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Asian entrepreneurship in the coronavirus era 冠状病毒时代的亚洲企业家精神
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-00985-1
{"title":"Asian entrepreneurship in the coronavirus era","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-00985-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-00985-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has had a deleterious impact on the world economy. Studies have documented the disproportional impact of the pandemic on minorities, immigrants, and business owners in the USA. In this study, we use Current Population Survey monthly data spanning from January 2014 through December 2021 to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic affected Asian entrepreneurship. We show that the pandemic disproportionally hurt Asian entrepreneurship, particularly among immigrants, up until the end of 2020. A detailed analysis of Asian business dynamics reveals a substantial increase in self-employment exits during the first year of the pandemic. We fail to find convincing evidence of differential industry/job-type concentration, individual preferences, majority-minority disparities, narrower clientele, or differential access to government support as primary drivers for such patterns. Instead, we find suggestive evidence of discrimination playing a non-negligible role that subsided in 2021, coinciding with the rollout of vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Age and hiring for high school graduate Hispanics in the United States 美国高中毕业西班牙裔的年龄和就业情况
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-01001-2
Joanna Lahey, Roberto Mosquera
{"title":"Age and hiring for high school graduate Hispanics in the United States","authors":"Joanna Lahey, Roberto Mosquera","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-01001-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-01001-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The intersection of age with ethnicity is understudied, particularly for labor force outcomes. We explore the labor market for Hispanic high school graduates in the United States by age using information from the US Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and three laboratory experiments with different populations. We find that the differences in outcomes for Hispanic and non-Hispanic high school graduates do not change across the lifecycle. Moving to a laboratory setting, we provided participants with randomized resumes for a clerical position that are, on average, equivalent except for name and age. In all experiments, participants treated applicants with Hispanic and non-Hispanic names the same across the lifecycle. These findings are in stark contrast to the differences and patterns across the lifecycle for corresponding Black workers and job applicants. We argue that these null results may explain the much smaller literature on labor market discrimination against less-educated Hispanic workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Household impacts of child health shocks 儿童健康冲击对家庭的影响
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-01003-0
Evelyn Skoy
{"title":"Household impacts of child health shocks","authors":"Evelyn Skoy","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-01003-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-01003-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Women bear a disproportionate share of the unpaid labor within a household, which contributes to gender gaps in life and relationship satisfaction. This paper examines how an exogenous shock that increases the workload within the household impacts the burden of unpaid labor. By exploiting a rich longitudinal dataset from Australia, I estimate the gendered impacts to parental workload and stress, life and relationship satisfaction, and household division of labor when parents have a child with a significant health shock. I find evidence that women experience a decrease in their satisfaction with parenting and life satisfaction. These results are most pronounced for households where the mother is less active in the labor market or less educated. Point estimates indicate that men do not experience the same negative effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The effects of paid family leave—does it help fathers’ health, too? 带薪家事假的效果--它对父亲的健康也有帮助吗？
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-00994-0
Jiyoon Kim
{"title":"The effects of paid family leave—does it help fathers’ health, too?","authors":"Jiyoon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-00994-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-00994-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I investigate the effects of California’s paid family leave (CA-PFL) program, the first state-mandated paid leave available to both mothers and fathers in the US. I examine the effects on the overall health of mothers and fathers during two distinct periods: health <i>immediately around</i> childbirth and health <i>following</i> childbirth. To do so, I leverage the variation in the timing of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) health care topical module relative to the <i>exact</i> year and month of childbirth. I find that CA-PFL has improved mothers’ health during pregnancy and immediately after childbirth. This improvement in health is accompanied by a reduced likelihood of mothers not working or taking unpaid work absence. Some improvements manifest in fathers’ health too during the same period. However, I observe that fathers report more instances of feeling sick, starting around 5 months after childbirth. Further analysis reveals that the share of fathers not working or taking unpaid work absence rises temporarily when the leave period ends. Understanding the effects on fathers’ health and leave utilization is pivotal to evaluating the program’s overall benefits and potential unintended consequences given the growing focus on enhancing equal access to paid leave for both mothers and fathers.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Smuggling of forced migrants to Europe: a matching model 向欧洲偷运被迫移民：匹配模式
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-00993-1
Olivier Charlot, Claire Naiditch, Radu Vranceanu
{"title":"Smuggling of forced migrants to Europe: a matching model","authors":"Olivier Charlot, Claire Naiditch, Radu Vranceanu","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-00993-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-00993-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper develops a matching model to analyze the smuggling market for forced migrants, building on the empirical evidence related to the smuggling of migrants from the Horn of Africa and the Middle East to Europe in the last decade. Comparative statics for the equilibrium solution reveal that coercion-based measures targeting the smugglers reduce the number of irregular migrants and smugglers at the expense of migrants’ overall welfare. Slightly increasing legal migration opportunities has the interesting feature of reducing irregular flows, without deteriorating migrants’ welfare or increasing the total number of migrants. An extremely restrictive asylum policy has similar effects in terms of the flows of irregular migrants as a quite loose one, with the largest flows of irregular migrants occurring under a “middle-range” policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do means-tested childcare subsidies discourage work? 经过经济情况调查的育儿补贴是否会阻碍工作？
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-00998-w
Trine Engh Vattø, Kjersti Misje Østbakken
