Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Modelling the impact of changes to prescription medicine cost-sharing schemes among middle aged and older adults.","authors":"James Larkin, Ciaran Prendergast, Logan T Murry, Michelle Flood, Barbara Clyne, Sara Burke, Conor Keegan, Fiona Boland, Tom Fahey, Nav Persaud, Rose Anne Kenny, Frank Moriarty","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess impacts of government changes to prescription medicine co-payments on individuals' out-of-pocket expenditure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were community-dwelling adults primarily aged ≥56 years from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing study. Ireland has two prescription cost-sharing schemes: the General Medical Services (GMS) scheme (primarily low-income populations), involving low monthly payment caps and co-payments, and the Drugs Payment Scheme (DPS) (for others), with higher caps and no co-payment limit. We modelled changes to these schemes implemented between 2016 and 2022 using 2016 data, assessing out-of-pocket prescription medicine expenditure using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 4,155 participants with out-of-pocket prescription medicine expenditure, estimated mean annual prescription medicine expenditure for GMS-eligible participants reduced from €117 (95 %CI = €114-120) to €55 (95 %CI = €54-€56) due to post-2016 changes. For DPS-eligible participants, it reduced from €719 (95 %CI = €694-€744) to €555 (95 %CI = €541-€569).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Co-payment changes led to average savings of €62 for GMS-eligible participants and €174 for DPS-eligible participants. Although absolute savings were smaller for GMS participants, as the scheme is primarily for low-income populations and the relative expenditure reduction was greater for GMS- than DPS-eligible participants, these savings were likely more impactful for GMS-eligible participants. Further reductions in monthly caps and co-payment charges, particularly for low-income populations, warrant consideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of different medication management measures in older patients with chronic diseases and Polypharmacy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","authors":"Qi Wang, Jiansheng Zhang, Kunpeng Li, Xin Miao, Yuhan Wang, Linlin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Currently there is still no network meta-analysis of the effectiveness of different medication management measures for older adults with chronic diseases and polypharmacy. Therefore, a network meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of different management measures on older patients with chronic diseases and polypharmacy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL, were searched from inception to February 28, 2024. The inclusion criteria were the following: Population: older adults with chronic diseases who required long-term polypharmacy; Intervention: medication management measures; Comparison: usual care or a blank control; Outcome: 1) number of medications; 2) self-rated quality of life; 3) mortality, hospital admission rate, and fall rate; Study design: randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Methodological quality was assessed by version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). In this study, R4.3.3 and Stata 17.0 were used to generate a flow diagram for network meta-analysis (NMA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 25 RCTs were included in the study. They involved 15794 patients and 7 medication management measures below: medication review (MR), medication record (MRD), deprescribing interventions (DI), medication review with follow-up (MRF), medicine electronic decision support tool (EDS), medication therapy management (MTM), and pharmacotherapy consultation and education (CE). The league table results showed that DI was superior to the control in improving prescription appropriateness (MD = -0.90, 95 % CI: -1.83,-0.11, P < 0.05), and MRF was superior to DI in decreasing the hospital admission rate (RR = 0.26, 95 % CI: 0.06, 0.93, P < 0.05). The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values showed that DI (88.30 %) was the most promising management measure to improve prescription appropriateness. MRF was the most promising management measure to improve self-rated quality of life (93.04 %) and reduce the hospital admission rate (96.41 %). CE was the most promising management measure to reduce mortality (68.69 %). EDS was the most promising management measure to reduce the fall rate (69.46 %). The results of cluster analysis showed that MR was the most promising management measure to evaluate all outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Currently, for polypharmacy management in older patients with chronic diseases, DI, MRF, CE, and EDS are the most promising management measures to improve the appropriateness of prescribing, improve self-rated quality of life and reduce the hospital admission rate, reduce mortality, and reduce the fall rate, respectively. However, this conclusion needs to be confirmed by more large-sample, multicenter RCTs due to the limitations of existing studies.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>The registration number was CRD42024540141.