Cristina Nicolae, Anton Benz, Lyn Tieu
{"title":"Does hearing “and” help children understand “or”? Insights into scales and relevance from the acquisition of disjunction in child Romanian","authors":"Adina Camelia Bleotu, Mara Panaitescu, Gabriela Bîlbîie, Alexandre Cremers, Andreea Cristina Nicolae, Anton Benz, Lyn Tieu","doi":"10.1017/s0305000925100068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0305000925100068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Children are known to derive more implicatures when the required alternative is made salient through contrast or when it is made contextually relevant through a story or a Question Under Discussion. We investigated the exclusivity implicature of three disjunctions (<span>sau</span> “or”, <span>sau… sau</span>, and <span>fie…fie</span> “either…or”) in child Romanian, an understudied language in the previous literature. Three experiments reveal that the mere presence of the stronger alternative, that is, simply hearing unrelated conjunctive statements in the course of the experiment, is not enough to boost implicatures. Rather, implicatures increase as a result of both access to alternatives and contextual relevance (expressed through conjunctive questions such as <span>Did the hen push the train and the boat?</span>). Interestingly, the boost in implicatures was observed only for <span>sau</span>-based disjunctions, not for <span>fie…fie</span>, which we conjecture may be due to children treating the latter as ambiguous between disjunction and conjunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acoustic characteristics of stop consonants in Vietnamese children and adults","authors":"Tam Minh Nguyen-Phuoc, Sue Ann S. Lee","doi":"10.1017/s0305000925100123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0305000925100123","url":null,"abstract":"The current study characterized voice onset time (VOT) and vowel onset fundamental frequency (F0) in the production of three Vietnamese alveolar stops (i.e. /t̪ʰ/, /t/, and /d/) by monolingual Vietnamese children and adults. Eighty Vietnamese children aged 3–7 years and 16 adults aged 22–44 years participated in this study. Unlike speakers of other languages with a three-way voicing contrast, Vietnamese children were able to produce distinct categories for the three Vietnamese stop categories by 3 years of age. However, differences in vowel onset F0 among the three voicing categories were not significant in any age group. These findings enhance our understanding of how Vietnamese children acquire three-way voicing contrast in stop production and offer broader insights into stop consonant acquisition across languages.","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":"82 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144594492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spoken or sung? Examining word learning in child-directed speech and in song","authors":"Mackensie Blair, Lindsay Hawtof, Giovanna Morini","doi":"10.1017/s0305000925100081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0305000925100081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study examines whether presenting words in song versus spoken sentences can lead to differences in word learning in 47–50-month-old children. This work extends previous findings on this topic and evaluates whether the location of pitch changes within the song may contribute to how well the words are learned. Using a Preferential Looking Paradigm, 32 children were taught the names of objects, either in spoken sentences or in a song that followed an unfamiliar melody. In both conditions, the novel word was emphasized by a pitch change. Looking patterns indicated that children learned the names of the novel items better when the words were trained in the spoken sentence compared to the song condition. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of word learning, and how differences in the characteristics between speech and song may relate to variability in how well new words are acquired.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wensi Zhang, Padraic Monaghan, Sophie Bennett, Patrick Rebuschat
{"title":"Children's simultaneous or successive acquisition of vocabulary and grammar: Evidence from cross-situational learning.","authors":"Wensi Zhang, Padraic Monaghan, Sophie Bennett, Patrick Rebuschat","doi":"10.1017/S0305000925100135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000925100135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent evidence from cross-situational learning (CSL) studies have shown that adult learners can acquire words and grammar simultaneously when sentences of the novel language co-occur with dynamic scenes to which they refer. Syntactic bootstrapping accounts suggest that grammatical knowledge may help scaffold vocabulary acquisition by constraining possible meanings, thus, for children, words and grammar may be acquired at different rates. Twenty children (ages 8 to 9) were exposed in a CSSL study to an artificial language comprising nouns, verbs, and case markers occurring within a verb-final grammatical structure. Children acquired syntax (i.e., word order) effectively, but we found no evidence of vocabulary learning, whereas previous adult studies showed learning of both from similar input. Grammatical information may thus be available early for children, to help constrain and support later vocabulary learning. We propose that gradual maturation of declarative memory systems may result in more effective vocabulary learning in adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chinese mothers use idioms in shared book reading: A predictor for children's Chinese vocabulary growth?","authors":"Junyi Yang, Vibeke Grøver, Joshua F Lawrence","doi":"10.1017/S0305000924000266","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0305000924000266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Idioms play an important role in language; however, little research has examined idioms in children's natural language settings. This study explored idioms usage in maternal talk during mother-child shared book reading and its relation to children's vocabulary development. Thirty-three Chinese children in Norway (aged 3;0-5;5) and their mothers participated. We observed shared reading at the onset of the study and assessed children's receptive and expressive vocabulary in Chinese three times across one year. Results demonstrated that