Science Technology & Human Values最新文献_第5页

Diversity Concepts in Computer Science and Technology Development: A Critique 计算机科学与技术发展中的多样性概念:一个批判

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221122549

Laura Schelenz

{"title":"Diversity Concepts in Computer Science and Technology Development: A Critique","authors":"Laura Schelenz","doi":"10.1177/01622439221122549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221122549","url":null,"abstract":"Diversity has become increasingly relevant in computer science and technology development, both in terms of inclusive design teams and as a concept used to design “diversity-aware” technologies. The latter part has received less attention and notions of diversity leveraged to design technologies remain understudied. This paper critically examines diversity concepts employed by computer scientists and designers by reviewing 120 articles in two subfields of computer science: personalized recommendations and human–computer interaction. Drawing on Black feminism and critical race theory-inspired literature, I offer a critique of demographic and cultural user representations and underscore the shortcomings of diversity as a strategy to increase user satisfaction and fairness. Particularly concerning is the unreflected use of binary, static, and individual-level diversity concepts in the design of technologies. Such concepts render structural inequalities between and within groups of users invisible and thereby risk reinforcing existing injustices. The paper closes with considerations on whether and how diversity concepts can be leveraged by designers in a social justice–oriented manner.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82889628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Industrializing Bacterial Work: Microbiopolitics, Biogas Alchemy, and the French Waste Management Sector 工业化细菌工作:微生物政治，沼气炼金术，和法国废物管理部门

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-08-21 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221119851

F. Daniel

{"title":"Industrializing Bacterial Work: Microbiopolitics, Biogas Alchemy, and the French Waste Management Sector","authors":"F. Daniel","doi":"10.1177/01622439221119851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221119851","url":null,"abstract":"Biological waste recycling has recently attracted widespread interest and investment. Large industrial plants that use microbiological engineering to process municipal waste and produce biogas have been established in different countries including Germany, France, Portugal, Brazil, Canada, and China, to name a few. These biowaste facilities are not simply classical energy infrastructures, as they are commonly described, but rather rely on the power of bacteria, archaea, and fungi at several levels to accomplish the work of waste metamorphosis. Such an appropriation of microbes’ vital force is based on specific and complex human–microbe relations, or microbiopolitics, that rely on practices of attention, care, and proximity with waste material. However, in these industrial attempts of upgrading the metabolic work of bacteria, the need for more hands-on daily care of waste materials and biological processes is being superseded by the automation of waste processing. Close examination of the French context shows that this shift produces ignorance regarding the growth and evolution of bacterial colonies and reduces humans’ attention and proximity to the industrial process, thereby depriving the microbes of elements that hitherto kept them domesticated.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77080866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Care and the Cowboy Boot: Interspecies Responsibility and the Wobbly Boundaries of Lab Animal Personhood 关怀和牛仔靴:种间责任和实验室动物人格的摇摆边界

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-08-21 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221120114

L. Sharp

{"title":"Care and the Cowboy Boot: Interspecies Responsibility and the Wobbly Boundaries of Lab Animal Personhood","authors":"L. Sharp","doi":"10.1177/01622439221120114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221120114","url":null,"abstract":"Of what relevance is a cowboy boot to understandings of the moral underpinnings of lab animal care, value, and personhood? I trace the movement of chimpanzees from laboratories to sanctuaries, wherein associated forms of care in the latter expose efforts to foster emergent chimpanzee personhood. Staff of one sanctuary view chimps’ former lives as constrained by standardized, impersonal forms of care: as lab subjects, they were confined to small quarters and valued primarily as sources of scientific data. In contrast, sanctuary care entails efforts to individualize animals through quirky, creative strategies that jostle interspecies boundaries. In one instance, a pair of cowboy boots embodies associated challenges and triumphs. I argue that attentiveness to the values assigned to nonhuman ways of being, interspecies encounters, and inanimate things together uncover otherwise hidden efforts to redirect entrenched notions of professional responsibility, compassion, and the morality of care. I ask, if anthropological definitions of personhood are anchored in forms of human sociality, under what conditions can practices, objects, and other creatures rattle, alter, or redirect premises of personhood to incorporate interspecies understandings? How might the wobbly boundaries of sanctuary life loop back to transform, rather than denigrate, the works and lives of laboratory staff?","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78643242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Working with Olga Kuchinskay and Katie Vann 与奥尔加·库钦斯基和凯蒂·范恩合作

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221102985

G. Bowker

引用次数: 1

Sheldon Krimsky: An Appreciation of an STS Scholar Par Excellence (June 26, 1941 to April 23, 2022) 谢尔登·克里姆斯基:对卓越STS学者的欣赏(1941年6月26日至2022年4月23日)

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221105658

P. Brown

引用次数: 0

Editorial Work and the Peer Review Economy of STS Journals. STS期刊的编辑工作与同行评议经济。

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.1177/01622439211068798

Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner, Kean Birch, Maria Amuchastegui