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stratification tools in pharmaceutical care using the capacity-motivation-opportunity framework: A scoping review.","authors":"Ramón Morillo-Verdugo, Maria Romero-Murillo, Cecilia Solis-Martin, Maria de Las Aguas Robustillo-Cortes, Enrique Contreras-Macias","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objective is to systematically map and synthesize the existing literature on stratification tools in pharmaceutical care that apply the Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity (CMO) methodology. This review aims to identify key dimensions, methodological approaches, and research gaps that can guide future efforts toward personalized pharmaceutical interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive scoping review was conducted following the JBI guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR recommendations. Searches were performed in major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science) as well as grey literature from relevant professional societies. Eligibility criteria were defined according to the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework. After screening 897 records and assessing full-text articles, 7 documents met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The selected studies span multiple clinical areas, including HIV, oncology, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases, which reveal significant heterogeneity in both the variables assessed and the scoring systems used. While universal factors such as age, comorbidities, and polypharmacy are consistently reported, there is notable variability in the incorporation of psychosocial dimensions. In particular, the CMO framework has been predominantly applied within HIV care, highlighting an opportunity to extend its use to other areas of pharmaceutical practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This scoping review demonstrates that CMO-based stratification tools hold promise for enhancing personalized pharmaceutical care by integrating clinical and psychosocial factors. However, standardization of key variables and further research across diverse clinical settings are needed to optimize these tools and ultimately improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consistency of Medical Subject Headings assignment: A test-retest reliability analysis.","authors":"Fernando Fernandez-Llimos","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) are the controlled vocabulary used by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to index articles covered by MEDLINE.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Evaluate the consistency of MeSH assignment using a test-retest analysis of articles published multiple times.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three sets of articles that had been published multiple times were selected: Vancouver Group articles, CONSORT Statement articles, and Granada Statement articles. The articles publishing these position papers were searched in PubMed in February 2025, and their records were exported in XML format. The articles' metadata, the assigned MeSH terms, and the indexing methods were extracted. Consistency was assessed using Fleiss' kappa for inter-rater agreement and Krippendorff's alpha for classification reliability, considering each article as a different rater.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 6, 8, and 5 articles indexed in MEDLINE were retrieved that had published articles with Vancouver, CONSORT, and Granada statements, with 14, 6, and 10 different MeSH terms assigned, respectively. The first two sets of articles were manually indexed, while the Granada articles were automatically indexed. Fleiss' kappa for the MeSH terms assigned to the Vancouver, CONSORT, and Granada articles were -0.390, -0.370, and -0.333, respectively, and Krippendorff's alphas were 0.178, 0.525, and 0.183, respectively. \"Periodicals as Topic\" and \"Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic\" were used in all Vancouver and CONSORT articles, respectively. Except for \"Humans,\" no other MeSH terms appeared in all Granada articles. The most prevalent terms were \"Pharmacy\" and \"Pharmacies\" and \"Pharmacy Research.\" Geographic MeSH terms were assigned to the Vancouver and Granada articles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A highly inconsistent MeSH indexing pattern was found across the three sets of articles. Automated indexing of the Granada Statements articles did not improve the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The medicines' pathway in nursing homes: An updated framework to support effective, safe, and person-centered medication processes.","authors":"Amber Damiaens, Veerle Foulon","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A quality framework for the medicines' pathway in nursing homes was developed during the Come-On study, consisting of eight processes, 27 key activities and 137 best practices. This framework focuses on effective and safe medication processes, but does not include person-centered aspects. Therefore, in this paper, we present an update of the framework, adding person-centered key activities and best practices. We formulated person-centered key activities and best practices based on findings from the RESPECT project. Here, we performed interviews with residents, informal caregivers, and healthcare professionals to investigate their experiences and expectations with regard to resident and informal caregiver involvement in every step of the medicines' pathway. Also, we developed and pilot tested strategies to improve resident and informal caregiver involvement across the medicines' pathway in nursing homes. In total, two key activities and 15 best practices were added to the framework, and four key activities and four best practices were reformulated to strengthen their person-centered character. Adaptions were made in all but three processes (i.e. purchase and ordering, delivery, and medication preparation). The updated framework defines eight processes, 29 key activities and 152 best practices. It provides a base for quality improvement strategies to implement an effective, safe, and person-centered medicines' pathway in nursing homes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation framework for conversational AI agents in pharmacy education: A scoping review of key characteristics and outcome measures.","authors":"Sabrina Winona Pit, Mohammad Hamiduzzaman, Carl R Schneider, Frances Barraclough","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Innovative and scalable training solutions, such as conversational artificial intelligence agents (CAIAs), are essential to meet the complex demands of pharmacy education and practice.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore and synthesize the key characteristics and outcome measures of CAIAs in pharmacy education and propose an evaluation framework for their use in pharmacy education.