Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Concordance between pharmacy dispensing and electronic monitoring data of direct oral anticoagulants - A secondary analysis of the MAAESTRO study.","authors":"Selina Barbati, Pascal C Baumgartner, Fine Dietrich, Samuel S Allemann, Isabelle Arnet","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Direct oral anticoagulants are the preferred treatment for stroke patients with atrial fibrillation. Pharmacy dispensing data represent a practical method to identify suboptimal medication adherence.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigates whether pharmacy dispensing data are indicative of real-life adherence behavior, using data from 130 patients in the MAAESTRO study (2018-2022) in Basel, Switzerland.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This secondary data analysis of the MAAESTRO study (Dietrich, 2024) included patients with electronic monitoring (EM) and dispensing data for 12 months. Patients with at least two refills were included in the analysis. We categorized refill series into three adherence patterns using the Delta T method (Baumgartner, 2022): all refills on time, erratic refills, end-gaps ≥10 days. EM-adherence was assessed through \"taking adherence\" and \"missing days\" (24h without intake). We analyzed: i) all dispensing data (\"all refills\"); ii) all data independently of the MAAESTRO phase (\"all phases\"); iii) the last two dispensing data (\"last\"), and iv) EM data from the MAAESTRO phase that match the date of the last refill (\"matched\"). Associations between refill patterns and adherence were examined using Spearman correlation and Fisher's exact test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data analyzed from 50 patients (mean age 76.4 ± 9.1 years, 56.0 % male) included 252 refills with a median of 4 refills per patient. Refill patterns were: all refills on time (40.0 %), erratic refills (36.0 %), and end-gaps >10 days (24.0 %). Mean taking adherence was 89.3 ± 13.7 %. EM data revealed missing days in 82.0 % of patients, with 61.0 % having irregular refill patterns. Matched taking adherence was moderately associated with Delta T over all refills (p = 0.034) and the last refill (p = 0.013).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dispensing data processed with the Delta T method correlate moderately with EM data. The Delta T value for the last two refills shows promise for estimating irregular adherence, suggesting potential for targeted interventions in pharmacy practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of free prescriptions on community pharmacy selection: A discrete choice experiment.","authors":"James Nind, Carlo A Marra, Shane Scahill, Damien Mather, Alesha Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Little is known about preferences for community pharmacies, particularly the influence of prescription co-payments, and for New Zealand's priority populations, Māori and Pacific Peoples. Improving understanding of community pharmacy preferences will enable tailoring services to meet community needs.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to investigate New Zealanders' preferences for community pharmacies when collecting prescriptions. Additionally, variations in preferences for community pharmacy attributes between different latent and demographic groups were examined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Focus group discussions with various community groups were thematically analyzed to develop six attributes: location, wait time, customer service, prescription co-payments, parking availability, and nearby businesses. Participants were asked to complete an online survey involving 12 choice tasks, where they had to choose their preferred option of 3 unlabeled pharmacies along with demographic questions. A mixed multinomial logit model and latent classes analysis were used to assess and compare the participant preferences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample of 553 participants, representative of the New Zealand population, resulted in 19,908 observations for analysis. The most attractive pharmacy attribute was its proximity, being within a 10-min travel distance from home or work. The importance of prescription co-payments is evident, with free prescriptions being the second most attractive attribute level and $15 NZD prescription co-payments being the least appealing. Different classes placed importance on different attributes, the largest of which prioritized prescription co-payments. Including demographic characteristics did not improve model accuracy nor predict class membership.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Under current policy, the most effective way for pharmacies to attract business is by offering free prescriptions. However, the trend of adopting lower-cost models may reduce the quality of care they deliver. Policy decision-makers must decide if they are comfortable with this potential impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Guide to Disseminating Research (GuiDiR): A consolidated framework","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Less than one third of research evidence is translated into policy or practice. Knowledge translation requires effective dissemination, adoption and finally implementation. These three stages are equally important, however, existing knowledge translation models and frameworks provide little and disparate information about the steps and activities required for effective dissemination.