{"title":"Editorial Work and the Peer Review Economy of STS Journals.","authors":"Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner, Kean Birch, Maria Amuchastegui","doi":"10.1177/01622439211068798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439211068798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we analyze the role of science and technology studies (STS) journal editors in organizing and maintaining the peer review economy. We specifically conceptualize peer review as a gift economy running on perpetually renewed experiences of mutual indebtedness among members of an intellectual community. While the peer review system is conventionally presented as self-regulating, we draw attention to its vulnerabilities and to the essential curating function of editors. Aside from inherent complexities, there are various shifts in the broader political-economic and sociotechnical organization of scholarly publishing that have recently made it more difficult for editors to organize robust cycles of gift exchange. This includes the increasing importance of journal metrics and associated changes in authorship practices; the growth and differentiation of the STS journal landscape; and changes in publishing funding models and the structure of the publishing market through which interactions among authors, editors, and reviewers are reconfigured. To maintain a functioning peer review economy in the face of numerous pressures, editors must balance contradictory imperatives: the need to triage intellectual production and rely on established cycles of gift exchange for efficiency, and the need to expand cycles of gift exchange to ensure the sustainability and diversity of the peer review economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9260483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40591872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Sheldon Krimsky: A Peer without Peer 谢尔顿·克里姆斯基:没有同伴的同伴

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221105659

E. Hackett

引用次数: 0

Citizen-Person: The “Me” in the “We” in Danish Precision Medicine 公民-人:丹麦精准医学中“我们”中的“我”

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221108535

M. Svendsen, L. Navne

{"title":"Citizen-Person: The “Me” in the “We” in Danish Precision Medicine","authors":"M. Svendsen, L. Navne","doi":"10.1177/01622439221108535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221108535","url":null,"abstract":"The genome has become a crucial component in precision medicine aimed at tailoring medical treatment to the individual. To the extent that social science studies of genomics have explored questions related to the individual, these studies have focused on how the governance regarding genomes facilitates individuals’ rights, choices, and responsibilities. By contrast, we approach genomic governance by investigating how enactments of the person in precision medicine actualize practices of reciprocity and belonging in a national collective. Based on document analysis and ethnographic fieldwork in Denmark, we show that genomes are treated simultaneously as digital representations of individuals, social resources for a welfare state population, and emblems of public trust. By drawing on classical and contemporary anthropological theories of personhood, we unfold how Danish precision medicine prescribes a moral continuity between person, state, and territory. We argue that Danish precision medicine revitalizes a national politics of belonging and generates socio-spatial orientations through which the “me” of the person shares origin and place with the “we” of the welfare state.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77480939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Cryovalues beyond High Expectations: Endurance and the Construction of Value in Cord Blood Banking 超越高期望的冷冻值:脐带血银行的持久性和价值构建

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221108229

Ruzana Liburkina

{"title":"Cryovalues beyond High Expectations: Endurance and the Construction of Value in Cord Blood Banking","authors":"Ruzana Liburkina","doi":"10.1177/01622439221108229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221108229","url":null,"abstract":"Cryopreservation attracts attention as a practice grounded in high expectations: current life is suspended for future use—to generate life, to save life, and to resurrect life. But what happens when high expectations in cryobanking give way to looming uselessness and the risk of failure? Based on ethnographic insights into the case of umbilical cord blood (CB) banking in Germany, this contribution investigates the liminal state of “non-failure.” Averting failure amid a lack of success in this field requires putting effort into the construction of value. The resulting practices and dynamics overflow generic stories of commercialization and instrumentalization of biological material and are best grasped as an expanded version of the recently coined notion of “cryovalue.” The long-term availability of cryopreserved CB facilitates the steady yield of social and economic capital beyond and after promise. Moreover, the value construction is reoriented from CB itself toward the sociotechnical cryo-arrangements in which it is embedded. In exemplifying how it expands the understanding of the diversity of valuation and valorization practices, continuities, and economic endurance in cryoeconomies and bioeconomies, the paper advocates the study of their ambivalent and allegedly uneventful sites.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73698103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Reproduction of Shame: Pregnancy, Nutrition and Body Weight in the Translation of Developmental Origins of Adult Disease 羞耻的繁殖:怀孕、营养和体重在成人疾病发育起源的翻译

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1177/01622439221108239

V. Moore, M. Warin

{"title":"The Reproduction of Shame: Pregnancy, Nutrition and Body Weight in the Translation of Developmental Origins of Adult Disease","authors":"V. Moore, M. Warin","doi":"10.1177/01622439221108239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221108239","url":null,"abstract":"Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) and epigenetics have expanded understanding of how the environment affects the health of women before and during pregnancy—with lifelong health consequences for the fetus. This has translated to a narrow focus on women’s lifestyle during pregnancy, especially for women classified as obese. In this study, we show that psychosocial harms such as distress or shame felt by pregnant women are rarely countenanced in these endeavors. To demonstrate this, we examine published documents about a large set of trials of lifestyle interventions united through an international consortium. Yet there is now a literature in which pregnant women with large bodies report feeling humiliated and a wider literature on the stigma of obesity. We argue that shame is produced and reproduced through the discursive and material knowledge-making scientific practices of DOHaD translation. Interventions that intensify the shame of large body size in pregnancy may be stressful, and neurophysiological stress pathways are well-known within DOHaD to have consequences for fetal development, so these interventions potentially undermine the very processes they set out to protect. A feminist response may protect women from shame and redirect attention to the social and structural determinants of health.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83292870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0