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Dynamic Impacts of School-Based Internet Access on Student Learning: Evidence from Peruvian Public Primary Schools 基于学校的互联网接入对学生学习的动态影响:来自秘鲁公立小学的证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200719
Leah K. Lakdawala, Eduardo Nakasone, Kevin Kho
{"title":"Dynamic Impacts of School-Based Internet Access on Student Learning: Evidence from Peruvian Public Primary Schools","authors":"Leah K. Lakdawala, Eduardo Nakasone, Kevin Kho","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200719","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the impacts of school-based internet access on second graders’ test scores, using over 2 million student observations from a panel of Peruvian public primary schools. We identify effects up to 6+ years after installation on different cohorts of second-grade students, exploiting variation in the timing of internet access induced by the rollout of a national program. We find positive but modest short-run impacts, but importantly, these effects grow for subsequent cohorts. Indeed, short-run estimates alone would have led to different conclusions. These dynamics underscore the value of extended evaluation windows to allow benefits of educational technology to materialize. (JEL I21, I26, I28, O15)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"42 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135217537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Juvenile Crime and Anticipated Punishment 青少年犯罪与预期处罚
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210530
Ashna Arora
{"title":"Juvenile Crime and Anticipated Punishment","authors":"Ashna Arora","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210530","url":null,"abstract":"Can sanctions deter juvenile crime? Research indicates that they may not, as offending barely decreases when individuals cross the age of criminal majority and begin to face harsher sanctions. Several models of criminal behavior predict, however, that these small reactions close to the threshold may mask larger behavioral responses among individuals below the age threshold. Policy variation between 2007–2015 in the United States is used to show evidence consistent with these predictions—juvenile crime increases when the age of majority is increased. This increase is driven by younger age groups and is considerably larger than discontinuity estimates at the threshold. (JEL D91, J13, K42)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"43 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Public Pension Reforms and Retirement Decisions: Narrative Evidence and Aggregate Implications 公共养老金改革和退休决策:叙述证据和总体影响
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200881
Huixin Bi, Sarah Zubairy
{"title":"Public Pension Reforms and Retirement Decisions: Narrative Evidence and Aggregate Implications","authors":"Huixin Bi, Sarah Zubairy","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200881","url":null,"abstract":"We construct a database of public pension policy changes with motivation and implementation information for ten OECD countries. Structural pension reforms, motivated by long-run sustainability concerns, often come with prolonged phase-in periods. In response to pension retrenchments implemented immediately, people close to retirement stay in the workforce longer. News about future pension retrenchments with implementation lags, however, is likely to lead this group to exit the labor market. This decline in the labor force participation rate is particularly strong for reforms with long lags, ones that introduce fundamental policy changes, and ones where citizens have lower trust in the government. (JEL E62, H55, J14, J22, J26)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"3 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135161309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effects of Import Competition on Unionization 进口竞争对工会化的影响
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200709
John S. Ahlquist, Mitch Downey
{"title":"The Effects of Import Competition on Unionization","authors":"John S. Ahlquist, Mitch Downey","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200709","url":null,"abstract":"We study direct and indirect effects of Chinese import competition on union membership in the United States, 1990–2014. Import competition in manufacturing induced a modest decline in unionization within manufacturing industries. The magnitude is small because unionized manufacturers competed in higher-quality product segments. Manufacturers in right-to-work states experienced more direct competition with low-quality Chinese imports. Outside of manufacturing, however, import competition causes an important increase in union membership, as less educated women shift away from retail and toward jobs in health care and education where unions are stronger. We calculate that Chinese imports prevented 26 percent of the union density decline that would have otherwise occurred. (JEL F14, F16, J16, J51, L60, P33)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"275 1-2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135217803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Digitization and the Market for Physical Works: Evidence from the Google Books Project 数字化与实体作品市场:来自谷歌图书项目的证据
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210702
Abhishek Nagaraj, Imke Reimers