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study aimed to empirically develop a consolidated framework of evidence-based steps and activities for disseminating research evidence.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We identified models and frameworks from a scoping review and dissemination and implementation webtool. We synthesised them into a prototype dissemination framework. Models and frameworks were eligible to inform steps in our framework if they fulfilled at least one of three elements of dissemination: intending to generate awareness of a message, incorporates targeting an audience: tailoring communication. An initial coding framework was created to organise data into dissemination steps.</p><p>Drawing on ‘co-approach’ principles, authors of the included models and frameworks (dissemination experts) and health service researchers (end users) were invited to test and refine the prototype framework at a workshop.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>From 48 models and frameworks reviewed, only 32 fulfilled one or more of the three dissemination elements. The initial coding framework, upon refinement, yielded the Guide to Disseminating Research (GuiDiR) comprising five steps.</p><p>1) Identify target audiences and dissemination partners.</p><p>2) Engage with dissemination partners.</p><p>3) Identify barriers and enablers to dissemination.</p><p>4) Create dissemination messages.</p><p>5) Disseminate and evaluate.</p><p>Multiple activities were identified for each step and no single model or framework represents all steps and activities in GuiDiR.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>GuiDiR unifies dissemination components from knowledge translation models and frameworks and harmonises language into a format accessible to non-experts. It outlines for researchers, funders and practitioners the expected structure of dissemination and details the activities for executing an evidence-based dissemination strategy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142056929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship programs in perioperative settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We sought to characterize and evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist-led AMS interventions in improving antimicrobial use and subsequent surgical site infections (SSI) in perioperative settings.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase and CINAHL. Two independent reviewers extracted the data using the Descriptive Elements of Pharmacist Intervention Characterization Tool and undertook quality assessment using the Crowe Critical Appraisal. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effect model.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Eleven studies were included in this review. Pharmacists were found to have various roles in AMS, including educational sessions, ward rounds, audits and feedback, and guidelines development. The discussion of interventions lacked details on the development. A meta-analysis revealed that pharmacist-led AMS programs in perioperative settings was associated with a significant improvement in antibiotic selection (OR 4.29; 95 % CI 2.52–7.30), administration time (OR 4.93; 95 % CI 2.05–11.84), duration (OR 5.27; 95 % CI 1.58–17.55), and SSI (OR 0.51; 95 % CI 0.34–0.77).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Pharmacist-led AMS programs were effective in improving antimicrobial prescribing while reducing SSI; however most studies were of moderate quality. Studies lacked the utilization of theory to develop interventions, therefore, it is not clear whether theory-derived interventions are more effective than those without a theoretical element. High-quality, multicomponent, theory-derived, interventional studies using appropriate methodology and standardized data collection, are needed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741124002377/pdfft?md5=b212c49453f6890ab4dfe0a2d5294657&pid=1-s2.0-S1551741124002377-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health outcomes following provision of Home Medicines Reviews for older people receiving aged care services at home","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The impact of Home Medicines Reviews (HMRs) on long-term health outcomes among individuals receiving long-term in-home aged care services is unknown.</p></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To examine associations between HMR provision and hospitalization, long-term care facility (LTCF) entry and mortality among older people receiving long-term in-home aged care services.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This retrospective cohort study included individuals aged 65–105 years from three Australian states who accessed in-home aged care services between 2013 and 2017. Using propensity score matching, HMR recipients (n = 1530) were matched to individuals who did not receive an HMR (n = 1530). Associations between HMR provision and outcomes were estimated using multivariable regression models.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Over a median of 414 days (interquartile range 217–650) of follow-up, HMR provision was not associated with hospitalizations for unplanned events (subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR) 1.04, 95%CI 0.96–1.14), falls-related hospitalizations (sHR 0.97, 95%CI 0.83–1.13), LTCF entry (sHR 0.97, 95%CI 0.83–1.13), or all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.86, 95%CI 0.72–1.01).