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review identified studies published between 2020 and 2025. An evaluation framework was developed to capture key CAIA characteristics and outcome measures using the World Health Organization's digital health framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 961 studies screened, six met inclusion criteria. Five studies originated from English-speaking countries. CAIAs supported training in communication skills (n = 3), human resource management (n = 2), and HIV care (n = 1). Learner interaction with CAIAs was variable and often poorly described. Common features included scenario-based learning, immediate, real-time, automated feedback, interactive-learning, and modalities. Frequently evaluated outcomes were functionality (n = 5), user experience (n = 4), cost-benefit (n = 3), and user characteristics (n = 3). Educational outcome measures of confidence, knowledge and skills were included in three studies. All studies used text-based interaction; two included audiovisual elements, one combined text and voice, and two relied solely on text. Most (n = 5) involved single-user formats. Three studies were in evaluation stage one (feasibility/usability), two were in stage two (effectiveness) and one in stage three (efficacy). Outcomes demonstrated a low uptake for CAIAs, but indicate increased learner confidence, knowledge and communication skills. Eleven educational features were added to our evaluation framework and three educational outcome categories.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review contributed to the development of a framework to guide the design and evaluation of CAIAs in pharmacy education. CAIAs have been introduced in pharmacy education but remain in the early stages of adoption. Further research is needed to validate their effectiveness and expand their use in pharmacy as well test the use of the framework in other healthcare disciplines.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of practice gaps with the 2016 update of the Basel Statements on the future of hospital pharmacy.","authors":"Michael Stepanovic, Racha Dabliz, Robert J Moss, Rebekah Moles, Regis Vaillancourt, Jonathan Penm, Stephen F Eckel","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The Hospital Pharmacy Section of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) aimed to assess the relevance of the Basel Statements and identify areas for updates. The revision process involved global collaboration to ensure the statements reflect contemporary hospital pharmacy practices and emerging trends.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The revision process was conducted in multiple phases. Phase 1 included document mapping, comparing the Basel Statements (2016 revision) against key documents from FIP, WHO, and other hospital pharmacy organizations. Phase 2 conducted a gap analysis using 196 documents to identify discrepancies and outdated content. In Phase 3, a global membership survey was distributed to FIP members, national hospital pharmacy association members, and FIP member/allied organizations to assess the practical application and relevance of the Basel Statements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Document mapping revealed varying alignment, with WHO documents showing the lowest (12.3 %) and ASHP the highest (100 %). The gap analysis identified 107 gaps across 55 of the 65 Basel Statements, with updates addressing discrepancies, outdated content, and technological advancements. Survey responses confirmed the utility of the Basel Statements but highlighted challenges with implementation. A Net Promoter Score (NPS) of 9 indicated moderate satisfaction, with 10 % or more of respondents suggesting revisions for 54 of the 65 Basel Statements.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Phases 1-3 confirm the relevance of the Basel Statements, highlighting the need for updates. These updates, informed by global feedback, will ensure the Basel Statements remain a relevant, evidence-based framework for hospital pharmacy practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of PROMPT questionnaire-based pharmaceutical care on pharmaceutical therapy and health-related quality of life in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: A randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Paphawee Wanpen, Phantipa Sakthong","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Data on the effects of pharmaceutical care (PC) on pharmaceutical therapy-related quality of life and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients not receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) remain limited and unclear.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of PC using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measure of Pharmaceutical Therapy (PROMPT) questionnaire on medication-related quality of life and HRQoL, assessed through the PROMPT and Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) questionnaires, respectively. Additionally, the study compared the sensitivity of these two tools to detect changes resulting from PC provision.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multicenter, single-blinded, parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted at two community hospitals between November 2021 and August 2022. A total of 292 participants were randomized into two groups: the usual care (UC) group (N = 144) and the pharmaceutical care using the PROMPT questionnaire (PCP) group (N = 148). The sensitivity of the two measures to PC provision were evaluated using standardized mean differences (SMDs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PCP group demonstrated significantly better scores than the UC group in three out of eight PROMPT dimensions (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, and p = 0.015, respectively) and a higher total PROMPT score (p < 0.001). For the KDQOL, the PCP group showed significant improvement in one out of ten dimensions (p = 0.009). The SMDs for the three significant PROMPT dimensions and total score ranged from 0.28 to 2.10, indicating moderate to large effect sizes, whereas the SMD for the single significant KDQOL dimension was 0.30, indicating a moderate effect size.