Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Outcomes of pharmacist-led patient education on oral anticoagulant therapy: A scoping review.","authors":"Ahmed A A Omer, Ikhwan Yuda Kusuma, Dezső Csupor, Péter Doró","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are commonly used to prevent and treat thromboembolism and stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Vitamin K antagonist (VKAs) and direct oral anticoagulant (DOACs) therapies are challenging because of the possible risk of bleeding. Patient education by pharmacists could be beneficial for reducing the risk of adverse effects and improving therapeutic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This scoping review aimed to investigate the outcomes of pharmacist-led patient education interventions regarding VKAs and DOACs therapies.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were used following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines to identify articles published between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2024. The data were synthesized using Rayyan AI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1102 records were identified. After title and abstract screening, 77 studies were selected for full-text review, and 57 articles were ultimately included. The percentages of studies that examined VKAs, DOACs, and both (OACs) were 66.7 %, 19.3 %, and 14.0 %, respectively. At least one statistically significant outcome was detected in 81.6 % (31 out of 38) of the studies on VKAs, 36.4 % (4 out of 11) of the studies on DOACs and 50 % (4 out of 8) of the studies on OACs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review revealed that pharmacist-led patient education was particularly effective in cases of VKAs, while the outcomes in cases of DOACs were modest. Moreover, while the role of pharmacists in patient education on VKAs has been widely studied, limited research has focused on the effect of pharmacist-led education on DOACs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and implementation of a risk-adapted, longitudinal, theory-driven medication adherence intervention: A protocol for a multi-phasic, hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial.","authors":"Benyam Muluneh, Maurlia Upchurch, Bethel Belayneh, Emily Mackler, Ashley Leak Bryant, William A Wood, Marcella H Boynton, Stephanie B Wheeler, Leah L Zullig, Jennifer Elston Lafata","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing use of targeted oral anticancer agents (OAAs) has transformed cancer treatment, yet patient adherence in real-world settings remains suboptimal. This protocol outlines a multi-phasic, hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial designed to develop, implement, and evaluate a risk-adapted, longitudinal medication adherence intervention for patients prescribed OAAs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Drawing on social cognitive theory, intervention mapping, and implementation science, the study aims to address barriers at cognitive, behavioral, and environmental levels that impact adherence. Phase 1 identifies implementation barriers and refines strategies, informed by expert input and semi-structured interviews. Phase 2 incorporates patient-centered feedback to tailor a theory-driven intervention targeting adherence barriers. In Phase 3, the intervention is piloted across diverse clinical settings to assess its effectiveness and implementation feasibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This trial aims to deliver a scalable and sustainable model for adherence support, with broad implications for improving patient outcomes and integrating adherence monitoring in routine cancer care.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) in pharmacovigilance: A systematic review on predicting adverse drug reactions (ADR) in hospitalized patients.","authors":"Viola Savy Dsouza, Lada Leyens, Jestina Rachel Kurian, Angela Brand, Helmut Brand","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) significantly impact healthcare systems, leading to increased hospitalization rates and costs. With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, machine learning (ML) models offer promising solutions for ADR prediction. However, comprehensive evaluations of these models remain limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review synthesized findings from 13 studies that utilized various ML algorithms (regression-based, flexible, and ensemble models) to predict ADRs using data such as patient demographics, laboratory values, and comorbidities. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the models, and a co-authorship and keyword analysis was performed to examine collaborative networks within the field.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The included studies primarily focused on model development (77 %), with only 23 % incorporating external validation, raising concerns about generalizability across clinical contexts. Meta-analysis showed pooled sensitivity and specificity of 78.1 % and 70.6 % for development-only studies, while studies with external validation achieved higher sensitivity (81.5 %) and specificity (79.5 %). Co-authorship analysis identified 67 contributors across eight collaboration clusters, indicating a specialized but emerging research field.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings highlight the need for multifactorial models that integrate diverse predictors to improve the performance and reliability of ML-based ADR prediction. Addressing these limitations through rigorous model development and validation processes could enhance the clinical applicability of AI-driven pharmacovigilance, ultimately advancing patient safety and healthcare outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foundational concepts in Cultural-Historical Activity Theory: A missing opportunity to address challenges in pharmacy practice.","authors":"Ivana Guarrasi, Nick Hopwood, Andy Blunden, Daniel F B Wright, Megan Anakin","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This commentary outlines the theoretical underpinnings of Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and demonstrates its application to pharmacy practice. CHAT offers a comprehensive framework to address the complex challenges faced by pharmacists in an ever-evolving healthcare environment. CHAT provides pharmacy researchers with a different way of approaching and addressing practice research problems that appear to be resistant to traditional methods that may focus on cause and effect. This commentary introduces five of CHAT's foundational concepts: learning, activity, systems, culture, and change. CHAT emphasizes collective learning and the transformative potential of viewing contradictions within pharmacy practice as opportunities for innovative solutions and systemic change. By applying CHAT, pharmacists are encouraged to engage in the holistic examination