Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness at long-term of a multidisciplinary intervention in the reduction of overuse of benzodiazepine prescriptions: A cluster controlled trial.","authors":"Ingrid Ferrer López, Encarnación García Bermúdez, Francisco Atienza Martín, Amalia García-Delgado Morente, María Dolores Murillo Fernández, Yolanda Sánchez Cañete, Clara Bermúdez-Tamayo","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The overuse of Benzodiazepines (BZD) has become an area of concern because of its consequences on patients' health and healthcare costs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>to determine whether a multicomponent intervention based on a multidisciplinary education program is effective in withdrawal from BZD long-term use, compared to usual care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cluster-randomized, parallel-group trial with health centres as units of randomization and patients as units of analysis.</p><p><strong>Inclusion criteria: </strong>adults with more than 4 weeks of BZD use, without serious mental disorder, non-terminal, without alcohol dependence or dementia.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>(i) discussion with the patient describing the advantages, disadvantages and alternatives of BZD use accompanied by tapering protocol with educational material, (ii) the offer of a brief consultation, and (iii) a letter addressed to the patient supported by 6 scientific societies. The primary outcome was dispensing of BZD. Socioeconomic variables and others related with the consumption of BZD (Indication, previously attempted to cease and duration of use).</p><p><strong>Analysis: </strong>The effect of the intervention on the rate of dispensing of BZD using the multivariable generalized-estimating-equations (GEE) extension of logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Complete cessation of dispensing BZD at six months after the intervention was achieved in 108 of 333 participants (32,4 %) compared to 27 of 139 controls (19,4 %). This decrease was maintained over 5 years (41,7 % vs. 33,8 %). Adjusted absolute risk difference was -14.3 (-19.6 to -9.5). An adjusted OR 2.11 (95 % CI, 1.24-3.59). Those with high income were more likely to quit using BZD with the intervention as those with a lower income (OR 1.81, IC 95 % 1.13-2.9, p = 0.012). Similarly, those who had previously tried to withdraw from BZD were more likely to stop using with the intervention (OR 1.8, IC 95 % 1.17-2.8, p = 0.007). Those with high income were more likely to quit using BZD with the intervention as those with a lower income (OR 1.81, IC 95 % 1.13-2.9, p = 0.012). Similarly, those who had previously tried to withdraw from BZD were more likely to stop using with the intervention (OR 1.8, IC 95 % 1.17-2.8, p = 0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The intervention was effective at 6 months and its effects persist up to 5 years. The factors favouring interruption BZD seem to be having a high income and a previously tried to withdraw from BZD.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrepancies in medication lists after hospital discharge in patients with multiple long-term conditions.","authors":"Malin Olsen Syversen, Mikas Glatkauskas, Sandra Johanne Sedeniussen, Monica Hauge, Steffi Benny, Kristine Horgen, Marianne Lea, Rita Romskaug, Anne Mette Njaastad, Torunn Wibe, Karin Svensberg, Liv Mathiesen","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inadequate information flow in the transition from hospital to home poses a challenge to medication safety, especially for patients with multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs).</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the frequency, categories, underlying reasons, and potential clinical relevance of medication discrepancies (MDs) by comparing medication lists in hospital discharge summaries with actual medication use after discharge in patients with MLTCs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Home-dwelling adult patients with MLTCs, using minimum four medications were included near the time of their planned discharge, from one internal medicine and two geriatric wards in Oslo, to this cross-sectional observational study. Medication reconciliation was performed 1-2 weeks post-discharge. Discrepancies between the medication list in the discharge summary and the patient's medication use were classified into six categories. A panel assessed the potential clinical relevance of the MDs in a short-term and long-term perspective.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>150 patients, median age 75 years (range 22-94), were included. 132 (88 %) had at least one MD, with a median of 3 per patient (range 0-10). The most common MDs involved medications in use although not listed in the discharge summary. Apparent lack of or insufficient medication reconciliation during the hospital stay was the most frequent reason for MDs. Of the MDs, 5.5 % and 28 % were assessed to be of potential clinical relevance in the short-term and long-term perspective, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Almost all patients had MDs following hospital discharge. The potential clinical relevance increases over time if MDs are not corrected. Our findings highlight the need for more effective interventions to ensure medication safety in care transitions for this vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between multimorbidity and out-of-pocket expenditure for prescription medicines among adults in Denmark: A population-based register study.","authors":"James Larkin, Susan M Smith, Line Due Christensen, Thomas Schmidt Voss, Claus Høstrup Vestergaard, Amanda Paust, Anders Prior","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multimorbidity, defined as two or more chronic conditions in an individual, is increasing in prevalence and is associated with polypharmacy. Polypharmacy can lead to increased out-of-pocket payments for prescription medicines. This, in turn, can be associated with cost-related non-adherence and impoverishment. Healthcare in Denmark is mostly free at the point-of-use; prescription medicines are one of the only exceptions.