Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Identifying outcomes for evaluating the impact of pharmacist prescribing: A rapid overview of reviews","authors":"Ahmed Hassan Ali ,&nbsp;Anais Essilini ,&nbsp;Aaron Daunt ,&nbsp;Michelle Flood ,&nbsp;Caroline McCarthy ,&nbsp;Judith Strawbridge ,&nbsp;Barbara Clyne ,&nbsp;Frank Moriarty","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Given the expansion of pharmacist prescribing, this study aims to identify and categorise outcomes reported in research evaluating impacts of pharmacist prescribing specifically for minor ailments (or common conditions) and in other broader contexts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A rapid overview of reviews was conducted, searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Epistemonikos using keywords relating to pharmacy/pharmacists, prescribing or minor ailments schemes, and evidence syntheses. Reviews evaluating the impact of any aspect of pharmacist prescribing were included if they reported ≥1 outcome assessing the impact of pharmacist prescribing. Data extraction focused on the clinical settings, disease areas/conditions, prescribing models and reported outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 43 reviews included, 14 reported on outcomes of pharmacist prescribing in minor ailments, and 35 reviews in broader contexts (6 reporting both). Outcomes were categorised as clinical, drug-related/prescribing, patient-reported/experience, and economic/other outcomes. For minor ailments, 14 outcomes were identified, most frequently clinical cure or symptom resolution, and cost of service delivery (both reported in n = 8 reviews). In other prescribing contexts, 12 outcomes were reported, with general satisfaction being the most common (n = 18), followed by clinical effectiveness and healthcare resource use (both n = 15).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Capturing impact of pharmacist prescribing requires assessment of outcomes across multiple dimensions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 407-414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145726676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of the valuable roles of community pharmacists in colorectal cancer screening across various countries","authors":"Charbel Abi Saad ,&nbsp;Elodie Bazin ,&nbsp;Jean-Pierre Benoit ,&nbsp;Nicolas Clere ,&nbsp;Sébastien Faure","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health concern, for which early screening is crucial, although overall participation rates remain insufficient. Due to their frequent contact with patient, pharmacists are well positioned to improve CRC screening uptake. Yet, their roles and added value are not clearly evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review was performed to determine and assess pharmacists’ contributions to CRC screening across different countries.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following PRISMA guidelines, a literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar. Mesh terms and keywords were used, targeting major themes in the literature: “Pharmacy”, “Colorectal Cancer”, and “Screening”. Data from relevant articles were independently reviewed, extracted, and assessed by two reviewers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirty-eight articles met the eligibility criteria: 35 (92.1 %) observational articles and 3 (7.9 %) reviews. Six major pharmacist contributions emerged for improving the CRC screening: (i) promoting CRC education and awareness, (ii) delivering comprehensive CRC screening practices, (iii) offering personalized support and guidance for patients, (iv) monitoring patient participation in the CRC screening process, (v) contributing to research and evidence generation for CRC screening, and (vi) optimizing collaboration strategies with Primary Care Providers (PCPs). These contributions are mainly from North America and Europe, representing 79.0 % of the data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pharmacists contributions appeared valuable across healthcare systems, when appropriately recognized, supported, and remunerated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 382-396"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145769532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Quantitative analysis of communication changes in online medication counseling using the Roter Interaction System” [Res Soc Adm Pharm 20 (2024) 36–42]","authors":"Ayako Mori ,&nbsp;Izumi Kato ,&nbsp;Katsuya Narumi ,&nbsp;Yoh Takekuma ,&nbsp;Hitoshi Kashiwagi ,&nbsp;Yuki Sato ,&nbsp;Mitsuru Sugawara ,&nbsp;Masaki Kobayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Page 507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods used to identify and classify medication-related admissions and readmissions to hospitals: A systematic review","authors":"Linda Krogh ,&nbsp;Stephen Carter ,&nbsp;Shania Liu ,&nbsp;Rebekah Jane Moles ,&nbsp;Jenny Chen ,&nbsp;Klaudia Englezos ,&nbsp;Kingston Yeung ,&nbsp;Rohan Andrew Elliott ,&nbsp;Manya Angley ,&nbsp;Deirdre Thelma Criddle ,&nbsp;Deborah Rigby ,&nbsp;Frank Mario Sanfilippo ,&nbsp;Charley Ann Budgeon ,&nbsp;Kim-Huong Nguyen ,&nbsp;Paul Andrew Yates ,&nbsp;Katie Maree Phillips ,&nbsp;Jerry Yik ,&nbsp;Faye McMillan ,&nbsp;Deborah Hawthorne ,&nbsp;Cristen Fleming ,&nbsp;Jonathan Penm","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Medication-related hospital admissions, including readmissions, are common and often preventable. Identifying these admissions is essential for implementing effective interventions, yet no consensus exists on the most appropriate identification method.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This systematic review aimed to evaluate the methodologies used to classify medication-related hospital admissions, summarize the tools employed, identify validated tools, and assess their usability in clinical settings.