of their work environments to address persistent problems and concerns. An application of CHAT in pharmacy is provided through an example where tensions arising from the introduction of electronic patient records and electronic prescribing systems were examined. This analysis shows how systemic contradictions can be leveraged to enhance pharmacist practice. A CHAT-informed solution differs from offering recommendations that involve individual-focused training to one that encompasses a wider professional development approach. By focusing on expansive learning and the co-creation of new practice models, CHAT provides a robust theoretical foundation for rethinking pharmacy practices in response to the complexities of contemporary healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic burden of acute coronary syndrome from payer perspective: In a health system following the Beveridge Model.","authors":"Layla Abdullah Mahdi, Ali Azeez Al-Jumaili, Cole G Chapman","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cost of illness (COI) studies provide crucial data to policymakers for prioritizing resource allocation, particularly in Iraq that lacks such studies. The objective of this COI study was to measure the direct medical costs for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) during hospitalization from the payer perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This multi-source hospital-based study collected data from patient medical records, healthcare providers, and hospital administration from December 2023 through January 2024. This study was conducted in a leading public cardiac hospital in Iraq, which serves a diverse patient population from across the country. The direct medical costs of ACS treatment were calculated from the payer's point of view (the Ministry of Health (MOH)) for patients admitted to the public department and from the patient's point of view for those admitted to the private department.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 70 patients; 50 in the public department and 20 in the private department. The average cost of ACS treatment during hospitalization for a single patient in the public department was Iraqi Dinar (IQD) 1,101,390 ($725). The coronary angiography/angioplasty (CAA) procedure was the largest contributor to spending, accounting for 72.12 % of total expenditures. The patients who were admitted to the private department paid IQD 864,375 ($569) per patient, on average.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study developed a pragmatic approach to calculate cost-of-illness for health systems following the Beveridge Health Model and do not have specific fees for each service. The Iraqi MOH covers all the expenses in the public department within the public hospitals. Although the patients pay fees for ACS treatment in the private department, the MOH may provide subsidized prices to reduce the actual costs.This study opens the door to study the cost of illness for other diseases in the future and informs the payers about the required budget allocation. The study methods are potentially transferable to any country utilizing the Beveridge Model for healthcare delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling facilitation complexity in community pharmacy: A pragmatic tool for implementation strategy selection.","authors":"Emma L Graham, Noelia Amador-Fernández, Shalom I Benrimoj, Fernando Martínez-Martínez, Rubén Palomo-Llinares, Julia Sánchez-Tormo, Vicente J Baixauli-Fernández, Vicente Colomer-Molina, Elena Pérez-Hoyos, Miguel Ángel Gastelurrutia, Scott Cunningham, Victoria García-Cárdenas","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pharmacy practice is becoming increasingly patient-centric with the development of community pharmacy services. Their implementation appears to be affected by causal relationships and interdependencies of determinants. To address these determinants, change agents need to select, operationalise strategies, and measure their impact. However, there is little real-world guidance on efficiently selecting strategies tailored to determinants.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aims of this study were to (1) explore the relationships between determinants and implementation strategies identified during the implementation of a Minor Ailment Service in Spanish community pharmacies and (2) develop a visual tool that links implementation strategies tailored to specific determinants for change agents to use during the facilitation process.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study employed a mixed methods approach within a three-year pragmatic type 3 hybrid effectiveness-implementation design. Data collection was facilitated by change agents, who utilised on-site and remote communication methods. The objectives of the change agents were to identify determinants, design and operationalise tailored implementation strategies. These data were documented and transformed into Sankey diagrams.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten change agents systematically documented 4236 determinant-strategy relationships in 92 pharmacies. The most common primary determinant domain they identified was \"intervention characteristics\" (n = 1843, 43.5 %). The most common secondary determinant domain was \"characteristics of the individuals involved\" (n = 3069, 72.5 %). The most common strategy category was \"other\" (n = 1808, 42.7 %). A Sankey diagram tool was developed to allow change agents to receive feedback on the effect of their strategies and select appropriate future implementation strategies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study inform the development of future visual tools for assisting change agents during the facilitation process. Sankey diagrams act as a generic and real-time tool, which will reduce the complexity inherent to the facilitation activity. This will facilitate prospective implementation researchers to plan implementation interventions and train change agents more efficiently, thereby optimising the change management process.