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the association between multimorbidity and annual out-of-pocket prescription medicine expenditure for adults in Denmark.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population-based register study was conducted. The study population included all adults residing in Denmark in 2020. Frequencies and descriptive statistics were used and regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between multimorbidity and annual out-of-pocket prescription medicine expenditure, while controlling for demographic and socioeconomic covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 1,212,033 (24.2 %) individuals had multimorbidity. Individuals with five or more conditions spent, on average, €320 in out-of-pocket prescription medicines expenditure compared to €187 for those with two conditions and €44 for those with no conditions. Amongst those with any out-of-pocket prescription medicine expenditure, having multimorbidity was associated with 2-4 times greater out-of-pocket prescription medicine expenditure than those with zero conditions. Amongst those in the quantile with the highest expenditure, those with five or more conditions spent €408 more than those with no conditions, and those with two conditions spent €185 more than those with no conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For adults in Denmark, multimorbidity was associated with significantly higher out-of-pocket prescription medicine expenditure, even after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic covariates. This is similar to patterns in other countries and likely affects those with lowest income the most, given the known socioeconomic patterning of multimorbidity, and raises concerns about cost related non-adherence. Potential protective mechanisms could include subsidies for certain vulnerable patient groups (e.g. those with severe mental illness) and low-income groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infographics as a communication tool in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences.","authors":"Caroline W Sasser, Joanna Chu, Mia Curigliano, Elizabeth George, Charlotte Murray, Jun Kai Tan, Sydney N Nicolla","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Infographics may be more effective at communicating scientific research compared to text-based abstracts. Using well-designed infographics may expand target audiences beyond the traditional scholarly circles.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aims to compare the effectiveness and viewer experience of infographics vs. text-based abstracts as research communication tools.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A posttest-only, between-participants, digital pilot study was conducted in early 2024. Participants from the field of pharmacy or pharmaceutical sciences were randomized to view either infographics or text-based abstracts for the same research articles. Articles and infographics chosen were sourced from peer-reviewed journals. Survey items, designed from previously published research and by authors, assessed understanding, recall, effectiveness, cognition (cognitive load), and attention. Chi-square tests were used to analyze categorical and ordinal data. Unpaired two-sided t-tests were used to analyze continuous data. Internal reliabilities were calculated for each Likert scale. Exclusion criteria included responses recorded in less than 300 seconds and responses that did not complete all questions for at least one article.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Final analysis included data from 30 infographics viewers and 16 text-based abstracts viewers. Most participants were white, female students from the United States without any reported learning disabilities. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences observed between any measure type. Some infographics had significantly better scores on attention and effectiveness items.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Some infographics may perform better than text-based abstracts on measures of attention and effectiveness. The study lacks sufficient power, potentially resulting in failure to detect true differences. Results may differ in populations including non-experts, neurodivergent readers, and individuals whose first language is not English.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Infographics may be no better than abstracts at communicating research findings within an audience of scientific readers. Further investigation is warranted to understand how to best leverage infographics as a communication tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assertiveness in community pharmacists and their experience of pharmacist-led deprescribing: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Mitsuaki Ishii, Sachiko Ozone, Shoichi Masumoto, Tetsuhiro Maeno","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Deprescribing by physicians based on the suggestions of community pharmacists is useful to ensure medication safety. Pharmacist-led deprescribing is not always implemented smoothly because of communication gaps between physicians and pharmacists. Our previous study found that assertiveness, as a communication style, is associated with pharmacist-initiated prescription changes for medication safety; however, its association with community pharmacist-led deprescribing is unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our objective was to investigate which types of self-expression related to assertiveness are associated with community pharmacist-led deprescribing while adjusting for possible confounding factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional survey among community pharmacists between May and October 2022. Participants were community pharmacists belonging to a nationwide pharmacy chain in Japan who worked in 1 of 10 prefectures. The outcome variable was experience of community pharmacist-led deprescribing in the past year. Community pharmacists' self-expression related to assertiveness was assessed using the 3 subdomains of the Interprofessional Assertiveness Scale (IAS): nonassertive, assertive, and aggressive self-expression. Participants were classified into 1 of 2 categories based on median IAS subdomain scores. Pharmacist characteristics were compared by group in univariate analyses. Binomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between experience of community pharmacist-led deprescribing and community pharmacists' assertiveness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 3346 community pharmacists invited, 963 were included in the analysis. After adjustment, high assertive self-expression was associated with experience of community pharmacist-led deprescribing (adjusted odds ratio, 1.49; 95 % confidence interval, 1.02-2.20; p = 0.042). No associations were found between experience of community pharmacist-led deprescribing and nonassertive or aggressive self-expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Community pharmacists with higher levels of assertive self-expression were more likely to experience community pharmacist-led deprescribing.