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Moved to Poverty? A Legacy of the Apartheid Experiment in South Africa 搬到贫困地区?南非种族隔离实验的遗产
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210439
Bladimir Carrillo, Carlos Charris, Wilman Iglesias
{"title":"Moved to Poverty? A Legacy of the Apartheid Experiment in South Africa","authors":"Bladimir Carrillo, Carlos Charris, Wilman Iglesias","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210439","url":null,"abstract":"During the South African apartheid, Black people were forced to move to homelands during the 1960s and 1970s, resulting in one of history’s largest segregation policy experiments. We examine how and why relocation to the homelands affected human capital attainment. Exploiting the staggered timing of homeland establishment in a cross-cohort identification strategy, we find that moving to the home-lands during childhood significantly reduces educational attainment, labor earnings, and employment rates in adulthood. The data suggest an important role for place effects. Moving to the homelands in childhood implies greater exposure to poorer neighborhoods, and it disproportionally reduces human capital attainment. (JEL I26, J15, J24, J31, N37, O15, R23)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"4 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135161304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Information and Spillovers from Targeting Policy in Peru’s Anchoveta Fishery 秘鲁鳀鱼渔业目标政策的信息和溢出效应
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210812
Gabriel Englander
{"title":"Information and Spillovers from Targeting Policy in Peru’s Anchoveta Fishery","authors":"Gabriel Englander","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210812","url":null,"abstract":"This paper establishes that a targeted policy backfires because it reveals information about nontargeted units. In the world’s largest fishery, the regulator attempts to reduce the harvesting of juvenile fish by temporarily closing areas where the share of juvenile catch is high. By combining administrative microdata with biologically richer data from fishing firms, I isolate variation in closures that is due to the regulator’s lower-resolution data. I estimate substantial temporal and spatial spillovers from closures. Closures increase total juvenile catch by 48 percent because closure announcements implicitly signal that fishing before, just outside, and after closures is high productivity. (JEL D83, O13, Q21, Q22, Q28)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"70 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135215825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of Maturing Private School Choice Programs on Public School Students 成熟的私立学校选择计划对公立学校学生的影响
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210710
David N. Figlio, Cassandra M. D. Hart, Krzysztof Karbownik
{"title":"Effects of Maturing Private School Choice Programs on Public School Students","authors":"David N. Figlio, Cassandra M. D. Hart, Krzysztof Karbownik","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210710","url":null,"abstract":"Using a rich dataset that merges student-level school records with birth records, and leveraging a student fixed effects design, we explore how a Florida private school choice program affected public school students’ outcomes as the program matured and scaled up. We observe growing benefits (higher standardized test scores and lower absenteeism and suspension rates) to students attending public schools with more preprogram private school options as the program matured. Effects are particularly pronounced for lower-income students, but results are positive for more affluent students as well. Local and district-wide private school competition are both independently related to student outcomes. (JEL H75, I21, I22, I28)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"3 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135216692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Market Power and Price Exposure: Learning from Changes in Renewable Energy Regulation 市场力量与价格风险:从可再生能源监管的变化中学习
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210221
Natalia Fabra, None Imelda
{"title":"Market Power and Price Exposure: Learning from Changes in Renewable Energy Regulation","authors":"Natalia Fabra, None Imelda","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210221","url":null,"abstract":"Given the critical role of renewable energies in current and future electricity markets, it is important to understand how they affect firms’ pricing incentives. We study whether the price-depressing effect of renewables depends on their degree of market price exposure. Paying renewables with fixed prices, rather than market-based prices, is more effective at curbing market power when the dominant firms own large shares of renewables, and vice versa. Our empirical short-lived changes to renewables regulation in the Spanish market and shows that switching from full-price exposure to fixed prices caused a 2–4 percent reduction in the average price-cost markup. (JEL L13, L94, L98, Q42, Q48)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"298 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135215861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Do Tax Incentives Increase Firm Innovation? An RD Design for R&D, Patents, and Spillovers 税收激励能促进企业创新吗?研发设计、专利与溢出效应
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200739
Antoine Dechezleprêtre, Elias Einiö, Ralf Martin, Kieu-Trang Nguyen, John Van Reenen
{"title":"Do Tax Incentives Increase Firm Innovation? An RD Design for R&D, Patents, and Spillovers","authors":"Antoine Dechezleprêtre, Elias Einiö, Ralf Martin, Kieu-Trang Nguyen, John Van Reenen","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200739","url":null,"abstract":"We present causal evidence of R&D tax incentives’ positive impacts on a firm’s own innovation and that of its technological neighbors. Exploiting a change in size-based eligibility thresholds for R&D tax relief, we implement a Regression Discontinuity Design using administrative data. We find significant effects of tax relief on (quality-adjusted) patenting (and R&D) that persist up to seven years, and evidence of R&D spillovers on the innovation of technologically close firms. We can rule out elasticities of patenting with respect to R&D user cost of under 2 at the 5 percent level and show that our large effects are driven by financially constrained treated firms. (JEL D22, H25, H32, O31, O34)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"52 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135217505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Brexit Uncertainty and Its (Dis)Service Effects 英国脱欧的不确定性及其(非)服务效应