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of rigor in pharmacy research: Challenges and solutions.","authors":"Michael R Gionfriddo, Chyna McClendon, David A Nolfi, Melissa A Kalarchian, Jordan R Covvey","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scientific rigor broadly refers to upholding basic principles within the conduct of research. Various threats associated with rigor exist in today's research environment, such as the replication crisis, the increasing prevalence of misconduct, and a loss of public trust in regulatory and educational institutions. The purpose of this commentary is to identify problems and solutions associated with research rigor, with a focus on pharmacy research. Problems exist at many levels, including within variable research training/funding, institutional pressures associated with career advancement, and norms associated with academic publishing. However, solutions are possible as methods of harm reduction, including (but not limited to) focused initiatives supporting rigor, team-based approaches to research that include diverse interested parties, and a reimagining of what constitutes value within science. Pharmacists and pharmacy researchers are called upon to uphold research rigor as a professional and ethical responsibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leadership competencies and behaviours in pharmacy: A qualitative content analysis.","authors":"Moudhi Aman, Naoko Arakawa, Claire Anderson","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Across complex healthcare systems, effective leadership rises as a cornerstone for improving patient care, promoting innovation, and maintaining a thriving professional landscape. As with most healthcare professions, pharmacists are confronted with medication complexity, changing legislation, and technological integration into healthcare delivery. Lack of leadership in a pharmacy can lead to unorganized medicine dispensing, patient care, and stagnant innovation. Effective leadership requires competencies that blend knowledge, abilities, and behaviours to achieve tasks successfully. Leadership competencies empower pharmacists to lead change in their profession and healthcare system. Despite extensive research and development in various industries, the development of pharmacy leadership competencies and frameworks is limited due to specific challenges. It is essential for the pharmacy profession to continue investing in the development of leadership competencies to drive innovation and improve patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the document analysis is to identify pharmacy leadership competencies and analyse related behaviour statements from a global perspective.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study employs an integrative review utilizing a document analysis to conduct a qualitative content analysis on various sources to identify leadership competencies and behaviours within the pharmacy sector. A systematic approach was followed by searching five electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, SCOPUS, ERIC, and Google Scholar) in addition to grey literature, policy documents and seeking experts for related documents to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant field-based literature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-eight documents were selected for analysis from the literature, most of which originated from Western countries with few representing the Middle East and African countries. Eighteen pharmacy frameworks incorporating leadership competencies were identified, two of which were healthcare frameworks encompassing pharmacists. A total of 96 competencies and 155 behaviour statements were identified from the documents. When grouped and similar competencies conjoined, 8 themes with 34 competencies emerged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The document analysis portrays a comprehensive picture of the multifaceted landscape of pharmacy leadership competencies. By exploring the eight themes, their associated competencies and behaviour statements this study offers a roadmap for pharmacists to embark on their own leadership journeys. Future research, armed with the clarity and action-oriented language of effective behaviours, can bridge the gap between leadership and tangible impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International Collaboration of Pharmacy Journal Editors (ICPJE) formally constituted to foster quality around clinical and social pharmacy practice research publications","authors":"F. Alves da Costa,&nbsp;F. Fernandez-Llimos,&nbsp;S. Desselle,&nbsp;I. Arnet,&nbsp;Z. Babar,&nbsp;C. Bond,&nbsp;M. Cordina,&nbsp;V. Garcia Cardenas,&nbsp;M.S. El Hajj,&nbsp;R. Jacobsen,&nbsp;A.V. Law,&nbsp;L.S. Nørgaard,&nbsp;C. Polidori,&nbsp;N. Shcherbakova,&nbsp;D. Stewart,&nbsp;F. Tonin,&nbsp;A.E. Weidmann","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"21 2","pages":"Pages 71-73"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why are pharmacy technicians leaving? Factors contributing to turnover intention and strategies for retention","authors":"Imelda McDermott ,&nbsp;Sarah Willis ,&nbsp;Ali Hindi ,&nbsp;Ellen Schafheutle","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.10.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.10.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pharmacy technicians play a crucial role in the healthcare system to enable pharmacists to focus on clinical services. However, a lack of recognition for their role and contribution leads to high turnover rates.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify the reasons behind pharmacy technicians leaving, or intending to leave, pharmacy practice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study used a mixed methods approach, incorporating an online survey (n = 11,762; response n = 603, 5.2 % response rate) and semi-structured interviews (n = 19) with pharmacy technicians in England. The survey was designed based on instruments used previously to explore pharmacy professionals’ career commitment, organisational commitment, job satisfaction, job stress and intention to leave. Open-ended survey texts (n = 24,410 words) were analysed using <em>Leximancer</em>, a text-mining software application. The interviews offered qualitative insights into the views and experiences of pharmacy technicians and the factors that contribute to their intention to leave practice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Career advancement opportunities for pharmacy technicians are limited, especially when compared to pharmacists in leadership positions. Organisational commitment has an impact on individual career commitment. We found significant associations between the sector pharmacy technicians work in and their intention to remain working with their current employer for two or more years, with those in general practice were most likely to remain working at their current place of employment for at least two years (N = 85,91 %) and those in community pharmacies were least likely (N = 87,71 %). Respondents were most likely to be satisfied with freedom to choose working methods (72 %) and least likely to be satisfied with the opportunity for promotion/career advancement (38 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The phenomenon of ‘occupational regret’, where negative emotions prompt employees to leave their chosen career, must be acknowledged and addressed to ensure retention. Ensuring clear role definitions, equitable remuneration, and career progression opportunities for pharmacy technicians is vital for their retention and, ultimately, the quality of patient care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"21 2","pages":"Pages 94-103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}