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the implementation of a rapid access atrial fibrillation clinic utilising a pharmacist-physician model of care.","authors":"Adam C Livori, Rasantha Kuruppumullage, Mardi Simmons, Aili Langford, Zanfina Ademi, J Simon Bell, Renee Dimond, Jedidiah I Morton","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Time to assessment and treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) is critical for reducing stroke risk. However, Australian data have shown low uptake of timely anticoagulation, with people in regional areas having a greater risk of low uptake compared to people in metropolitan areas.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a retrospective, mixed methods evaluation of a pharmacist-physician model of care for a rapid access atrial fibrillation (RAAF) clinic in a large regional centre in Victoria, Australia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The RAAF clinic involved telehealth pharmacist appointments and face-to-face physician consults and aimed to see patients within 14 days of referral. A retrospective mixed-methods evaluation was adopted. Quantitative methods included time-based analysis of appointment statistics, analyses of the proportion of patients meeting known quality indicators for risk assessment and treatment for AF. Qualitative analysis included conventional content analysis of patient feedback and net promoter scoring to understand patient acceptability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 312 patients referred to the service during 2022-2023, 274 (88 %) patients participated in 268 pharmacist and 421 physician appointments. Median days from referral to first clinic consultation were 14 (inter quartile range 9-20). Proportion of high-risk patients (CHADSVA >1) who received anticoagulation for stroke prevention increased from 88 % pre-clinic to 97 % post-clinic. Anti-arrhythmic therapies were used by 76 % of patient's pre-clinic and 73 % post-clinic, with changes to therapy occurring in 35 % of patients. Patients were highly accepting of the service, with a mean patient acceptability score of 9 out of 10. Qualitative analysis illustrated that positive patient experience was linked to clinician performance, as well as the organisational structure and workflow of the clinic itself.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A pharmacist-physician model of care was successfully implemented in a regional health setting, leading to improved access and medication management, with high levels of patient acceptance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143659083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of pharmacist intervention on enhancing vaccination coverage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Yomna Elghanam, Eun Young Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although vaccines are widely available, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. Pharmacists, as accessible healthcare providers, can potentially improve vaccination rates through education, advocacy, and direct immunization.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacist interventions on vaccination rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs assessing pharmacist involvement in vaccination was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to November 2024. The primary outcome was vaccination rates, and a total of 22 studies were included. The Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2, and a meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model in Review Manager 5.4. This review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024611321).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. A pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.58 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.40, 1.79], P < 0.00001 indicated a significant positive effect of pharmacist interventions on vaccination rates for all vaccine types. Significant heterogeneity was observed among the studies (P < 0.00001, I² = 93 %). Pharmacists as immunizers had a greater impact (RR 1.76 [95 % CI 1.07, 2.88], P < 0.03) compared to their role as advocates (RR 1.59 [95 % CI 1.41, 1.80], P < 0.00001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pharmacist involvement significantly increases vaccination rates, with their role as immunizers having a particularly pronounced effect. Expanding the roles of pharmacists in vaccination services, primarily in developing countries, could improve global vaccination coverage and help address vaccine hesitancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes of a primary care pediatric mental and behavioral health pharmacist consult service within a tertiary pediatric health system.","authors":"Quinlan D Alfredson, Haley A Olkiewicz, Megan Ose","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing prevalence of mental health conditions in pediatric patients highlights the need for improved care. With long wait times and shortages in child and adolescent psychiatrists, primary care providers (PCPs) and pharmacists can help fill this gap.