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Embase following PRISMA guidelines. The review was registered on Open Science Framework (&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WEK2D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;svg&gt;&lt;path&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Full-text English-language articles published between October 2013 and October 2023 were included if they focused on the development or evaluation of a tool to identify medication-related hospital admissions. Systematic reviews, conference abstracts, editorials, and commentaries were excluded. Studies were screened and selected using Covidence by two authors, with disagreements resolved by a third party. Risk of bias and validity of evidence were assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies. Data was extracted and evaluated based on usability and if validated, the validation measures.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Twenty-three studies were included which describe three methods for identifying medication-related admissions: trigger tools and indicators (n = 8), questionnaires (n = 4), and author-selected ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes (n = 10). Four studies included validated tools, which were further assessed using QUADAS-2 for risk of bias. The AT-HARM10 tool demonstrated the strongest evidence of validity, with good inter-rater reliability and practical usability (average completion time 5.7 min, useable by pharmacy students). However, most studies showed limitations, including risk of bias, inconsistent definitions, and concentrated in older populations, reducing generalizability. While ICD codes were frequently used, their retrospective design limited their applicability in real-time clinical decision-making. These findings highlight the need for standardized, validated tools that are feasible for routine use to improve identification of medication-related admissions and support targeted interventions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A range of methodologies exists for identifying medication-related hospital admissions, but few are both validated and feasible for clinical use. AT-HARM10 was the only tool meeting both criteria, making it the most suitable option for real-time application in clinical settings. These findings underscore the need for standardized, validated tools that are practical for routine use to improve detection and enable targeted intervention","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 397-406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145806110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors related to medication adherence among people experiencing homelessness","authors":"James O. Baffoe ,&nbsp;Leticia R. Moczygemba ,&nbsp;Anton L.V. Avanceña ,&nbsp;Carolyn M. Brown ,&nbsp;Emily M. Seales","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Medication adherence among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) is consistently low. There is limited research investigating the factors related to adherence in PEH.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe and examine the relationship between traditional and vulnerable predisposing, enabling, and need (PEN) factors and medication adherence among PEH.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional survey was conducted at two homeless services agencies in central Texas, from June to August 2024. PEH who were at least 18 years old, took at least one oral prescription for a chronic condition, used the healthcare system in the past six months, and communicated in English were eligible. The dependent variable, medication adherence, was measured using the nine-item Hill-Bone Medication Adherence Scale (<em>1 = all of the time to 4 = none of the time</em>), range 9 – 36; higher scores indicated higher adherence. The independent variables were the traditional and vulnerable PEN factors. Data analysis included descriptive, bivariate, and linear regression analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants (n = 150) were 49.0 (± 10.8) years old and were homeless for 5.0 (± 6.0) years. Most were male (72.0%), half (50.0%) were White, and a quarter (25.3%) were Hispanic. The mean adherence score was 29.6 ± 4.4/36, where 4.4 represents the standard deviation (SD). Substance use, psychological distress, affordability of medications, access to transportation, access to medication storage, competing needs/priorities, and number of medications were related to medication adherence (p &lt; 0.05) in the bivariate analyses. After adjusting for independent variables, psychological distress (p = 0.0025) and medication affordability (p = 0.0055) were associated with medication adherence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Healthcare professionals can consider tailoring medication adherence counseling to focus on strategies to mitigate psychological distress and medication affordability challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 465-473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145751987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacy technicians in Europe: exploring the diversity in training, roles, and regulation","authors":"Carolina Valeiro ,&nbsp;Vitor Silva ,&nbsp;Ângelo Jesus ,&nbsp;João Joaquim ,&nbsp;Cristiano Matos","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pharmacy technicians are increasingly recognized as essential healthcare professionals who contribute significantly to the delivery of pharmacy services. However, in Europe, the education, training, and regulatory frameworks governing pharmacy technicians vary substantially, influencing their scope of practice and integration within healthcare systems.