{"title":"Do means-tested childcare subsidies discourage work?","authors":"Trine Engh Vattø, Kjersti Misje Østbakken","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-00998-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-00998-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examine how means-tested childcare subsidies affect parental labor supply. Using the introduction of reduced childcare prices for low-income families in Norway in 2015, we show that these subsidies may have the unintended effect of discouraging work rather than promoting employment. First, structural labor supply simulations suggest that a negative parental labor supply effect dominates, ex ante. Ex post, we find a small and insignificant effect of means-tested childcare subsidies on parental labor supply in the reform year. We find no statistically significant bunching around the income limits in subsequent years, but we do find negative labor supply effects in subsequent expansions of the reform. Our results suggest that in a context where both parental employment and participation in formal childcare are high, means-tested childcare subsidies may have unintended parental labor supply effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Time use and happiness: US evidence across three decades 时间利用与幸福感：美国三十年来的证据
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-00982-4
Jeehoon Han, Caspar Kaiser
{"title":"Time use and happiness: US evidence across three decades","authors":"Jeehoon Han, Caspar Kaiser","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-00982-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-00982-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We use diary data from representative samples from the USA to examine determinants and historical trends in time-weighted happiness. To do so, we combine fine-grained information on self-reported happiness at the activity level with data on individuals’ time use. We conceptually distinguish time-weighted happiness from evaluative measures of wellbeing and provide evidence of the validity and distinctiveness of this measure. Although time-weighted happiness is largely uncorrelated with economic variables like unemployment and income, it is predictive of several health outcomes and shares many other determinants with evaluative wellbeing. We illustrate the potential use of time-weighted happiness by assessing historical trends in the gender wellbeing gap. For the largest part of the period between 1985 and 2021, women’s time-weighted happiness improved significantly relative to men’s. This is in stark contrast to prominent findings from previous work. However, our recent data from 2021 indicates that about half of women’s gains since the 1980s were lost during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, as previously shown for several other outcomes, women appear to have been disproportionally affected by the pandemic. Our results are replicable in UK data and robust to alternative assumptions about respondents’ scale use.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"308 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The female happiness paradox 女性幸福悖论
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-00981-5
David G. Blanchflower, Alex Bryson
{"title":"The female happiness paradox","authors":"David G. Blanchflower, Alex Bryson","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-00981-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-00981-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using data across countries and over time, we show that women have worse mental health than men in negative affect equations, irrespective of the measure used — anxiety, depression, fearfulness, sadness, loneliness, anger — and they have more days with bad mental health and more restless sleep. Women are also less satisfied with many aspects of their lives, such as democracy, the economy, the state of education, and health services. They are also less satisfied in the moment in terms of peace and calm, cheerfulness, feeling active, vigorous, fresh, and rested. However, prior evidence on gender differences in happiness and life satisfaction is less clear cut. Differences vary over time, location, and with model specification and the inclusion of controls, especially marital status. We now find strong evidence that males have <i>higher</i> levels of both happiness and life satisfaction in recent years even before the onset of the pandemic. As in the past, women continue to have worse mental health. A detailed analysis of several data files, with various metrics, for the UK confirms that men now are happier than women and the size of the effect is not trivial.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Long-term unemployment subsidies and middle-aged disadvantaged workers’ health 长期失业补贴与中年弱势工人的健康
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-01000-3
José Ignacio Garcia-Pérez, Manuel Serrano-Alarcón, Judit Vall-Castelló
{"title":"Long-term unemployment subsidies and middle-aged disadvantaged workers’ health","authors":"José Ignacio Garcia-Pérez, Manuel Serrano-Alarcón, Judit Vall-Castelló","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-01000-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-01000-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines the labour market and health effects of a non-contributory long-term unemployment (LTU) benefit targeted at middle-aged disadvantaged workers. To do so, we exploit a Spanish reform introduced in July 2012 that increased the age eligibility threshold to receive the benefit from 52 to 55. Our results show that men who were eligible for the benefit experience a reduction in injury hospitalisations by 12.9% as well as a 2 percentage points drop in the probability of a mental health diagnosis. None of the results are significant for women. We document two factors that explain the gender differences: the labour market impact of the reform is stronger for men, and eligible men are concentrated in more physically demanding sectors, like construction. Importantly, we also find evidence of a program substitution effect between LTU and partial disability benefits. Our results highlight the role of long-term unemployment benefits as a protecting device for the (physical and mental) health of middle-aged, low-educated workers who are in a disadvantaged position in the labour market.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Policies for young adults with reduced work capacity. Labour market impact in Sweden and Norway 针对工作能力下降的年轻成年人的政策。瑞典和挪威劳动力市场的影响
IF 6.1 2区 经济学
Journal of Population Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-024-00999-9
Caroline Hall, Inés Hardoy, Kristine von Simson
{"title":"Policies for young adults with reduced work capacity. Labour market impact in Sweden and Norway","authors":"Caroline Hall, Inés Hardoy, Kristine von Simson","doi":"10.1007/s00148-024-00999-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-00999-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rising numbers of young people with disability pension concerns many advanced economies. We present results from a comparative analysis of the neighbouring countries Sweden and Norway on the impacts of differing policy mixes aimed at enhancing the employability of the work disabled. Using rich longitudinal data, we follow unemployed young adults (ages 25-29) with work-impairment up to four years after they became unemployed to investigate the effect of different types of labour market policies. Our results indicate that, despite differences in programme composition and strategies, there are surprisingly small country differences in treatment effect patterns and signs of estimated impacts. In line with previous studies, we find strong lock-in effects of both workplace-related programmes and training/educational programmes. After participation, workplace-related programmes about double the likelihood of entering regular employment or education. Participating in training courses also increases this likelihood, but effect sizes are smaller.</p>","PeriodicalId":48013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Population Economics","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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