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of a primary care mental and behavioral health pharmacist consult service in a pediatric health system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a retrospective, single-center chart review of electronic consults placed by PCPs to a mental and behavioral health pharmacist from August 2023 through July of 2024. Consults were identified through an electronic medical record query, where demographic, clinical, and service details were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The query yielded 149 consults. The most frequently consulted medication classes were antidepressants (48.32 %, n = 72) and stimulants (42.28 %, n = 63), while the most frequently consulted mental health conditions were anxiety (47.65 %, n = 71), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (46.31 %, n = 69), and depression (22.82 %, n = 34). Of the 126 consults with documented follow up, 97.62 % (n = 123) of pharmacist recommendations were accepted by providers. While a single consult could include multiple recommendations from the pharmacist, acceptance was evaluated for the consult as a whole rather than individual recommendations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The pharmacy consult service effectively supported PCPs in managing pediatric mental health conditions with a high acceptance of recommendations, demonstrating its value in enhancing medication regimen efficacy, safety, and adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143587301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community pharmacy services in the late COVID-19 period: What has driven change?","authors":"Sabine Vogler, Verena Knoll, Maximilian Salcher-Konrad","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Community pharmacy appears to have undergone considerable change over the years.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of this research is to study the range of community pharmacy services provided in late stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the last decades and to identify potential drivers for change.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four European countries (Austria, England, Estonia, and Portugal), which represent a balance in terms of income, organization of the health system and pharmacy services, were selected as case studies. For each country, a factsheet on pharmacy services provided in 2023 and recent developments was populated based on a literature review and validated by country experts in community pharmacies. A semi-structured interview was conducted with a community pharmacist in all study countries to gather additional information, in particular on potential drivers for change.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all case study countries, community pharmacies offer a range of medicines-related and non-medicines-related services, ranging from core activities such as dispensing and counselling to information on general health topics, point-of-care testing, disposal of returned medicines and needle-exchange programs. Certain services are only permitted in some countries (e.g., vaccinations, generic substitution). Developments (e.g., additional tasks) were observed in the last decades, but some changes were only introduced recently in response to the pandemic (e.g., testing for COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccinations). Several, mostly facilitating, factors, such as high accessibility and acceptance of community pharmacies, the growing relevance of the primary health care concept and an appetite of community pharmacists to take over additional tasks, have contributed to changes in the range of services in community pharmacy in recent years and over the decades.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study confirms changes in community pharmacy, with overall extension of the services offered. The COVID-19 pandemic was reported to have played an important role but was not considered the sole driver for change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does access to medicines differ from access to healthcare? Experiences of barriers to medicines access by people facing social disadvantage","authors":"Pauline Norris ,&nbsp;Molly George ,&nbsp;Vanda Symon ,&nbsp;Shirley Keown ,&nbsp;Sandhaya Bhawan ,&nbsp;Lauralie Richard ,&nbsp;Rosalina Richards","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Levesque et al.’s widely-cited five dimensional model of access to healthcare has been used in a variety of contexts, including access to medicines. However the model is based on <em>healthcare</em>, i.e., facilities where health professionals work. We examined whether there were other important features of access to <em>medicines</em>, not captured by this model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A longitudinal qualitative study was conducted, repeatedly interviewing 21 households about their lives and access to medicines, over the course of a year. Participants were Māori, Pacific, former refugee, or New Zealand Europeans with limited incomes. Analysis was thematic and inductive.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our participants experienced a number of barriers to accessing medicine, some of which do not fit comfortably within existing models of access to healthcare. For example, communication difficulties with healthcare staff (lack of appropriateness of care), had implications for medicine-taking after participants got home. Confusion about medicines identity, purpose and possible side effects, led to poorer access or under-use of prescribed medicines. Communication problems were particularly acute for former refugee participants. For them, communication in pharmacies was impossible because of lack of interpreters, severely restricting the information they had access to, and increasing the use of other less reliable sources of information. Crime, fear of crime, and the justice system also impacted on access in a variety of ways.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Because medicines are portable, physical objects taken at home, the effects of appropriateness of healthcare are played out in the home. Aspects of the wider, non-healthcare environment also impact on access to medicines in unexpected ways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 480-486"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}