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This review maps the education, qualifications, and scope of practice of PTs across Europe, highlighting differences in professional titles and regulatory approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A review was conducted using publicly available data from the EU Regulated Professions Database and data collected from national organizations representing pharmacy technicians across Europe. Data on professional titles, qualification levels, regulations, program duration, and role delineation were extracted and summarized for comparison.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings from 28 European countries revealed significant variability in pharmacy technician qualification levels (EQF 4–6), training duration (2–4.5 years), and national regulation. Regulation ranges from mandatory licensing with protected titles to a lack of regulation. The scope of practice differs, from basic dispensing and inventory tasks to broader clinical and technical responsibilities.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The landscape of pharmacy technician education and regulation in Europe remains fragmented. Although PTs share core responsibilities, qualification levels, program durations, and regulatory protections vary widely, limiting professional identity, mobility, and workforce planning. Developing a shared European framework for education and professional recognition could facilitate professional mobility, reduce professional and skill disparities, and support safe, high-quality pharmacy services, ultimately optimizing the contribution of PTs to healthcare systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 370-381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-cultural adaptation of patient-reported outcome measures: Methodological guidance for a better practice","authors":"Sundos Q. Al-Ebrahim ,&nbsp;Jeff Harrison ,&nbsp;Timothy F. Chen ,&nbsp;Mohammed A. Mohammed","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Literature on the development of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) has continue to expand over the past two decades. With the increasing global use of PROMs in research and clinical practice, there is a need for their rigorous and systematic translation and cultural adaptation to ensure appropriate use in new contexts. This requires a structured approach to ensure linguistic and cultural equivalence, the quality of cross-cultural adaptation (CCA), and psychometric properties of the adapted PROMs. Poor CCA can be a challenge to the transferability and applicability of PROMs. A reasonable approach to ensure high-quality CCA could involve selecting certified translators, reconciling feedback, conducting pilot tests with end users, forming an expert committee, and consulting with the original tool developers. However, there are gaps in how the process of CCA was applied and reported. Although numerous guidelines for CCA exist, none are regarded as a gold standard. In addition, there is a lack of consensus on the best and most effective method of translation. This methodological paper addresses these gaps by describing methodological guidance for CCA, including comprehensive, step-by-step instructions and toolkits to enhance researchers' understanding and application of the CCA process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 459-464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145745222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immigration timing modifies the association between medication non-adherence and cognitive function in older adults","authors":"Yuan Fang ,&nbsp;Jayoung Han","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The aging U.S. immigrant population exhibits higher rates of dementia than U.S.-born residents, yet traditional diagnostic methods often fail to detect decline due to cultural and linguistic barriers. Unintentional medication non-adherence (MNA) may serve as an early, noninvasive marker of cognitive decline, but little is known about how immigration timing and other modifiers shape this relationship.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed data from 10,854 participants aged ≥65 years in the Health and Retirement Study (2012–2016). Cognitive function was assessed using standardized latent cognitive scores. Immigration status was classified as U.S.-born or immigrant, with immigrants further stratified by age at arrival (child/adolescent, early, middle, and late adulthood). Unintentional and intentional MNA were investigated separately, and a moderated moderation regression on cognitive function tested interactions between unintentional MNA, immigration status/timing, and education adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and health covariates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Unintentional MNA, being an immigrant (compared to non-immigrants), and older age at immigration were associated with lower cognitive scores, while higher education was protective. Significant two-way interactions indicated that immigration status (β = −0.38 ± 0.14, p = 0.0006), timing (β = −0.13 ± 0.03, p &lt; 0.0001), and education (β = −0.09 ± 0.03, p = 0.003) moderated the MNA-cognition association, though three-way interaction was not significant. Subgroup analysis showed that unintentional MNA was generally linked to poorer cognition, but the moderating roles of immigration timing and education varied across ethnicity-immigration subgroups. The potential for residual confounding and other study limitations should be considered when interpreting these results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In conclusion, unintentional MNA is a sensitive marker of cognitive decline, with risk magnified among immigrants who arrived in middle-late adulthood. Integrating adherence and immigration history into clinical assessments may improve early identification and guide targeted interventions for diverse older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 