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pharmaceutical care combined with the use of the PROMPT questionnaire had a positive impact on the quality of life of non-dialysis CKD patients, particularly in pharmaceutical therapy-related aspects. Furthermore, the PROMPT questionnaire exhibited greater sensitivity to the effects of pharmaceutical care compared to the KDQOL.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deprescribing tools and guidelines in chronic kidney disease: A scoping review.","authors":"Amani Zidan, Hager ElGeed, Noor Alsalemi, Abdullah Hamad, Rania Ibrahim, Derek Stewart, Ahmed Awaisu","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health concern that is associated with multiple complications and comorbidities, leading to polypharmacy, inappropriate prescribing, and increased risk of adverse drug events. Deprescribing has emerged as an effective strategy to mitigate these consequences. Evidence-based guidelines are essential to support appropriate deprescribing practices in this population. A variety of deprescribing tools and guidelines are now widely available, but little is known about their utility in CKD setting. This study aimed to identify and characterize published deprescribing tools and guidelines specifically designed for patients with CKD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, guidelines registries, and international deprescribing networks was conducted up to December 2024. Records were included if they presented a tool or guideline for deprescribing in patients with CKD. After removing duplicates, titles and abstracts were screened, followed by full-text reviews conducted using Rayyan® AI Software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 257 full-text records assessed, 11 met the eligibility criteria, detailing the development of 10 deprescribing tools and guidelines in CKD. These were categorized into four types: (1) comprehensive deprescribing process guidance (n = 2); (2) protocols for comprehensive deprescribing care models (n = 2); (3) drug-specific deprescribing algorithms (n = 4); and (4) screening tools for specific deprescribing steps (n = 2). The development methods of the tools varied: two tools combined literature reviews with expert consensus, four were based on literature reviews alone, three employed pre-determined systematic development frameworks, and the remaining tool was an individualized electronic decision-support tool. Several tools had undergone validation (n = 3) or pilot testing (n = 4) in various clinical settings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review identified and characterized the existing tools and guidelines for deprescribing in CKD, suggesting a limited but diverse body of resources. This review highlights the need for more robust, evidence-based deprescribing tools development that is tailored to the complex needs of CKD populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do interruptions and distractions affect pharmacy practice? A scoping review of their impact and interventions in dispensing.","authors":"Meaza Ayanaw, Angelina Lim, Harjit Khera, Thao Vu, Darshna Goordeen, Daniel Malone","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Pharmacists play a crucial role in reducing medication errors, identifying 30-70 % of medication-ordering errors. However, they can also contribute to dispensing errors. Interruptions and distractions during dispensing have been known to account for approximately 9.4 % of these errors, with reported occurrences of every two to six min.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;To review existing knowledge on the impact of interruptions and distractions in pharmacy practice, including their frequency, types, and previously implemented or proposed strategies for mitigation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. A comprehensive search of Ovid Medline, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus databases was conducted on June 26, 2024, November 13, 2024, and January 16, 2025. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics summarised study characteristics, while content analysis identified common types of interruptions and distractions, their frequency, impact, and the interventions used or recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;After removing duplicates, 7884 studies proceeded to title and abstract screening. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 141 full-text studies were assessed, and 51 were included in the review. Pharmacists and technicians experience interruptions and distractions at varying rates, from less than 5 to more than 20 times per hour. The most common external interruptions and distractions were phone calls, face-to-face inquiries from consumers, as well as interruptions and distractions from shop staff who needed to interrupt the pharmacist to manage customer queries that were out of their scope. Internal interruptions included self-initiated task-switching, checking on staff, and non-work-related web browsing. These disruptions primarily impacted the dispensing process, pharmacists' workload, performance, well-being, and patient wait times. Few interventions have been implemented, falling into three main categories: facility modification (adjusting the physical environment), system modification (altering workflow processes), and communication adjustments (limiting direct access to pharmacists during dispensing).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;There are both limited reported interventions in the pharmacy workplace, and a lack of educational initiatives at the university setting, to mitigate the impact of interruptions and distractions. These findings highlight the need to establish better foundational dispensing habits and develop methods to reduce the frequency of directly accessing the pharmacist during dispensing. Avoiding having a single pharmacist on duty at any given time and clearly defining the rol","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}