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200808
Saad Ahmad, Nuno Limão, Sarah Oliver, Serge Shikher
{"title":"Brexit Uncertainty and Its (Dis)Service Effects","authors":"Saad Ahmad, Nuno Limão, Sarah Oliver, Serge Shikher","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200808","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the impact of increased policy uncertainty from Brexit on UK trade in services. We apply an uncertainty-augmented gravity equation to UK services trade with the European Union at the industry level from 2016:I to 2018:IV. By exploiting the variation in the probability of Brexit from prediction markets interacted with a new trade policy risk measure across service industries, we identify a significant negative impact of the threat of Brexit on trade values and participation. The increased probability of Brexit in this period lowered services exports by at least 20 log points. (JEL F13, F14, F15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"40 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Age Discrimination across the Business Cycle 经济周期中的年龄歧视
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210169
Gordon B. Dahl, Matthew Knepper
{"title":"Age Discrimination across the Business Cycle","authors":"Gordon B. Dahl, Matthew Knepper","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210169","url":null,"abstract":"We test whether age discrimination rises during recessions using two complementary analyses. Confidential EEOC microdata reveal that age-related firing and hiring charges rise by 3.3 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively, for each percentage point increase in a state-industry’s monthly unemployment. Though the opportunity cost of filing falls, the fraction of meritorious claims increases—a sufficient condition for rising discrimination under plausible assumptions. Second, we repurpose data from hiring correspondence studies conducted across different cities and time periods during the recovery from the Great Recession. Each percentage point increase in local unemployment reduces the callback rate for older versus younger women by 15 percent. (JEL E32, J14, J16, J23, J71, M51)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"62 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135217739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
My Professor Cares: Experimental Evidence on the Role of Faculty Engagement 我的教授关心:关于教师参与作用的实验证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210699
Scott E. Carrell, Michal Kurlaender
{"title":"My Professor Cares: Experimental Evidence on the Role of Faculty Engagement","authors":"Scott E. Carrell, Michal Kurlaender","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210699","url":null,"abstract":"We provide experimental evidence on the impact of specific faculty behaviors aimed at increasing student success for college students from historically underrepresented groups. The intervention was developed after conducting in-person focus groups and a pilot experiment. We find significant positive treatment effects across a multitude of short- and longer-run outcomes. Specifically, underrep-resented students in the treatment report more positive perceptions of the professor and earned higher course grades. These positive effects persisted over the next several years, with students in the treatment more likely to persist in college, resulting in increased credit accumulation and degree completion. (JEL I22, I23, I28, J15, J44)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"340 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135216144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dynamic Impacts of School-Based Internet Access on Student Learning: Evidence from Peruvian Public Primary Schools 基于学校的互联网接入对学生学习的动态影响:来自秘鲁公立小学的证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200719
Leah K. Lakdawala, Eduardo Nakasone, Kevin Kho
{"title":"Dynamic Impacts of School-Based Internet Access on Student Learning: Evidence from Peruvian Public Primary Schools","authors":"Leah K. Lakdawala, Eduardo Nakasone, Kevin Kho","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200719","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the impacts of school-based internet access on second graders’ test scores, using over 2 million student observations from a panel of Peruvian public primary schools. We identify effects up to 6+ years after installation on different cohorts of second-grade students, exploiting variation in the timing of internet access induced by the rollout of a national program. We find positive but modest short-run impacts, but importantly, these effects grow for subsequent cohorts. Indeed, short-run estimates alone would have led to different conclusions. These dynamics underscore the value of extended evaluation windows to allow benefits of educational technology to materialize. (JEL I21, I26, I28, O15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"42 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135217537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Juvenile Crime and Anticipated Punishment 青少年犯罪与预期处罚
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210530
Ashna Arora
{"title":"Juvenile Crime and Anticipated Punishment","authors":"Ashna Arora","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210530","url":null,"abstract":"Can sanctions deter juvenile crime? Research indicates that they may not, as offending barely decreases when individuals cross the age of criminal majority and begin to face harsher sanctions. Several models of criminal behavior predict, however, that these small reactions close to the threshold may mask larger behavioral responses among individuals below the age threshold. Policy variation between 2007–2015 in the United States is used to show evidence consistent with these predictions—juvenile crime increases when the age of majority is increased. This increase is driven by younger age groups and is considerably larger than discontinuity estimates at the threshold. (JEL D91, J13, K42)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"43 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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