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Climate Change and Labor Reallocation: Evidence from Six Decades of the Indian Census 气候变化和劳动力再分配:来自六十年印度人口普查的证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210129
Maggie Liu, Yogita Shamdasani, Vis Taraz
{"title":"Climate Change and Labor Reallocation: Evidence from Six Decades of the Indian Census","authors":"Maggie Liu, Yogita Shamdasani, Vis Taraz","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210129","url":null,"abstract":"How do rising temperatures affect long-term labor reallocation in developing economies? In this paper we examine how increases in temperature impact structural transformation and urbanization within Indian districts between 1951 and 2011. We find that rising temperatures are associated with lower shares of workers in nonagricultural sectors, with effects intensifying over a longer time frame. Supporting evidence suggests that local demand effects play an important role: declining agricultural productivity under higher temperatures reduces the demand for nonagricultural goods and services, which subsequently lowers nonagricultural labor demand. Our results illustrate that rising temperatures limit sectoral and rural-urban mobility for isolated households. (JEL J61, N35, O13, O15, O18, Q54, R23)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135658672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Pensions and Fertility: Microeconomic Evidence 养老金和生育率:微观经济证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200440
Alexander M. Danzer, Lennard Zyska
{"title":"Pensions and Fertility: Microeconomic Evidence","authors":"Alexander M. Danzer, Lennard Zyska","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200440","url":null,"abstract":"This study identifies the causal effect of pension generosity on women’s fertility behavior. It capitalizes on Brazil’s expansion of the pension system to rural workers, whose pension wealth subsequently more than tripled. Difference-in-difference, instrumental variable, and event study methods show that the pension reform reduces the propensity of childbearing of women of fertile age by 8 percent in the short run. Completed fertility declines by 1.3 children within 20 years after the reform, reducing the contribution base of the pay-as-you-go long run. The fertility response is strongest at higher birth parities, among older women, and among mothers with sons. (JEL H55, I38, J13, J16, O15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135703271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
No Spending without Representation: School Boards and the Racial Gap in Education Finance 没有代表就没有支出:学校董事会和教育财政中的种族差距
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200475
Brett Fischer
{"title":"No Spending without Representation: School Boards and the Racial Gap in Education Finance","authors":"Brett Fischer","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200475","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides causal evidence that greater minority representation on school boards translates into greater investment in minority students. Focusing on California school boards, I instrument for minority (specifically, Hispanic) representation using random ballot ordering and leverage new data from a statewide capital investment program to capture intradistrict resource allocations. I show that Hispanic board members invest the marginal dollar in high-Hispanic schools within their districts. High-Hispanic schools also exhibit gains in student achievement and decreased teacher turnover. I conclude that enhancing minority representation on school boards could help combat long-standing disparities in education. JEL (H75, I21, I22, I24, J15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136048794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ask and You Shall Receive? Gender Differences in Regrades in College 祈求就会得到?大学成绩的性别差异
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210053
Cher Hsuehhsiang Li, Basit Zafar
{"title":"Ask and You Shall Receive? Gender Differences in Regrades in College","authors":"Cher Hsuehhsiang Li, Basit Zafar","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210053","url":null,"abstract":"Using administrative data from a large public university, we show that male students are 18.6 percent more likely than female students to receive favorable grade changes made by instructors. Surveys of students and instructors reveal that regrade requests are prevalent and that male students are more likely to ask for regrades on the intensive margin. We corroborate the gender differences in regrade requests in an incentivized controlled experiment: we find that males have a higher willingness to pay to ask for regrades. Almost a third of the gender difference is due to gender differences in beliefs and the Big Five traits. (JEL D82, D91, I23, J16)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135658670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Externalities in International Tax Enforcement: Theory and Evidence 国际税收执法中的外部性:理论与证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200200
Thomas Tørsløv, Ludvig Wier, Gabriel Zucman
{"title":"Externalities in International Tax Enforcement: Theory and Evidence","authors":"Thomas Tørsløv, Ludvig Wier, Gabriel Zucman","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200200","url":null,"abstract":"We show that the fiscal authorities of high-tax countries can lack the incentives to combat profit shifting to tax havens. Instead, they have incentives to focus their enforcement efforts on relocating profits booked by multinationals in other high-tax countries, crowding out the enforcement on transactions that shift profits to tax havens, and reducing the global tax payments of multinational companies. The predictions of our model are motivated and supported by the analysis of two new datasets: the universe of transfer price corrections conducted by the Danish tax authority, and new cross-country data on international tax enforcement. (JEL E62, F23, H25, H26, H87, K34)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135658673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Peer Effects in Police Use of Force 警察使用武力中的同伴效应
IF 5.3 1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200227