{"title":"Digitization and the Market for Physical Works: Evidence from the Google Books Project","authors":"Abhishek Nagaraj, Imke Reimers","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210702","url":null,"abstract":"The free digital distribution of creative works could cannibalize demand for physical versions, but it could also boost physical sales by enabling consumers to discover the original work. We study the impact of the Google Books digitization project on the market for physical books. We find that digitization significantly boosts the demand for physical versions and provide evidence for the discovery channel. Moreover, digitization allows independent publishers to introduce new editions for existing books, further increasing sales. Our results highlight the potential of free digital distribution to strengthen the demand for and supply of physical products. (JEL D12, L82, L86)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"90 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135166957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Front Matter 前页
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.15.4.i
{"title":"Front Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1257/pol.15.4.i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.15.4.i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135216212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Electoral Cycles in Macroprudential Regulation 宏观审慎监管中的选举周期
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20200626
Karsten Müller
{"title":"Electoral Cycles in Macroprudential Regulation","authors":"Karsten Müller","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200626","url":null,"abstract":"Do politics matter for macroprudential policies? I show that changes in macroprudential regulation exhibit a predictable electoral cycle in the run-up to 221 elections across 58 countries from 2000 through 2014. Policies restricting mortgages and consumer credit are systematically looser before elections, particularly during economic expansions. Consistent with theories of opportunistic political cycles, this pattern is stronger when election outcomes are uncertain, regulators are closely tied to politicians, and institutions are poor. These results suggest that political pressures may limit the ability of regulators to “lean against the wind.” (JEL D72, E32, G01, G21, G28)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"44 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135216640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Public and Private Options in Practice: The Military Health System 实践中的公共和私人选择:军队卫生系统
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210625
Michael D. Frakes, Jonathan Gruber, Timothy Justicz
{"title":"Public and Private Options in Practice: The Military Health System","authors":"Michael D. Frakes, Jonathan Gruber, Timothy Justicz","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210625","url":null,"abstract":"Recent debates over health care reform, including in the context of the Military Health System (MHS) and Veterans Administration, highlight the dispute between public and private provision of health care services. Using novel data on childbirth claims from the MHS and drawing on the combination of plausibly exogenous patient moves and heterogeneity across bases in the availability of base hospitals, we identify the impact of receiving obstetrical care on versus off military bases. We find evidence that off-base care is associated with slightly greater resource intensity, but also notably better outcomes, suggesting marginal efficiency gains from care privatization. (JEL H51, H56, I11, I18, J13, L33)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do Credit Supply Shocks Affect Employment in Middle-Income Countries? 信贷供给冲击会影响中等收入国家的就业吗?
1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210354
Emilio Gutierrez, David Jaume, Martín Tobal
{"title":"Do Credit Supply Shocks Affect Employment in Middle-Income Countries?","authors":"Emilio Gutierrez, David Jaume, Martín Tobal","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210354","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the effect of bank credit supply shocks on formal employment in Mexico using a proprietary dataset containing information on all loans extended to firms by commercial banks during 2010–2015. We find large impacts on the formal employment of small and medium firms: a positive credit shock of 1 standard deviation increases yearly employment by 1.4 percentage points. The shares of uncollateralized credit and credit received by family firms, younger firms, and firms with no previous bank relationships also increase, suggesting that credit shocks may play a more prominent role for employment creation in credit-constrained settings. (JEL D22, G21, G32, J23, L25, M51, O16)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"40 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
College Enrollment and Mandatory FAFSA Applications: Evidence from Louisiana 大学入学和强制性FAFSA申请:来自路易斯安那州的证据
IF 5.3 1区 经济学
American Economic Journal-Economic Policy Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1257/pol.20210360
Christa Deneault
{"title":"College Enrollment and Mandatory FAFSA Applications: Evidence from Louisiana","authors":"Christa Deneault","doi":"10.1257/pol.20210360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210360","url":null,"abstract":"I estimate the impact of a Louisiana state policy that mandated Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) applications as a high school graduation requirement. I find significant increases in FAFSA completion rates (19 percentage points), and my estimates imply an increase of 1–2 percentage points in college enrollment. There is suggestive evidence that these effects were more concentrated among lower-income students/schools, and merit-based state financial aid applications also increased. The design of this mandate implies that pushing students into action may be more effective than informational nudges and that localized support systems such as counselors are important for the success of a top-down policy. (JEL D91, H75, I21, I22, I23, I28)","PeriodicalId":48093,"journal":{"name":"American Economic Journal-Economic Policy","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86174540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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