mothers used an average of 1.8 idioms and explained one-third of the idioms. Maternal idiom usage was correlated with their talk amount and lexical diversity. Individual growth modeling revealed that the number of idioms mothers used predicted the growth of children's receptive vocabulary in Chinese. We speculate that idiom usage could be an effective and understudied marker of parental linguistic sophistication. This study underscores the importance of idiom exposure in children's language environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":" ","pages":"918-944"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A cross-linguistic examination of young children's everyday language experiences.","authors":"John Bunce, Melanie Soderstrom, Elika Bergelson, Celia Rosemberg, Alejandra Stein, Florencia Alam, Maia Julieta Migdalek, Marisa Casillas","doi":"10.1017/S030500092400028X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S030500092400028X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present an exploratory cross-linguistic analysis of the quantity of target-child-directed speech and adult-directed speech in North American English (US & Canadian), United Kingdom English, Argentinian Spanish, Tseltal (Tenejapa, Mayan), and Yélî Dnye (Rossel Island, Papuan), using annotations from 69 children aged 2-36 months. Using a novel methodological approach, our cross-linguistic and cross-cultural findings support prior work suggesting that target-child-directed speech quantities are stable across early development, while adult-directed speech decreases. A preponderance of speech from women was found to a similar degree across groups, with less target-child-directed speech from men and children in the North American samples than elsewhere. Consistently across groups, children also heard more adult-directed than target-child-directed speech. Finally, the numbers of talkers present in any given clip strongly impacted children's moment-to-moment input quantities. These findings illustrate how the structure of home life impacts patterns of early language exposure across diverse developmental contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":" ","pages":"786-814"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Late Talkers can generalise trained labels by object shape similarities, but not unfamiliar labels.","authors":"Cecilia Zuniga-Montanez, Andrea Krott","doi":"10.1017/S0305000924000163","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0305000924000163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Late talkers (LTs) exhibit delayed vocabulary development, which might stem from a lack of a typical word learning strategy to generalise object labels by shape, called the 'shape bias'. We investigated whether LTs can acquire a shape bias and whether this accelerates vocabulary learning. Fourteen LTs were randomly allocated to either a shape training group (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 2.76 years, 6 males), which was taught that objects similar in shape have the same name, or a control group (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 2.61 years, 4 males), which was taught real words without any focus on object shape. After seven training sessions, children in the shape training group generalised trained labels by shape (<i>d</i> = 1.28), but not unfamiliar labels. Children in the control group extended all labels randomly. Training did not affect expressive vocabulary.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":" ","pages":"815-838"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabel Martín-González, Camilo R Ronderos, Elena Castroviejo, Kristen Schroeder, Ingrid Lossius-Falkum, Agustín Vicente
{"title":"That kid is a grasshopper! Metaphor development from 3 to 9 years of age.","authors":"Isabel Martín-González, Camilo R Ronderos, Elena Castroviejo, Kristen Schroeder, Ingrid Lossius-Falkum, Agustín Vicente","doi":"10.1017/S0305000924000187","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0305000924000187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two major trends on children's skills to comprehend metaphors have governed the literature on the subject: the <i>literal stage</i> hypothesis vs. the <i>early birds</i> hypothesis (Falkum, 2022). We aim to contribute to this debate by testing children's capability to comprehend novel metaphors ('X is a Y') in Spanish with a child-friendly, picture selection task, while also tracking their gaze. Further, given recent findings on the development of metonymy comprehension suggesting a U-shaped developmental curve for this phenomenon (Köder & Falkum, 2020), we aimed to determine the shape of the developmental trajectory of novel metaphor comprehension, and to explore how both types of data (picture selection and gaze behavior) relate to each other. Our results suggest a linear developmental trajectory with 6-year-olds significantly succeeding in picture selection and consistently looking at the metaphorical target even after question onset.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":" ","pages":"945-970"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140913135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Understanding to Mindreading: The Role of Scenario Comprehension and Verbal Demand on Theory of Mind.","authors":"Teresa Facchetti,Gianna Cocchini,Evelyne Mercure","doi":"10.1017/s030500092510010x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s030500092510010x","url":null,"abstract":"While a role of language in the development of Theory of Mind (ToM) is well established, the interplay with a child's ability to understand structured scenarios remains unclear. A new scale (Pictorial Theory of Mind Scale), assessing true and false belief comprehension at different levels of linguistic complexity, was used to explore language effects on ToM while accounting for scenario comprehension. Thirty-nine children (aged 4-6 years; 53.8% female) participated in this study. Results showed that 46.8% of 4- to 6-year-olds can understand false beliefs from picture-based scenarios with limited language output. Both language and scenario comprehension contributed to ToM in first-order false beliefs, whereas only scenario comprehension predicted true beliefs. In contrast, only language predicted second-order false beliefs, highlighting their different roles in ToM development.","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}