Justin E. Holz, Roman Rivera, Bocar A. Ba
{"title":"Peer Effects in Police Use of Force","authors":"Justin E. Holz, Roman Rivera, Bocar A. Ba","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200227","url":null,"abstract":"We study the link between police officers’ on-duty injuries and their peers’ force use using a network of officers who attended the police academy together through a random lottery. On-duty injuries increase the probability of officers using force by 7 percent in the subsequent week. Officers are also more likely to injure suspects and receive complaints about neglecting victims and violating constitutional rights. The effect is concentrated in a narrow time window following the event and is not associated with significantly lower injury risk to the officer. Together, these findings suggest that emotional responses drive the effects rather than social learning. (JEL H76, J28, K42)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91280612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Employed in a SNAP? The Impact of Work Requirements on Program Participation and Labor Supply 在SNAP工作?工作需求对项目参与和劳动力供给的影响
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200561
Colin Gray, Adam Leive, Elena Prager, Kelsey B. Pukelis, Mary Zaki
{"title":"Employed in a SNAP? The Impact of Work Requirements on Program Participation and Labor Supply","authors":"Colin Gray, Adam Leive, Elena Prager, Kelsey B. Pukelis, Mary Zaki","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200561","url":null,"abstract":"Work requirements are common in US safety net programs. Evidence remains limited, however, on the extent to which work requirements increase economic self-sufficiency or screen out vulnerable individuals. Using linked administrative data on food stamps (SNAP) and earnings with a regression discontinuity design, we find robust evidence that work requirements increase program exits by 23 percentage points (64 percent) among incumbent participants. Overall program participation among adults who are subject to work requirements is reduced by 53 percent. Homeless adults are disproportionately screened out. We find no effects on employment and suggestive evidence of increased earnings in some specifications. (JEL H75, I18, I32, I38, J22, J31)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Student Performance, Peer Effects, and Friend Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Peer Intervention 学生表现、同伴效应和朋友网络:来自随机同伴干预的证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200563
Jia Wu, Junsen Zhang, Chunchao Wang
{"title":"Student Performance, Peer Effects, and Friend Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Peer Intervention","authors":"Jia Wu, Junsen Zhang, Chunchao Wang","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200563","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the effects of an educational peer intervention in which previously high- and low-achieving students are randomly paired as deskmates in elementary schools in China. Our treatment boosts the mathematics scores of the low-achieving students. Moreover, the treatment enhances the extraversion and agreeableness of high- and low-achieving students, thereby providing evidence that peers can influence personality traits. The positive treatment effects can be attributed to the deskmate-level peer effects. We document friend network structure changes and present additional evidence on how friendship ties help us better understand the mechanisms behind peer effects. (JEL I21, I26, J24, O15, P36, Z13)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136252466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
School Boards and Education Production: Evidence from Randomized Ballot Order 学校董事会和教育生产:来自随机投票顺序的证据
IF 5.3 1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200435
Ying Shi, J. Singleton
{"title":"School Boards and Education Production: Evidence from Randomized Ballot Order","authors":"Ying Shi, J. Singleton","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200435","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the causal influence of educators elected to the school board on local education production. The key empirical challenge is that school board composition is endogenously determined through the electoral process. To overcome this, we develop a novel research design that leverages California’s randomized assignment of the order that candidate names appear on election ballots. We find that an additional educator elected to the school board reduces charter schooling and increases teacher salaries in the school district relative to other board members. We interpret these findings as consistent with educator board members shifting bargaining in favor of teachers’ unions. (JEL D72, H75, I21, J31, J45, J51)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83126529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Tax Audits as Scarecrows: Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Experiment 税务审计是稻草人:来自大规模实地实验的证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200321
Marcelo Bergolo, Rodrigo Ceni, Guillermo Cruces, Matias Giaccobasso, Ricardo Perez-Truglia
{"title":"Tax Audits as Scarecrows: Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Experiment","authors":"Marcelo Bergolo, Rodrigo Ceni, Guillermo Cruces, Matias Giaccobasso, Ricardo Perez-Truglia","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200321","url":null,"abstract":"The canonical model of Allingham and Sandmo (1972) predicts that firms evade taxes by optimally trading off between the costs and benefits of evasion. However, there is no direct evidence that firms react to audits in this way. We conducted a large-scale field experiment in collaboration with a tax authority to address this question. We sent letters to 20,440 small- and medium-sized firms that collectively paid more than US$200 million in taxes per year. We find that providing information about audits significantly affected tax compliance but in a manner that was inconsistent with Allingham and Sandmo (1972). (JEL C93, D22, H25, H26, K34, L25, O14)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135755212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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