451-458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145678982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"For a more comprehensive view of organizational culture in implementation research","authors":"Blete Isufi ,&nbsp;Celia Piquer-Martinez ,&nbsp;Maria José Zarzuelo Romero ,&nbsp;Shane P. Desselle","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organizational culture has an important role in implementation science, but unfortunately, it is often defined inconsistently or treated as a unidimensional construct, sometimes, even by equating individual perceptions of the culture with the organization, itself. This commentary advocates for a systematic, multidimensional way of defining and measuring organizational culture in implementation research, with particular attention to pharmacy practice and medication use services. Using organization theory, we describe how culture exists within a dynamic interaction between internal processes and external forces. By reviewing frameworks and empirical studies, we show that culture is multifactorial and evolves alongside implementation; it influences readiness, leadership engagement, and practice behaviors in healthcare and pharmacy settings. An example from rural community pharmacies further illustrates how cultural support for change can coexist with uneven structural capacity, underscoring the need for context-sensitive, multidimensional assessment. Research indicates that differences in how cultural dimensions are perceived within an organization can shape outcomes, suggesting that implementation strategies may need adaptation for different subgroups. Multidimensional tools like the Organizational Culture Profile and PRACTICE offer stronger approaches to assessing cultural conditions relevant to implementation. A multidimensional perspective indicates that strategies must be determined based on the cultural climate of the organization. Furthermore, sustainable change depends on assessing culture before planning and implementation, and pharmacies must continually review the internal and external cultural conditions to safeguard patient welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 504-506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145783532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A community pharmacy vaccination nudge intervention: Final results of a nationwide study","authors":"Kenneth C. Hohmeier ,&nbsp;Andrea Brookhart ,&nbsp;Olivia Kinney ,&nbsp;Kayla Dillon ,&nbsp;Chi-Yang Chiu ,&nbsp;Kelsey D. Frederick ,&nbsp;Tracy Hagemann ,&nbsp;Sujith Ramachandran ,&nbsp;Justin Gatwood","doi":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sapharm.2025.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Community pharmacy is involved in an increasing number of clinical services, although this has been hindered by barriers related to workload and workflow. Borrowing from theories in behavioral economics, “nudges” aim to influence behavior through non-conscious decisions. One large area of potential impact for “nudge” theory is provider-facing screening and recommendations for vaccinations, but the manner in which these mechanisms have been adopted over time is not well understood. To date no evidence exists on the effectiveness of these “nudges” in the community pharmacy setting.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The objective of this study is to report on final results of a pharmacist-targeted behavioral “nudge” to improve second dose completion rates for herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination. A secondary objective was to explore pharmacist acceptance of the nudge-based intervention.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A multi-methods approach was used to assess this quality improvement exercise in a large community pharmacy chain, including vaccine uptake counts and semi-structured interviews with community pharmacists. Changes in second-dose completion of a two-dose HZ vaccine were abstracted from the pharmacy dispensing system and assessed over 17 months once the clinical decision support (CDS) intervention became active. The qualitative arm of the project involved semi-structured, in-depth telephone interviews with pharmacists. Qualitative data was assessed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to assess contextual barriers and enablers to the intervention. Linear trend analysis examined both series completion and dosing intervals over the observation period.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Thirty-six states were represented across 2271 pharmacies. Despite initial declines in completion percentages and increases in the vaccine dosing windows once the CDS system was implemented, overall improvements in both measures were realized over the course of the observation period (p &lt; 0.01 for completion percentage trend; p &lt; 0.001 for linear trend in mean inter-dose window). Themes derived from a total of 12 in-depth interviews included that the “nudge” positively impacted pharmacist performance expectancy, facilitated patient screening and recommendation process, integrated seamlessly into existing clinical workflows, and social influence positively impacted acceptance of “nudge.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Community pharmacies may further their impact on public health via the use of “nudges” and other clinical decision support tools to support workflow integration. Pharmacists generally regard such interventions positively given their desire to provide more clinical services but not having adequate time to screen patients within workflow. To engage community pharmacies future research should identify means for technology to overcome workload constraints, such as “nudg","PeriodicalId":48126,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 443-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}