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In a cohort of older people receiving long-term in-home aged care services, no differences in unplanned hospitalizations, falls, LTCF entry or mortality were observed those with HMRs compared to those that did not receive an HMR.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741124002353/pdfft?md5=a4ee005f2dccba6a7693a2642cc9d201&pid=1-s2.0-S1551741124002353-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of pharmacist-led pharmaceutical care on health-related and pharmaceutical therapy-related quality of life in patients with heart failure: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Data on the impact of pharmacist-led pharmaceutical care (PC) on pharmaceutical therapy-related and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and their sensitivities to PC provision in patients with heart failure (HF) are scarce.</p></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study aimed to assess the impact of pharmacist-led PC on HRQoL employing the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) and 5-level EuroQol 5 dimension (EQ-5D-5L) and on pharmaceutical therapy-related quality of life using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measure of Pharmaceutical Therapy (PROMPT) in HF patients and compare sensitivities to the PC provision of these three tools.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary public hospital in Thailand between November 2022 and May 2023. Overall, 250 patients were randomly divided into the usual care (UC) (N = 124) and PC (N = 126) groups. Mixed effects models were used to investigate the differences in the mean change scores of PROMPT, EQ-5D-5L, and MLHFQ between the UC and PC groups. The sensitivities to PC provision of the three measures were evaluated using standardized effect sizes (SESs).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Significant differences were found in five of eight domains and the total score of the PROMPT between the PC and UC groups (all <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in the EQ-5D-5L and MLHFQ between the two groups (both <em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). The SESs of the five domains and total score of PROMPT ranged from 0.29 to 1.65, considered small-to-large effect sizes, whereas the SESs of EQ-5D-5L and MLHFQ were −0.4 to 0, considered small effect sizes.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Pharmacist-led PC can positively affect pharmaceutical therapy-related quality of life using PROMPT in HF patients. Additionally, PROMPT is more sensitive to PC provision than EQ-5D-5L and MLHFQ.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is it time to stop counting on saturation in pharmacy research? Ideas for a new way forward","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The concept of saturation is commonly mentioned in pharmacy research, but there has been recent debate among the applied qualitative research community that challenges the appropriateness of this construct for many qualitative research efforts. This begins by describing the origins of saturation as a grounded theory construct and discusses how saturation is currently being used. Three challenges are discussed related to the use of saturation in pharmacy related to the epistemological, methodological, and practical use of saturation by pharmacy researchers and how they relate to the goals and reporting quality of pharmacy practice research The commentary describes how the concept of information power and established guidance on analysis quality can better justify sample size inform decisions about when to cease further data collection, hopefully increasing the transparency of reporting and supporting rigorous and coherent analyses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141983639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polypharmacy and medication usage patterns in hypertensive patients: Findings from the Pars Cohort Study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polypharmacy, defined here as the concomitant use of five or more medications, is a significant health issue, particularly affecting individuals with chronic diseases like hypertension (HTN). To compare individuals with and without HTN in term of polypharmacy, and to investigate correlates of polypharmacy and medication use patterns in individuals with HTN in southwest Iran. This cross-sectional study used the baseline data of 9270 participants of the Pars Cohort Study (PCS) with a mean age of 52.6 ± 9.7 years. Poisson multivariable modeling was applied to identify correlates of polypharmacy, and Lexicomp® was used to assess drug-drug interactions. Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification was used to describe the pattern of medication use. The prevalence of polypharmacy in individuals without hypertension was 4.7 % (4.2%–5.2 %) vs. 23.7 % (22.1%–25.3 %) in individuals with hypertension (P &lt; 0.001). Individuals with hypertension from middle-high socioeconomic status (SES) had a 1.51-fold higher prevalence of polypharmacy than vs. low SES. Those with more than three comorbidities had a 5.18 times higher prevalence of polypharmacy than those with isolated hypertension. Calcium channel blockers were the most common antihypertensives (20.9 %). In terms of drug-drug interactions, type C interactions were most prevalent among participants with hypertension and polypharmacy (76.0 %). Our findings imply a fairly high prevalence of polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions among individuals with hypertension; to tackle this issue, we recommend a national pharmacovigilance system, training programs for primary care physicians, public education and awareness campaigns, drug-checking campaigns, targeted screenings to alter modifiable risk factors, and the use of safe combination pills.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Best practice in dementia health care: Key clinical practice pointers from a national conference and innovative opportunities for pharmacy practice","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Sub-optimal care of people living with dementia has serious consequences for older populations. The 2021 Australian Royal Commission noted that a large proportion of older adults in aged care live with dementia, yet there are limitations in the knowledge and understanding of staff who care for them. In the pursuit of educating pharmacists, physicians, allied health care professionals, researchers, academics, people living with dementia and their carers, and the public, who are facing the challenges of dementia management, the ‘Best Practice in Dementia Health Care’ conference was held on November 10, 2022 at Western Health (Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Australia).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Sixteen experts presented on the current practice and challenges associated with delivering best practice dementia health care to older Australians, often highlighting how medication-related challenges impacted on their area of practice.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Presenters highlighted the importance of individualised medication management plans, considerations of culture and Indigenous communities, the role of technology, and the impact of exercise and the physical environment on care of people living with dementia. Key clinical practice messages from each expert presenter fit into four main topics: ‘navigating complexities of medication management’; ‘enhancing wellbeing’; ‘supportive settings and environments’; and ‘programs and services improving care’.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Pharmacists are crucial members of allied health care teams. They have the necessary medication and comorbidity expertise to review medication regimens, liaise with all health care providers, and provide holistic, pharmacological and non-pharmacological patient education. Towards providing best practice dementia health care, pharmacists can contribute in several ways, such as providing health practitioner education to increase understanding about medications and how they can impact on allied health practice, to ensure that medications are prescribed appropriately and safely. Further, pharmacists can make available resources to ensure people living with dementia receive culturally safe and appropriate care, while advocating for greater understanding of the history and experiences of people living with dementia to ensure care aligns with their day-to-day routines. Finally, pharmacists can provide peer-support to other health care professionals and care staff to ensure optimal management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. The information and insights shared at the conference can serve as a valuable resource for pharmacists and other health care professionals and researchers working to improve the lives of those living with dementia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying the key determinants of a community pharmacy based bladder and bowel service","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Community pharmacies and their personnel present an opportunity to implement new services for bladder and bowel continence care. Underpinned by the COM-B model of capability (C), opportunity (O), motivation (M), Behaviour (B)), this study explored the opinions of healthcare staff and users of community pharmacy services, to inform the development of a new pharmacy bladder and bowel service (PBBS).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A qualitative design was adopted by conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews with pharmacy staff, users of community pharmacy services, bladder and bowel service staff, and professionals involved with commissioning services. A thematic analysis was used, and resulting themes were mapped onto the components of the COM-B model.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 27 participants were interviewed that represented the four groups of participants. A pro-active, protocolised PBBS was envisaged, involving targeted advice and provision of self-help materials, medication support, and referral/follow-up assessment as appropriate. Training programs for pharmacy staff, adequate funding/remuneration and information technology, awareness campaigns, policy support and guidance were identified as key behavioural targets for the success of a potential PBBS. Workforce time and capacity, service user embarrassment and stigma were potential barriers.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The study identified a range of elements to be considered in the design and implementation of a successful PBBS. Informed by the evidence presented by this study, a multi-faceted approach to co-design the service will be required to ensure it is fit for purpose for all healthcare public and policy stakeholders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741124002067/pdfft?md5=445cb053b56e84bbcd3ef6a0c7b51da7&pid=1-s2.0-S1551741124002067-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141853534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}